Origin Of Wines Research Articles

Untargeted lipidomic approach in studying pinot noir wine lipids and predicting wine origin

An untargeted lipidomic profiling approach based on ultra - performance liquid chromatography – time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS/MS) was successfully used to study the origin of commercial Pinot noir wines. The total wine lipids were extracted using a modified Bligh-Dyer method. In all wine samples, the total lipids were less than 0.1% (w/w) of wine. The wines analyzed consisted of 222 lipids from 11 different classes. 48 commercial Pinot noir wine samples were collected from producers in Burgundy, California, Oregon, and New Zealand. Lipidomic data was studied using advanced multivariate analysis methods, random forest, k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and linear discriminant analysis. The overall classification accuracy was 97.5% for random forest and 90% for k-NN. Wine lipids showed a strong potential for classifying wines by origin, with the top 58 lipids contributing to the discrimination. This information could potentially be used for further study of the impacts of lipids on wine characteristics and authenticity.

Evaluating cognitive processing and preferences through brain responses towards country of origin for wines: the role of gender and involvement

PurposeThis study aims to analyse the impact of the country of origin of wines on cognitive processing and preferences through brain responses for consumers from the perspective of gender and the level of involvement.Design/methodology/approachA wine tasting experiment was performed using electroencephalography (EEG). The sample consisted of 40 students from an important Brazilian university. In the first group, the participants tasted two glasses of wine with Brazilian then French origins. In the second group, the participants only tasted one glass of wine, without the origin information. The wine was the same in both groups and from Brazilian origin. Throughout the tasting process, participants had their brain responses recorded via the EEG.FindingsThe main findings suggest that the country of origin did not have a significant influence on cognitive processing or preferences for consumers in general, neither for women nor consumers of high involvement. For men, there was greater cognitive processing for Brazilian wines. However, there was no preference for men among the origins of wines. For consumers with low involvement, there was a difference in cognitive processing, presenting a greater value for Brazil and without origin information. Also, for low-involvement consumers, a greater preference for wine from France was seen.Originality/valueThis study presents a new contribution to the literature by analysing the cognitive processing and preferences through brain responses for consumers from the perspective of gender and the level of involvement.

Hecataeus and the Origin of Wine

Abstract Fragment 15 of Hecataeus’ Genealogies describes the origins of wine through a dog’s birth of the root of the grapevine. Scholars have interpreted this as Hecataeus’ toleration of the supernatural or as a case of rationalizing generatio in utero heterogeneo. This article reinterprets the role of the dog’s relationship to wine and argues that Hecataeus is exploiting a linguistic ambiguity to critique a traditional narrative on a celestial dog’s activity on the vintage.

NMR in the Service of Wine Differentiation.

NMR is a swift and highly reproducible spectrometric technique that makes it possible to obtain spectra containing a lot of information about the sample analyzed. This approach helps major components be described in complex mixtures such as wine in just one analysis. Analysis of wine metabolites is very often used to understand the impact of geographical origin or variety on wine quality. NMR is often used for tracing the geographical origin of wine. Research on NMR metabolic effects of geographical origin is of great importance as the high added value of wines results from compliance with state legislation on the protected denomination of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) for the administration of the appellation of wines. A review of NMR with emphasis on SNIF-NMR in the analysis of wine authenticity is given. SNIF-NMR remains a method of choice for the detection of wine chaptalization as it is the only approach which provides position-specific information on the origin of sugar in wine. However, the sample preparation step, which lacks major improvements since its conception, is strenuous and expensive, and suffers from drawbacks in terms of low sample throughput. Mainstream 1D and 2D NMR experiments provide a fast and affordable way to authenticate wine based on the geographical origin, vintage, and variety discrimination, and include a simple and non-destructive sample preparation step. With this approach, spectral data processing often represents a crucial step of the analysis. With properly performed NMR experiments good to excellent differentiation of wines from different vintages, regions, and varieties was achieved recently.

