Wine Waste Research Articles

Screening of Dietary Ingredients against the Honey Bee Parasite Nosema ceranae.

Nosema ceranae is a major pathogen in the beekeeping sector, responsible for nosemosis. This disease is hard to manage since its symptomatology is masked until a strong collapse of the colony population occurs. Conversely, no medicaments are available in the market to counteract nosemosis, and only a few feed additives, with claimed antifungal action, are available. New solutions are strongly required, especially based on natural methods alternative to veterinary drugs that might develop resistance or strongly pollute honey bees and the environment. This study aims at investigating the nosemosis antiparasitic potential of some plant extracts, microbial fermentation products, organic acids, food chain waste products, bacteriocins, and fungi. Honey bees were singularly infected with 5 × 10 freshly prepared N. ceranae spores, reared in cages and fed ad libitum with sugar syrup solution containing the active ingredient. N. ceranae in the gut of honey bees was estimated using qPCR. The results showed that some of the ingredients administered, such as acetic acid at high concentration, p-coumaric acid, and Saccharomyces sp. strain KIA1, were effective in the control of nosemosis. On the other hand, wine acetic acid strongly increased the N. ceranae amount. This study investigates the possibility of using compounds such as organic acids or biological agents including those at the base of the circular economy, i.e., wine waste production, in order to improve honeybee health.

Paramylon production by Euglena gracilis via mixotrophic cultivation using sewage effluent and waste organic compounds

Euglena gracilis is a valuable microalga for the production of high-value-added materials such as paramylon. Increasing paramylon productivity and reducing cultivation costs of E. gracilis are critical challenges faced at present. The present study investigated the efficiency of mixotrophic cultivation of E. gracilis using sewage effluent and organic wastes to overcome these bottlenecks. Paramylon production was higher in E. gracilis cultivated in sewage effluent than that using synthetic medium. Supplementing organic wastes, molasses, corn steep liquor, and waste wine to sewage effluent significantly enhanced E. gracilis paramylon production. Acetate and ethanol in the wastes were key components to increase paramylon productivity. Paramylon content in cells and paramylon productivity of E. gracilis in sewage effluent containing waste wine reached 67.7% and 47.8 mg/L/d, respectively. These results indicate that mixotrophic cultivation using sewage effluent and organic wastes is a promising strategy for cost-effective and highly efficient paramylon production by E. gracilis.

Bioplastics from Winemaking By-products in the Buildings Sector: A Feasibility Study on the Main Opportunities, Barriers and Challenges

Plastics from fossil source are third after steel and cement among the most widespread materials used in the buildings sector. Bioplastics are biopolymers that offer a sustainable alternative due to their biodegradability and compostability. The edible first-generation sugary-based feedstocks, having high costs that drive the market price even in presence of a large-scale production of bioplastics, should be partly replaced by 2030 with non-edible second-generation feedstocks based on recyclable organic solid agro-wastes according to “Green Deal” of the European Union. The winemaking wastes used as feedstock for the synthesis of biopolymer building blocks and reinforcing fillers could represent a suitable option to reduce biopolymer costs and increase their competitiveness in plastic market. Although bioplastic can solve more environmental issues, nonetheless the production cycle does not always respect the principles of sustainability overall during biopolymer recovery. The present feasibility study is aimed at taking the state of the art of bioplastics in the buildings industry for promoting winemaking co-products into a circular system. The literature data have been collected, consulted and empirically elaborated to find real and potential opportunities, barriers and challenges of developing wine wastes (e.g. wine shoots, grape pomace and wine lees) in the strategic market segment of bioclimatic architecture.

CAPITALIZATION OF SECONDARY WINE PRODUCTS - AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE WINE SECTOR OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AND ROMANIA

One of the economy key sectors of Republic of Moldova and Romania is the wine sector, where a progressive trend has prevailed in recent years. But to increase its efficiency it is necessary to use the raw material in a complex way, producing both famous wines and other necessary products, as well as to comply with the rigors of ecological standards. The issue of wine by-products draws the attention and interest of researchers, regulators, industry and consumers and has urged the European Community to a zero waste economy by 2025. The article deals with the chemical composition of the main parts of grapes which depend on a number of factors, such as variety, climatic conditions of the year, vine and wine making practices, condition of the grapes, their maturity, etc. There have been presented physico-chemical characteristics of the wastes obtained from the grapes processing such as: bunches, grape pomaces, piquette and diffusion juice, seeds, wine yeast, tirighia and vinasse. Thus, by making use of wine wastes, a number of valuable products can be obtained that can be used for different purposes.