Wine Consumption Determinants in Albania Using Categorical Regression Model

The increasing trend of wine consumption in Albania has led the development of the respective subsectors, viticulture and the wine industry. In the order for the domestic wine production industry to be competitive, a detailed understanding of the consumer’s buying behavior is a prerequisite. To this end, this study offers an actual perspective of the consumption behavior of wine customers in Tirana region. One of the goals of this paper is to identify and quantify determinants of wine consumption by using a regression model called “Categorical Regression Estimation” for non-numeric response variables. A questionnaire has been designed for this purpose, which is based on the literature but also on the recognition of the customer profile in the country, considering several socio-economic factors. Through 230 face-to-face interviews, the aim is to evaluate the impact on wine consumption of income, age, education, religion, nutrition culture, wine prices, wine origin as well as other socio-demographic factors related to the profile of the consumer. The analysis and interpretation of the results reveal interesting factors that determine the wine consumption. Age, education, income level and price of the wine are the main factors affecting the consumer decision to buy wine. Older people (over 40 years old) represent 1.4 times higher willingness to buy wine relatively to the younger people. Meanwhile, among people with higher income level chances that they will buy wine are 2.15 higher relatively to the people with lower monthly income level. From the results appears that education have positive impact on wine consumption while gender does not represent a significant difference.

Analyzing Geographical Origin of Grapes and Wines of Russia

In connection with the growing consumer’s interest to Russian wines with controlled place of origin PGI and PDO, the most pressing issue is the method of their identification. One of the most effective ways to confirm the wine's place of origin in world practice is a comprehensive research of the elemental profile and isotopic characteristics of “light” elements using the methods of statistical analysis. We have selected 32 samples of fresh grapes from various wine regions of Russia (Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Crimea, Republic of Dagestan). The grape must obtained from them was fermented under laboratory conditions. In the prepared wines, the elemental profile was determined, which included 71 indicators, as well as indicators δ18О, δD of released ethanol and δ18О of the wine water. The resulting data set was analyzed using statistical methods PCA, Permanova, the Mann-Whitney test, and machine learning was also performed. It is shown that the difference between the values of the mass concentration of the elements Al, Fe, Br, Re, U for samples from Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Crimea are statistically significant. On the matrix of the obtained values, the Random Forest model was trained, which was able to distinguish the regions of wine origin with an accuracy of 90%. When analyzing the nonlinear dependence, the indicators of Si, Li, Co, Cu, Ba, Na, Ni, U, Al, S, Fe, Mn, B and δ18О of the water were determined by the model as important.

Discrimination of the geographical origin of red wine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Discrimination of the geographical origin of red wine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Geographic Information Systems are critical tools to manage wine tourism regions

The popularisation and sophistication of wine tourism has transformed many rural regions around the globe. Understanding land cover and land use in the context of winescapes is critical, as well as mapping the development of tourism services and infrastructure. Geotechnology offers a number of tools to manage wine tourism destinations. Remote sensing and GIS data are used to analyse the early stages of tourism development in São Joaquim, Brazil, and how its new economic dynamics have evolved driven by the production of high-altitude wines and wine tourism. A cultural landscape analysis provides an understanding of the processes of economic activities, particularly considering the distinct geophysical landforms of the study area. We identify land cover and the classification of land use using primary and secondary data. QGIS software was used for the intersection between data from satellite imagens processing and secondary data. The results show that remote sensing and the use of GIS were practical resources in carrying out a preliminary analysis of cultural landscapes, especially winescapes, providing a database useful in territorial planning. The information gathered by this methodology identifies problems, enables planning the expansion of cultivation, and can be used to manage native vegetation areas and built-up areas. The combined findings provide support for discussing the relationship between winescapes, land use and cover, and their relationship to tourism. The database developed supports territorial planning in the context of wine tourism regions, and is a replicable asset for other rural areas worldwide. The information also supports the establishing of a geographical indication of origin for high altitude wines.

At the Origins of Dionysus and Wine: Myths, Miracles, and Festivals

AbstractFor the Greeks, the connection between Dionysus and wine is almost unanimous. The god diffuses wine-related know-how and its cultivation throughout the inhabited world. Certain myths place the birth and infancy of Dionysus in regions where wine plays a prominent role, either for its excellence, because wine-related wonders take place there, or because the existence of wine-springs is attested. The cause-and-effect relationship between the birth of Dionysus and the miraculous appearance of wine is used by some cities to support their claim to be his birthplace. In some cases, myths concerning the origins of Dionysus are combined with a ritual component that celebrates the epiphany of the god through festivals in which the focal point is wine. This paper aims to contribute to our understanding of mythology and aetiology by adopting a novel approach to the case study of Dionysus’ birth, examining the extent to which the importance of wine in these areas determines whether they are linked to the origins of the god.

Composition analysis during the fermentation of dessert wine

The organic acid, tannin, ethanol, methanol and other components in sweet wine are important factors that affect the taste and flavour of sweet wine, and are also indicators for exploring the winemaking process and controlling the quality of products. This study primarily used ion chromatography to study the changes of acids in the winemaking process. Besides, this work also measures the proportion of other compositions including Soluble Solids, Ethanol and pH value by designing orthogonal test. The experimental result shows that the physicochemical indexes of Passito wine are 20.5° Brix, with a total acid content of 6.83 g / L . The alcohol content of the original wine is 12.0% vol, and the pH value is 3.42. It provides a reference for the control of various components such as organic acids and the supervision of wine during the winemaking process. To open up new channels for the development of other fresh fruit dessert wine brewing technology, it is of scientific and practical significance to optimize the fermentation conditions of dessert wine and improve the processing technology.

The grapes of dispute resolution: arbitration and wine

Abstract This article explores the interplay between arbitration and wine law and the possibility of having increased recourse to arbitration in wine-related disputes. Since Antiquity, wine production and commercialization have been subject to specific regulations, which have progressively given rise to modern wine law. Wine law is primarily focused on the protection of the geographical origin and branding of wine as well as consumer protection, fields typically inadequate for arbitration. However, wine law also covers wine commercialization and related operations such as vineyard sales, which offer many opportunities for arbitration in the wake of the internationalization of wine production and trade. This is particularly true since the wine sector is characterized by both very specific trade usages and a high degree of technicality, which require adjudicators of wine-related disputes to have a high degree of sectorial expertise. Arbitration therefore appears to be a particularly well-suited means of dispute adjudication for wine-related litigation, as illustrated by the authors’ experience.

Application of a topographic pedosequence in the Villány Hills for terroir characterization

Terroir refers to the geographical origin of wines. The landscape factors (topography, parent rock, soil, microbial life, climate, natural vegetation) are coupled with cultural factors (cultivation history and technology, cultivars and rootstock) and all together define a terroir. The physical factors can be well visualized by a slope profile developed into a pedosequence showing the regular configuration of the relevant physical factors for a wine district. In the present study the generalized topographic pedosequence (or catena) and GIS spatial model of the Villány Hills, a historical wine producing region, serves for the spatial representation and characterization of terroir types. A survey of properties of Cabernet Franc grape juice allowed the comparison of 10 vineyards in the Villány Wine District, Southwest Hungary. Five grape juice properties (FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content) have been found to have a moderate linear relationship (0.5 < r2 < 0.7) with the Huglin Index (HI) and aspect. Aspect, when determined on the basis of angular distance from South (180°), showed a strong correlation (r2 > 0.7) with FAN, NH3, YAN, sugar and density and moderate correlation with primary amino nitrogen (PAN). HI showed a correlation with three nitrogen related parameters FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content. Elevation and slope, however, did not correlate with any of the chemical properties.

Qualitative Factor-Based Comparison of NMR, Targeted and Untargeted GC-MS and LC-MS on the Metabolomic Profiles of Rioja and Priorat Red Wines.