A pioneering study of biomethane and hydrogen production from the wine industry in Brazil: Pollutant emissions, electricity generation and urban bus fleet supply

The thematic area studied in this paper considers environmental issues such as atmospheric pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels, and the environmental impacts from the generation of urban agricultural solid wastes. This study has estimated the potential for hydrogen and biogas production from solid urban waste (SUW) and wine waste from Bento Gonçalves, which is a region in Brazil with the largest wine throughput and subsequent waste generation, thus providing a potential high-energy feedstock. The resulting hydrogen and biogas are assumed to displace the existing fuels in the local bus fleet. The analytical work consisted of three scenarios - scenario 1: production of biogas using SUW, sourced exclusively from the municipality of Bento Gonçalves; Scenario 2: the possibility to supply SUW from Bento Gonçalves and surrounding cities, to produce biogas; Scenario 3: the possibility to use wine waste and SUW for biogas production. Scenario 3 showed the greatest energy yield with 37.9 Gg of biomethane produced per year, which can supply the entire public bus fleet of Bento Gonçalves. The resulting hydrogen production potential using steam reforming of biomethane is 1.09 E+08 Nm3H2.d−1 which can generate 2.62 TW h.year−1 of electrical energy, avoiding approximate emissions of 355 ktonCO2.year−1. These findings indicate value in the production of biogas from urban and agricultural wastes, especially for the generation of methane, hydrogen and useful energy outputs. Its production from renewable and clean sources contributes to the gradual transformation of an economy currently dependent on non-renewable resources into a circular and renewable economy.

Wine By-Products as Raw Materials for the Production of Biopolymers and of Natural Reinforcing Fillers: A Critical Review.

The plastic industry is today facing a green revolution; however, biopolymers, produced in low amounts, expensive, and food competitive do not represent an efficient solution. The use of wine waste as second-generation feedstock for the synthesis of polymer building blocks or as reinforcing fillers could represent a solution to reduce biopolymer costs and to boost the biopolymer presence in the market. The present critical review reports the state of the art of the scientific studies concerning the use of wine by-products as substrate for the synthesis of polymer building blocks and as reinforcing fillers for polymers. The review has been mainly focused on the most used bio-based and biodegradable polymers present in the market (i.e., poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(hydroxyalkanoates)). The results present in the literature have been reviewed and elaborated in order to suggest new possibilities of development based on the chemical and physical characteristics of wine by-products.

Environmental assessment of viticulture waste valorisation through composting as a biofertilisation strategy for cereal and fruit crops

Composting is a solid waste management alternative that avoids the emission of methane associated with its disposal in landfill and reduces or eliminates the need for chemical fertilisers if compost is applied. The main objective of this study was to analyse the environmental burdens of composting as a way to achieve a more circular valorisation of wine waste. To do so, with the purpose of identifying optimal operational conditions and determining the “hotspots” of the process, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used. The consumption of diesel fuel in machinery was determined to be the main critical point in the environmental effects of the system, followed by the transport and distribution of the compost. After the application of compost instead of mineral fertilisers, corn, tomato and strawberry crops would have a better environmental performance in most impact categories. In this sense, a maximum improvement of 65% in terrestrial ecotoxicity is achieved in strawberry cultivation. In light of the results obtained, it is demonstrated that composting is a suitable way of organic waste valorisation according to Circular Economy principles.

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL ACTIVITY, IN VITRO, OF THE GRAPE SKIN AND SEEDS OBTAINED AFTER THE FIRST STAGE OF VINIFICATION FROM VITIS VINIFERA CV. TANNAT AND VITIS LABRUSCA CV. BORDEAUX.