Wine origin and ageing are two factors related to wine quality which in turn is associated to wine metabolome. Currently, new metabolomic techniques and proper statistics procedures allow accurate profiling of wine metabolome. Thus, the main goal was to evaluate different metabolomic methodologies on their ability to provide patterns on the wine metabolome based on selected factors, such as ageing of barrel-aged wine (factor time), prior usage of the barrels (factor barrel-type), and differences between wine ageing in barrels or glass bottles (factor bottled-wine). In the current study, we implement NMR, targeted and untargeted GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomic analytical techniques so as to gain insights into the volatile and nonvolatile wine metabolome composition of red wines from two cellars located in the only two Spanish Qualified Appellations of Origin; DOQ Priorat and DOCa Rioja regions. Overall, 95 differentially significant metabolites were identified facilitating the evaluation of the analytical methodologies performance and finding common trends of those metabolites depending on the considered factor. The results did not favor NMR as an effective technique on the current dataset whereas suggested LC-MS as an adequate technique for revealing differences based on the factor time, targeted GC-MS on the factor barrel-type, and untargeted GC-MS on the factor bottled-wine. Thus, a combination of different metabolomic techniques is necessary for a complete overview of the metabolome changes. These results ease the selection of the correct methodology depending on the specific factor investigated.

DNA-based genealogy reconstruction of Nebbiolo, Barbera and other ancient grapevine cultivars from northwestern Italy

Northwestern Italy is a wine region of the world with the highest of reputations, where top quality wines of remarkable economic value are produced from traditional, long-cultivated varieties. Kinship analyses were performed using 32 microsatellite loci and more than 10 K single-nucleotide polymorphism markers on 227 traditional grapes mostly from Northwestern Italy—including those that have been neglected or are threatened. This was done to better understand the genetic grapevine origins and history of this reputable wine producing area, thus enhancing its cultural value and the marketing appeal of its wines. The work revealed a complex network of genetic relationships among varieties, with little contribution of genotypes from other areas. It revealed the major role played by a few ancient grape varieties as parents of numerous offspring, including some that are endangered today. The ancestry of many cultivars is proposed. Among these are Dolcetto, Barbera and Riesling italico. Through the inference of parent–offspring and sibling relations, marker profiles of ungenotyped putative parents were reconstructed, suggesting kinship relations and a possible parentage for Nebbiolo, one of the most ancient wine grapes worldwide. Historic and geographic implications from the resulting kinships are discussed.

The Brand as Value Production. From the Trademark to the Designation of Origin of Wines from the Douro Demarcated Region

At the end of the 19th century, modern commercial brands emerged after the creation of the legal framework for their protection and the birth of large commercial companies. In the Portuguese wine sector, there was a strong adhesion of companies to the registration of trademarks as a defense against practices of “abusive use of false or misleading indications of provenance”, in a context of post-phylloxera reconversion, market instability and the proliferation of imitations and counterfeits. The commercial sector took ownership of the brand in its identification with the designation of origin, leading to the emergence at the beginning of the 20th century of a movement led by prominent personalities from the Douro Region in the sense of creation of legal mechanisms to defend the regional brand of Portwine. We will analyze three historical quintas (estates) — Senhora da Ribeira, Bomfim and Zimbro — and the marks (brands, labels and fire marks) of Silva & Cosens, the “most respectable” company in the Douro wine trade in the early 20th century. We aim to undesrtand how this company created trademarks with a strongly identifying character with the Douro Demarcated Region, the producing region of its wines.

Study on the importance of wine bottle design on consumer choices

PurposeThe aim of this study is to analyse the importance of bottle design in relation to other purchasing criteria, and also to understand which design elements are most attractive to consumers.Design/methodology/approachA survey of a sample of 437 wine drinkers was carried out in Portugal using non-probabilistic sampling. The technique used was conjoint analysis based on the SPSS conjoint module.FindingsOne of the key findings was the low importance of bottle design in shaping consumer preferences compared to other attributes (origin, price and category of wine). In terms of design elements, the label had the biggest influence on consumer choice, followed by the type of bottle, bottle seal and brand name, in that order. Differences in consumer choice were evident according to the level of knowledge of wine and frequency of consumption.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide guidance for Portuguese wineries as regards the marketing and design decisions of their products and packaging.Originality/valueThis study sheds new light on the importance of wine bottle design on consumer preferences. Previous studies in the area have proved to be minimal and heterogeneous.