The analysis of antioxidant potential activity, from skins and seeds of the species Vitis vinifera cv. Tannat and Vitis labrusca cv. Bordeaux, obtained after the first stage of fermentation of their respective wines, performed from crude ethanol extract. Dried skins and seeds of the species Vitis vinifera cv. Tannat and Vitis labrusca cv. Bordeaux, obtained after the first stage of fermentation of their respective wines, analyzed for antioxidant potential. For that, a crude ethanol extract made. First, a Liquid Chromatography High Efficiency (HPLC) method was developed for detection and confirmation of the presence of the compounds responsible for antioxidant potential in grapes The antioxidant potential was verified using three types of tests: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), phosphomolybdenum complex, and lipid peroxidation (TBARs- thiobarbituric acid). The results showed that even though there is an extraction of phenolic compounds during alcoholic fermentation, the remaining material still possesses various phenolic compounds that maintain their antioxidant characteristics. Antioxidation capabilities were more active with DPPH, then in lipid peroxidation, and the lowest result concerning the standards analyzed with phosphomolybdenum method. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the 5% level between the two varieties studied. These results show the presence of compounds with antioxidant activity in the waste from winemaking and for this reason, the analyzed material is promising for use in various pharmaceutical fields such as medicines, cosmetic and food technology. The present study aimed to clarify the existence of antioxidative properties in the wine waste thus adding value to the residue.

Hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin over noble metal catalyst supported on biochars: Part II: Catalytic behaviour

Vanillin hydrodeoxygenation was investigated using noble metal (Pd, Au, Ru) supported on active carbon prepared from waste derived biochars, which were produced via pyrolysis in CO2 atmosphere. Chemical activation with ZnCl2 and HNO3 was also used in the preparation of active carbon to enhance the specific surface area and demineralize material, respectively. Both fresh and spent catalysts were characterized with X-ray diffraction, DRIFTS, zeta potential measurement and HR-TEM. The highest selectivity to p-creosol, 92 % selectivity at complete vanillin conversion after 3 h was obtained in vanillin hydrodeoxygenation at 100 °C under 30 bar in hydrogen in water with Pd/C catalyst prepared via pyrolysis under CO2 from wine waste and using ZnCl2 as a chemical activation agent. Hydrodeoxygenation activity increased with increasing metal dispersion. A kinetic model including adsorption of vanillin described well the experimental data.

Waste wine mash-derived doped carbon materials as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a core reaction of fuel cell and metal-air cell. In recent years, it has been a hot topic to study non-precious metal catalysts for ORR. Herein, we have used waste wine mash-derived carbon, melamine and ferric chloride to prepare a Fe- and N- co-doped carbon catalyst. The specific surface area of the catalyst is up to 1066.6 m2 g−1. And its wave potential is 15 mV higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. The ORR on our catalyst followed a four-electron pathway; and it has high stability and high impressive immunity to methanol. After continuous oxygen reduction of 30,000s, the retention rate is 90%.

Porous Carbon Electrode Derived from Waste Wine Industry for Supercapacitors

Porous Carbon Electrode Derived from Waste Wine Industry for Supercapacitors

First Science & Wine World Congress.

The First Science & Wine World Congress entitled "The Wine of the Future" was held in Porto, Portugal, from May 8th to 10th, 2019. The congress comprised 34 oral communications and 40 poster presentations. These contributions were distributed among six sessions: wine traceability and authenticity, wine chemistry and sensorial wine experience, wine analysis, vine and wine technology, wine and health, and wine waste. The intention of this congress was to bring together the leading wine researchers to discuss the current state of knowledge as well as research needs aiming to design the wine that will be consumed in the future.

Lightweight clay bricks manufactured by using locally available wine industry waste

Lightweight bricks with reduced thermal conductivity and acceptable physical-mechanical properties have become an important trend for green buildings to reduce the building weight and the energy consumption. In this work lightweight bricks were manufactured from wine wastes (stalks, grape seeds, and wine less) by controlling the nature and concentration of those additives. The wine wastes WWs, completely characterized before their use in the matrix, were furnished by a cooperative wine-growers associations located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). Physico-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks manufactured with different percentages of WWs are reported and discussed. The results showed that the density of fired bricks was reduced up to 13%, depending on the percentage of WWs incorporated into the raw materials. Similarly, the flexural strength of tested bricks decreased according to the percentage of WWs included in the mixture. The best results, in terms of mechanical and physical properties, were obtained with 5 % wt. of wine less (WL). The results showed as the lightness of these samples is associated to the porosity increase that directly influences the increase of the thermal insulation making the bricks useable for partitioning walls application.

Cost-effective Ultrasonic Extraction of Bioactive Polyphenols from Vine and Wine Waste in Serbia

By using cost-effective ultrasonic extraction techniques, bioactive phenolic extracts were obtained from Merlot and Vranac (Vitis vinifera L.) vine and wine waste produced in Serbian wineries. These wastes include vine leaves, grape pomace, seeds, skins and stems, which can find further use in the food and pharmacology industries as preservatives against microbes. The extracts showed strong scavenging free radical activity (EC50 from 0.37 to 2.02 mg/L), which was in very good correlation with the total polyphenol content. Strong antimicrobial activity was found against six Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacterial strains, and against the yeast Candida albicans. The principal component and agglomerative hierarchical clustering analyses performed were shown to be good for grouping and distinguishing the results from the vine and wine by-products (leaves and seeds) from both investigated grape varieties based on the content of various polyphenolic classes, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The valorisation of the grape by-products is consistent with the concept of a sustainable and environmentally oriented wine industry and provides an important economic advantage.

Grape Seed Polyphenols and Fatty Acids of Autochthonous Prokupac Vine Variety from Serbia

Grape pomace (grape skin, seeds, and stems) represents a valuable source of bioactive compounds, thus the interest in making use of these wine waste products is increasing. Prokupac is an autochthonous Serbian variety of black grape with a long tradition in production of red wine. Identification of the superficial polyphenolic compounds by LC/MS revealed presence of 19 compounds including hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, ellagic acid derivatives, flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols. Catechin and epicatechin together with proanthocyanidins were the most abundant compounds and the highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in Prokupac clones 43/1, 40/1, and 40/2. Grape seed oil consisted of dominantly UFA (87-95 %) where methyl linoleate was the most abundant in all samples (69-81 %). Palmitic (3-8 %) and stearic acid (2-4 %) methyl esters were dominant SFA. Prokupac clone 43/3 was the most abundant in UFA (95 %) with the lowest percentage of SFA (5 %), while clones 41/1 and 43/5 had the lowest percentage of UFA (87 %) and the highest content of SFA (13 %). Favorable chemical profile of Prokupac clone seeds implicates its potential to be used as a raw material in further processing and possibility to be included as one of the quality parameters in further selection of the most interesting Prokupac clone.

Using agro-industrial wastes for mixotrophic growth and lipids production by the green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana

There has been growing interest in the use of microalgae for the production of biofuels, but production costs continue to be too high to compete with fossil fuel prices. One of the main limitations for photobioreactor productivity is light shielding, especially at high cell densities. The growth of the green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana, a robust industrial species, has been evaluated under different trophic conditions with traditional carbon sources, such as glucose and sucrose, and alternative low cost carbon sources, such as carob pod extract, industrial glycerol and acetate-rich oxidized wine waste lees. The mixotrophic cultivation of this microalga with wine waste lees alleviated the problems of light shielding observed in photoautotrophic cultures, improving specific growth rate (0.052 h-1) compared with the other organic sources. The fed-batch mixotrophic culture of Chlorella sorokiniana in a 2 L stirred tank reactor, with optimized nutritional conditions, 100 mM of acetate coming from the oxidized wine waste lees and 30 mM of ammonium, produced an algal biomass concentration of 11 g L-1 with a lipid content of 38 % (w/w). This fed-batch strategy has been found to be a very effective means to enhance the biomass and neutral lipid productivity.