1H NMR chemometric models for classification of Czech wine type and variety

A set of 917 wines of Czech origin were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) with the aim of building and evaluating multivariate statistical models and machine learning methods for the classification of 6 types based on colour and residual sugar content, 13 wine grape varieties and 4 locations based on 1H NMR spectra. The predictive models afforded greater than 93% correctness for classifying dry and medium dry, medium, and sweet white wines and dry red wines. The trained Random Forest (RF) model classified Pinot noir with 96% correctness, Blaufränkisch 96%, Riesling 92%, Cabernet Sauvignon 77%, Chardonnay 76%, Gewürtztraminer 60%, Hibernal 60%, Grüner Veltliner 52%, Pinot gris 48%, Sauvignon Blanc 45%, and Pálava 40%. Pinot blanc and Chardonnay, varieties that are often mistakenly interchanged, were discriminated with 71% correctness. The findings support chemometrics as a tool for predicting important features in wine, particularly for quality assessment and fraud detection.

Evaluation of the Intrinsic and Perceived Quality of Sangiovese Wines from California and Italy.

Sangiovese is the most cultivated red grape variety in Italy where it is certified for the production of several Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) wines, and it is one of the most cultivated Italian red grape varieties in California. Despite the global distribution of this variety, there is a lack of international studies on Sangiovese grapes and wines. For this reason, the present study aimed to compare 20 commercial Sangiovese wines from 2017 harvest, 9 produced in Italy (Tuscany) and 11 in California, in order to evaluate the intrinsic and perceived quality. The eligibility, identity, and style properties (the intrinsic quality) of the wines were evaluated. A group of 11 Italian experts evaluated the perceived quality by rating the typicality of the wines. The experimental data showed that the intrinsic quality of Sangiovese wine samples was affected by the growing area; in particular, the wine resulted very different for the color indices and polyphenol composition. The above differences in intrinsic quality levels did not lead to a different evaluation of the perceived quality (typicality) by the wine experts. The results evidenced that Sangiovese variety is recognizable also if grown outside its original terroir, and fresh and fruity wines were considered more typical. This study expands our current knowledge of Sangiovese wines and the contribution of regional characteristics to the composition of wine.

Origin verification of French red wines using isotope and elemental analyses coupled with chemometrics

Origin verification of 240 French wines from four regions of France was undertaken using isotope and elemental analyses. Our aim was to identify and differentiate the geographical origin of these red wines, and more importantly, to build a classification tool that can be used to verify geographic origin of French red wines using machine learning models. Multivariate analyses of the isotopic and elemental data revealed that it is possible to determine the geographical origin of French wines with a high level of confidence for most regions analyzed in this study. The wine verification accuracy of four French wine producing regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Languedoc-Roussillon and Rhone using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method was 98.2%. The results also show that ANN is more suitable than Discriminant Analysis for this verification purpose. The most important variables for French wine regional traceability were Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, Ti and Rb.

Geographical Origin Classification of Chinese Wines Based on Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotopes and Elemental Profiles

Wines from different regions have different qualities due to the impact of geographical location and climate. The sale of inferior wines seriously violates the fair-trade rights of consumers. This article provides an elemental analysis classification method for verifying the geographical origin of wines in the People's Republic of China. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer were used to analyze 142 wine samples collected from Helan Mountain, Xinjiang, Yunchuanzang, the Yanhuai Valley, and the Hexi Corridor regions. The data included elemental profiles, carbon isotope ratios (δ13C), and oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O). The results of multivariate analysis revealed that the geographical origin of wine is closely related to variations in elemental profiles and isotope ratios. Introducing δ18O and the elements Li, Mn, Ag, In, Th, Ta, and Re into the discriminant model yielded correct classification rates of the linear discriminant model of 90.8% for the training set and 87.3% for the test set.