Ration digest value and performance of male Bali ducks feed waste wine fermented with different levels

The research was intended at increasing the productivity of Bali ducks through the utilization of fermented wine waste. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD), four treatment rations, and five replications. There were 40 experimental units. Each unit of experiment used five ducks. The total of ducks used was 100. The treatments imposed on ducks were ducks fed with no fermented wine (R0), containing 5% fermented wine (R1), containing 10% fermented wine (R2), containing 15% fermented wine (R3). The variables were examined namely performance, carcass, and digest coefficient. The results showed dietary consumption, final body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion did not show significant differences (Pg0.05) among treatments. The conclusion is the use of fermented grape wine waste up to 15% level not significantly affect the digestibility of rations, the performance, and carcass of male Bali ducks.

Protective Effect of Cyclically Pressurized Solid⁻Liquid Extraction Polyphenols from Cagnulari Grape Pomace on Oxidative Endothelial Cell Death.

The aim of this work is the evaluation of a green extraction technology to exploit winery waste byproducts. Specifically, a solid–liquid extraction technology (Naviglio Extractor®) was used to obtain polyphenolic antioxidants from the Cagnulari grape marc. The extract was then chemically characterized by spectrophotometric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, revealing a total polyphenol content of 4.00 g/L ± 0.05, and the presence of anthocyanins, one of the most representative groups among the total polyphenols in grapes. To investigate potential biological activities of the extract, its ability to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and cell death was assessed in primary human endothelial cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, used to assess potential extract cytotoxicity, failed to show any deleterious effect on cultured cells. Fluorescence measurements, attained with the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA), revealed a strong antioxidant potential of the marc extract on the used cells, as indicated by the inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS generation and the counteraction of the oxidative-induced cell death. Our results indicate the Naviglio extraction, as a green technology process, can be used to exploit wine waste to obtain antioxidants which can be used to produce enriched foods and nutraceuticals high in antioxidants.

Atzoko baliabideak, biharko osasuna: ardo-hondakinak eta kannabisa

Tesi hau bi zutabe nagusitan banatzen da. Lehenengoan, ardo-hondakinen balioa handitzeko metodologia bat garatu genuen. Lehenik, ardo-hondakinetatik polifenolak eta gantz-azidoak, bakoitza bere aldetik, erauzi genituen jariakin gainkritikoak erabiliz. Polifenolak ez dira oso egonkorrak, ordea, eta gorputzean bioeskuragarritasun baxua dute. Arazo horiek konpontzeko, polifenolak mikrokapsularatzeko teknika bat garatu genuen. Bigarren zutabean, etorkizun hurbilean kannabisa sendagai bezala erabili ahal izateko, 3 urrats eman genituen. Alde batetik, landare ezberdinak efektu ezberdinekin lotzea ahalbide dezakeen landareen kannabinoideen hatz-marka osatzeko analisi-teknika garatu genuen. Bestetik, gernuan eta plasman kannabinoideak eta euren metabolitoak kuantifikatzeko metodo bat ere garatu genuen. Azkenik, konposatu puruen eta landare mota jakinen produkzioa optimizatzeko, kimiotipo ezberdineko landareen hazkuntzan zeharreko kannabinoideen eta terpenoen garapena aztertu genuen.

PLA composites formulated recycling residuals of the winery industry

Particulate composites with polylactide (PLA) as a matrix and wastes deriving from the wine production have been formulated at different compositions. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the composites, as well as the thermal stability and water uptake have been evaluated. The results showed that the wine waste residue does not compromise the thermal stability of the matrix while improves the impact strength and influences tensile properties. Specifically, tensile strength progressively decreases on addition of the winery waste, while the elastic modulus slightly increases. This behavior was attributed to the inhomogeneity of the filler particle size and morphology, which can partially induce a discontinuous interface at high filler loading and affect the water uptake. An increase in the value of the water contact angle is obtained below a 10% wt content and the mechanism of water uptake is not modified below the 20 wt% of filler. In any case, up to a content of 15 weight percent, winery wastes can be used in the plain matrix as an extender. Since simple and low cost operations are requested to obtain suitable fillers, an overall decrease in the material cost can be envisaged thus partially solving the drawbacks of PLA exploitation in the packaging industry, and leading to cost‐effective application. Moreover, the conversion of lignocellulosic wastes as filler in biocomposites would be in favor of waste reduction while adding value to the agro‐food chain. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1378–1383, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers