Wind Pump Research Articles

Development of Ionic Wind Pump Used in Martian Environment

AbstractAn ionic wind pump consisting of simple concentric cylinders was developed for future Mars exploration. The ionic wind pump uses gas flow driven by the corona discharge generated at the edg...

Impacts of the Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data on Volume and Heat Budget Estimates for the North Sea

AbstractMechanisms controlling the heat budget of the North Sea are investigated based on a combination of satellite sea surface temperature measurements and numerical model simulations. Lateral heat fluxes across the shelf edge and into the Baltic Sea as well as vertical ocean‐atmosphere heat exchange are considered. A 3‐D variational (3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) scheme is applied, which contains assumed model error correlations that depend on the mixed layer depth derived from a coupled circulation/ocean wave model. The analysis balances pressure gradients introduced by temperature modifications. Significant hydrodynamic model response to DA was found, which should be considered in the heat budget estimations. The observed change of the current velocity field decreases the lateral advective volume/heat exchanges between the North Sea and the Atlantic, yielding an increased heat flux from the Atlantic into the North Sea and more heat flux from the sea to the atmosphere. The largest DA impact on volume/heat transport is in the Norwegian Channel, where the dominant process is Eulerian transport, followed by tidal pumping and wind pumping. Further analysis reveals an acceleration of the along‐shelf current at the northern edge of the North Sea, a decrease in the horizontal pressure gradient from the Atlantic to the North Sea, and a reduction of the Eulerian transport of volume/heat outward the North Sea. Furthermore, the coupling between the circulation model and the wave model has significant impacts on lateral heat advection in the DA run, which is due to the wave impact on the mixed layer depth.

LED chip cooling system using ionic wind induced by multi-wire corona discharge

• A T-shaped multi-wire ionic wind pump is developed for cooling a high-power LED chip. • Relationship between air flow in the pump and its electrode configuration is revealed. • Increasing the wire-plate gap in the outlet channel strengthens the reverse discharge effect. • Arranging electrodes in the outlet channel further improves the performance of the T-shaped EHD pump. The high temperature of a light-emitting diode (LED) chip reduces its luminous output and lifetime and can even cause catastrophic damage to the chip. In recent years, ionic wind generators have shown great potential for LED chip cooling owing to their noiselessness, low energy consumption, and compact structure. However, the heat transfer and flow characteristics of ionic wind generated by multi-wire electrodes for LED cooling have not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, a T-shaped multi-wire ionic wind pump, in which each wire electrode corresponds to a pair of parallel plates, was designed for heat dissipation of a 24 W high-power LED chip. The relationship between the air flow characteristics inside the ionic wind pump and the electrode configuration was revealed through numerical simulations. Then, an optimized ionic wind pump was fabricated to test the cooling performance of the LED chip. The results show that each pair of plate electrodes has a critical length, and the average velocity at the pump inlet becomes independent of the plate length when it exceeds this critical value. For fixed wire electrodes in the outlet channel, when their operating voltage remains constant, increasing the wire-plate distance reduces the charge density around these wires, thus strengthening the reverse discharge effect and reducing the average velocity at the pump inlet. When only the wire in the inlet channel discharges electricity at a fixed voltage of 18 kV, the ionic wind pump can stabilize the LED case temperature below its safe temperature (LED operating voltage: 36 V). If all wires discharge electricity at a fixed voltage of 18 kV, the LED case temperature can be further reduced to 74 °C, which is lower than the maximum rated case temperature of 85 °C. In conclusion, when designing multi-wire ionic wind pumps, the electrodes inside them should be elaborately configured to reduce mutual interference and maximize the ionic wind flow rate. The designed ionic wind pump can serve as a noiseless thermal management equipment for high-power LED illumination devices.

Reliability Measures and Profit Exploration of Windmill Water-Pumping Systems Incorporating Warranty and Two Types of Repair

Wind energy is a kind of renewable energy that plays a significant role in remote areas for pumping water. The windmill is also used to generate electricity. The windmill is also known as a wind pump when it is used for pumping water. In this work, the authors proposed a complex hybrid model of an example of combined system (windmill, rechargeable battery and pumping system) to evaluate the system’s performance. System performance was affected by system degradation due to system failure. These factors also affected the profit of the user. Two types of repair facilities for continuous and satisfactory performance of the system were assumed. To illustrate the system modeling using the Gumbel–Hougaard family of the copula, numerical examples were used for the exploration of Markov results of the reliability measures and the profit of the system with the warranty period, with this also being demonstrated graphically.

Performance of a prototype windmill for water pumping in Kpakungu community of Niger State Nigeria

Water is the primary source of life for mankind and one of the most basic necessities for rural development. Most rural communities in Nigeria do not have access to potable water. This research considers the provision of water to a community in Nigeria using power from wind. The design results show that a 2.076m diameter windmill is required for pumping water from borehole through a total head of 45m to meet a daily demand of 3.5m3 of water. Performance test of the horizontal axis wind pump was carried out. The lowest measured wind speed during the test was 0.4 m/s, while the corresponding water discharge flowrate was 0.032 l/s. Thehighest flowrate of 0.113 l/s was recorded at a wind speed of 2.4 m/s. Computer simulation was carried out to validate the performance test of the prototype windmill. The results showed that water discharge is proportional to the wind speed.
 Keywords: Energy, Kpakungu, mean wind speed, plunger, windmill

High Pressure Vertical Axis Wind Pump

Abstract A novel positive displacement, high pressure, vertical axis wind pump (HP-VAWP) was evaluated for the application of stand-alone high-pressure reverse-osmosis desalination and drip irrigation systems. The direct interface between a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) and a positive displacement pump that delivers a constant liquid volume per revolution has never been studied before. Understanding the interaction between turbine and pump efficiencies, where delivery pressure is determined by back-pressure alone, is critical for efficient design. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted on a small-scale two-bladed turbine (0.4 m2 cross-sectional area) that operated on a dynamic stall principle. At these small laboratory scales, the turbine and pump peak efficiencies were relatively low (15% and 28%, respectively); nevertheless, the system produced nearly constant pressures in excess of 1.5 bar for a broad operational range. Moreover, the system exhibited a basic self-priming capability, and the turbine could easily be braked by overloading the pump. A conservative field-scale analysis of an HP-VAWP system indicated that a medium-size turbine (12.5 m2 cross-sectional area) could attain a peak efficiency of 12.9%. Realistic efficiencies greater than 20% are attainable, significantly exceeding the 4%–8% typical peak efficiency of the widely used American multibladed wind pumps. Indeed, our research indicates that an HP-VAWP system is viable and requires further development. The benefits of zero carbon emissions during operation, high relative efficiency, and easy manufacturing and maintenance render the HP-VAWP ideal for stand-alone or off-grid environments.

Assessment of the Rural Water Supply Potential by Mechanical Wind Pumping Around the Floodplains of Lake Chad

In the present work, an assessment of the rural water supply potential by mechanical wind pumping around the floodplains of Lake Chad has been considered. Inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, available surface water is largely contaminated and represents health hazards to populations. Access to underground and clean water has increasingly become rare. Moreover, clean water scarcity has led to conflict and territorial pressures, which are contributing factors to poverty in the considered area. Four localities, Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, respectively, in Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger have been selected inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, to evaluate the potential of wind power and prospects of windmills development to provide safe drinking-water supply, livestock watering and small-scale irrigation. Long-term satellite-derived data, obtained through the Prediction of Worldwide renewable Energy Resources have been considered suitable and viable alternative to missing site-specific data from ground stations. Windmill of Multi-blade driven piston pump is the preferred water pumping option for this study because of its higher overall system efficiency. The results of this study indicate that mean wind speeds, at 10 m height above ground level, are 4.64 m/s for Baga, 4.76 m/s for Baga-Sola, 4.32 m/s for Makari and 4.44 m/s for Nguigmi. In addition, wind speeds for Baga, for instance, are in the range of 2.5–10 m (working range of a wind pump), at 10, 15, 20 and 25 m height agl, for 79.64, 82.80, 84.79, and 86.19 per cent of the time. Corresponding values for Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi are in the range of 80.50–87.76 per cent, 76.86–85, 58 per cent, 77.92–86.21 per cent, respectively. For a Windmill with a 2 m-blade, a 25 m-height tower and considering a total dynamic head of 30 m, average monthly discharges for the dry season are 1,330, 1,374, 1,200 and 1,199 m3, respectively for Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi. Furthermore, corresponding costs of water are 9.53, 9.23, 10.56 and 10.57 XAF/m3, for Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, in that order.

ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВІТРОГІДРОНАСОСНОЇ СТАНЦІЇ ЗНАЧНОЇ ПОТУЖНОСТІ

Розвиток відновлюваних джерел енергії в Україні характеризується стрімкими темпами. Станом на вересень 2020 року встановлена потужність вітроелектричних (ВЕС) та фотоелектричних (ФЕС) станцій складає біля 6 ГВт, що відповідає майже 20% максимального навантаження електроенергетичної системи на чинний момент часу. Тому на сьогодні набуває актуальності задача акумулювання стохастичного надходження електроенергії ВЕС та ФЕС в електроенергетичну систему, зумовлена неузгодженістю графіків генерування та споживання потужності. Ідея застосування гідроакумулювальних електростанцій (ГАЕС) для накопичення стохастичного надходження енергії ВЕС і ФЕС починає знаходити своє практичне втілення. В Іспанії вже декілька років функціонує вітродизельна електростанція для подачі води в басейн-акумулятор ГАЕС потужністю 11 МВт. Досвід експлуатації цього комплексу засвідчив суттєве зменшення його енергетичної ефективності, зумовлене стохастичним характером надходження енергії вітру. Тому на часі вирішення задачі визначення енергетичної ефективності процесу перетворення кінетичної енергії вітру в потенційну енергію води, накопиченої в басейні-акумуляторі, з урахуванням наявності пульсацій швидкості вітру . В даній роботі виконана оцінка енергетичної ефективності потужної гідронасосної станції при електроживленні двигунів насосів від вітроелектричної установки з урахуванням пульсацій швидкості вітру та кількості гідроелектричних агрегатів у складі станції. Визначення кількісних значень оцінюваних параметрів базувалось на результатах математичного моделювання динаміки навантажувальних режимів роботи вітрогідронасосної станції з урахуванням стохастичної зміни швидкості вітру. Математична модель являє собою систему нелінійних диференційних рівнянь, що описує взаємодію двох інерційних складових єдиної аероелектрогідродинамічної системи. Визначено раціональне співвідношення кількості гідронасосів в складі насосної станції для досягнення максимальних значень коефіцієнта використання встановленої потужності вітрогідронасосної станції. Бібл. 29, рис. 6.

Analysis of a two-stage ionic wind pump with multiple needle-to-mesh electrodes for cooling electronics

Ionic wind pumps have considerable potential for flow control, heat transfer, and drying applications due to their advantages of low energy consumption, compact structure, flexible design, and lack of moving parts. However, a high flow rate ionic wind pump with large cross-sectional for cooling high thermal power electronic devices requires further research. In this study, a two-stage ionic wind pump with needle-to-mesh electrodes was developed for cooling electronics. Experimental systems were established to test the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The effects of needle electrodes’ arrangement, mesh electrodes’ structure, needle tip-to-mesh gap, and stage distance on the output velocity and power consumption of ionic wind pumps were investigated. The influence of the arrangement of an ionic wind pump and heat sink on the cooling performance was also studied. Two groups of interactive mechanisms, interference between neighboring needles and needle density, the discharge effect and the resistance effect of mesh electrodes, affected the flow characteristics. A grid size with an optimal value of 4 mm was obtained by combining the discharge and resistance effects. As the needle tip-to-mesh gap increased, the velocity at the same applied voltage decreased but the velocity limit near the breakdown voltage increased. Counter discharge between the stages induced additional power consumption. As the stage distance increased, the breakdown shifted from between two stages to within each stage. The counter discharge disappeared as the stage distance increased to greater than 29 mm. At the ionic wind pump’s optimum parameters, the output velocity of 3.91 m/s was achieved. And the cooling experiment indicated that the optimized ionic wind pump can reduced the surface temperature of a 200 W power heat source by more than 30 °C. The present study provides guidance for heat dissipation designs for maintenance-free electronics in remote areas.

Estudio de caso. Sector de la sanidad animal frente al huracán «Irma» en Cuba.

This case study outlines the actions of Cuba's Veterinary Service, as part of the country's disaster risk reduction and management system, in response to Hurricane Irma. The phenomenon affected ten of Cuba's 15 provinces and caused significant damage in 53 of its municipalities (29.6%). During the response effort, the pre-established measures for the various phases (warning, alert and emergency) were deployed according to the disaster reduction plans for each level. In all provinces, animals were protected by moving them to safer locations, allowing for pre-established sanitary measures and technical assistance. Nonetheless, damage was incurred, mainly to the roofs of some animal housing. The following deaths were recorded: 210,150 poultry, 2,752 cattle (of which 73.8% were calves) and 866 pigs (of which 68% were young animals). In addition, 7% of the inventory of hives was damaged and 3.3% of hives were lost. Damage to infrastructure included: 466 poultry houses, 1,422 cattle houses, 431 pig houses, 1,200 wind pumps and 13 of the country's 17 feed concentrate plants. As no major damage was reported to the Veterinary Service's facilities (laboratories and offices), its viability was guaranteed at all times. Rapid damage assessment enabled priorities for rehabilitation and recovery actions to be set, with the result that, just three months after the hurricane had struck, 67% of the poultry houses and 33% of the pig houses had been restored. This article focuses on preparedness, response and lessons learned.

A case study of Chlorophyll a response to tropical cyclone Wind Pump considering Kuroshio invasion and air-sea heat exchange

New evidences provided that the tropical cyclone (TC) Linfa in 2015 induced looping path of Kuroshio invasion into the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS) through the northwestern Luzon Strait (LS), based on the in-situ measurements, satellite data and model output data. This TC-enhanced Kuroshio invasion with low nutrients and denser waters suppressed the TC “Wind Pump” induced upwelling and nutrients uptake, and therefore inhibited the Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) increase from surface to ~50 m in the open ocean of the NESCS. The TC-induced Kuroshio invasion promoted the generation of the strong cyclonic eddy to its left side where weak Ekman Pumping Velocity was observed. This enhancing cyclonic eddy then dominated the nutrients uplift and increased the surface and subsurface (0–50 m) Chl-a through eddy pumping rather than Ekman Pumping. The TC-declined anti-cyclonic eddy, which shoaled the Mixed Layer Depth (MLD), benefited to the nutrient uptake through TC-induced upwelling and thereby increased the surface Chl-a and raised the Chl-a Maximum Layer (CML) to ~20 m over the southwestern LS. The temporal Chl-a variations were also influenced by TC intensities and biochemical processes. The air-sea heat budget analysis indicated that, the air-sea heat exchange contributed to nearly 80% of the sea surface cooling (SST cooling) over the northwestern LS with Kuroshio invasion, while eddy-induced upwelling dominated the SST cooling over the western LS, and the wind-driven upwelling (and mixing) controlled the SST cooling over the southwestern LS. These different formations of SST cooling then played important role in Chl-a variations. This study is the first case of TC “Wind Pump” induced Chl-a variations considering air-sea heat exchange, Kuroshio invasion and mesoscale eddies over LS, which would help to evaluate the influence of TCs over the other major heat transport arteries of the world ocean: The Gulf Stream area.

Miniature, metal 3D-printed, multiplexed electrohydrodynamic gas pumps

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of the first additively manufactured, miniature, metal multi-needle ionic wind pumps in the literature. The pumps are needle-ring corona diodes composed of a monolithic inkjet binder-printed active electrode, made in stainless steel 316L, with five sharp, conical needles, and a thin plate counter-electrode, made in copper, with electrochemically etched apertures aligned to the needle array; by applying a large bias voltage across the diode, electrohydrodynamically driven airflow is produced. The influence of tip multiplexing and tip sharpening on the ion current, airflow velocity, volumetric flow rate, and kinetic conversion efficiency of the pumps was characterized under different interelectrode separations, counter-electrode aperture diameters, and applied bias voltages, while triggering a negative corona discharge. At the optimal operating bias voltage (7.4 kV), the as-printed five-needle ionic wind pumps eject air at 2.66 m s−1 and at a volumetric flow rate of 316 cm3 s−1 –a twofold larger than the flow rate of an as-printed single-needle device and with 35% higher efficiency (i.e. 0.27%). Using a two-step electropolishing procedure, the needles of the active electrode can be uniformly sharpened down to 83.4 μm average tip diameter, i.e. about one quarter of their as-printed dimension (∼300 μm). Operated under the same conditions, the electropolished five-needle pumps eject air at 3.25 m s−1, i.e. 22% higher speed compared to the as-printed devices, with the same kinetic conversion efficiency. A two-module model was built in COMSOL Multiphysics, consisting of a three-species corona discharge module and a gas dynamics module, to gain insights into the operation of the pumps and to determine trends for increasing device performance. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) body force calculated using this model has the same periodic behaviour of the Trichel pulse current. A time-dependent EHD body force analysis was performed, and the stabilized forces averaged over a multiple of the Trichel pulse period were used to predict the large-timescale airflow. The EHD force from the corona simulation can be rescaled to calculate the flow at different bias voltages, greatly reducing the simulation time, and making possible to systematically study the relevant parameters and optimize the design of the air pump. The experimental data agree with the simulation results and the reduced-order modelling.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Defense model for preserving the wind turbine Records in Cloud Using fog Computing with coupling based cryptography

Security of information put away and handled on the open cloud is a noteworthy concern. In this paper we contend that hybrid cloud gives a perfect situation to applications that require the participation of different associations, every association needs to facilitate a few parts of its movement and offer a few information with a few different associations yet has severe security prerequisites for its very own private information. Such applications could profit by a hybrid cloud condition. In a perfect world, “big data” ought to be scrambled and put away on the open cloud. In this the data from the windmill, wind pump or wind charger are to be stored in cloud, that data must be secured in the cloud by means of a fog computing capability. Towards termination, a third party one round verified key understanding convention had been projected in view of the bilinear blending cryptography that may produce a session key among the members and impart among them safely. At last, the secluded wind turbine information’s were gotten to, put away safely via executing a lure procedure. In this computational cost is low and key size is reduced when compared to all other existing systems. The proposed system reduces the computational cost at 97% compared with the other existing systems.

Seasonal Wind Characteristics and Prospects of Wind Energy Conversion Systems for Water Production in the Far North Region of Cameroon

This study aimed at investigating the characteristics of the wind power resource in the Far North Region of Cameroon (FNR), based on modelling of daily long-term satellite-derived data (2005-2020) and in-situ wind measurements data (1987-2020). Five different reliable statistical indicators assessed the accuracy level for the goodness-of-fit tests of satellite-derived data. The two-parameter Weibull distribution function using the energy factor method described the statistical distribution of wind speed and investigated the characteristics of the wind power resource. Six 10-kW pitch-controlled wind turbines (WT) evaluated the power output, energy and water produced. A 50 m pumping head was considered to estimate seasonal variations of volumetric flow rates and costs of water produced. The results revealed that the wind resource in FNR is suitable only for wind pumping applications. Based on the hydraulic requirements for wind pumps, mechanical wind pumping system can be the most cost-effective option of wind pumping technologies in FNR. However, based on the estimated capacity factors of selected WT, wind electric pumping system can be acceptable for only four out of twenty-one sites in FNR.

Hydro aeropower for sustainable electricity cost reduction in South African farming applications

This paper develops a model which can be used to minimize the electricity cost of South African farms through the usage of a wind pump with pico hydro generator and a borehole in pumped hydro storage configuration referred to as “hydro aeropower”. This model will optimally schedule the generation power flow from the pico turbine given the demand, the state of water level in the reservoir as well as the electricity pricing period. This model can be implemented to control the power flow in small farming activities where boreholes and windmill are available. Therefore, a 2kW hydro aeropower using groundwater in a farming environment and operating under the Time of Use in South Africa is used to evaluate the possible cost reduction linked to the electricity usage achievable compared to the grid.Therefore, the problem can be seen as a minimization of the cost of energy purchased from the main electricity supplier, and the maximization of the energy used by the load directly supplied by the hydro aeropower in a dynamic pricing environment. Afterwards, the techno-economic performance of the proposed system is analysed using Matlab software. The results have revealed that up to 63.62% can be saved on the cost of energy consumed using the developed setup rather than supplying the load demand by the grid exclusively.

Design and analysis of wind pump for wind conditions in Pakistan

The unique thing about this research work is that it is the first comprehensive study out of all its kinds in Pakistan. Pakistan is an agricultural country and faces dearth of water resources availability for crops. This research work is very inevitable because it fulfils the water needs and also helps to minimize the energy deficit. This research article represents the means of wind speed data collection, design of wind-driven water pumping system and analysis of the design under different wind conditions in Pakistan. Wind speed data for province Punjab and Sindh are collected from Global Wind Atlas, Pakistan Meteorological Department and World Weather Online. First, design calculations have been made on the basis of analytical methods. Then proposed design is analysed using ANSYS Fluent Simulation models. Wind energy input, lift and drag on blades, rotor power output transmitted to the pump and water discharge from the pump have been calculated and verified from the simulation results. It has been shown that for any rotor size windmill produces maximum power output when angle between blade chord and axis of blade rotation is in the range of 23°–27°. Recommended height of windmill tower for 8–12 ft rotor diameter is 35–50 ft. Designed wind pump system can lift the ground water from 50 ft depth and discharge depends upon the size of windmill used. From the outcomes of the analysis, different designs having different power output and water pumping capacity have been proposed for different operating and wind conditions in the country.

Offering Engineering Students Global Perspective Through Experiential Learning Project in Wind Energy and Sustainability

Students from Princeton University partnered with students from the American University in Cairo in a three-week intensive hands-on field experience in Egypt. The project was to assemble, install, and test a wind mill-driven pump used for irrigation and to survey communities across Egypt in the Delta and Red Sea coast to assess water needs in these communities. The course offered a perspective on sustainable development in Egypt followed by water and energy resource challenges in Egypt's diverse geographic areas. Students assembled a wind pump and installed it at the American University in Cairo for testing prior to installation at El Heiz, a desert oasis community in the Western Desert. The students were selected from diverse backgrounds in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Operations Research and Financial Engineering, and learned the value of having diverse teams address engineering problems in a truly global context. This paper presents the case study including lessons learned in implementation of this experiential learning field project.

Dissolved oxygen responses to tropical cyclones "Wind Pump" on pre-existing cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the Bay of Bengal

This study examines how dissolved oxygen (DO) responds to tropical cyclones (TCs) "Wind Pump" in a pre-existing cyclonic and an anticyclonic eddy over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) based on Argo and satellite data. Both TCs induced DO temporal decreases in the subsurface waters (Deep Depression BOB 04 with a pre-existing cyclonic eddy and cyclonic storm Roanu with a pre-existing anticyclonic eddy) owing mainly to the storm-induced upwelling. The deeper oxycline caused by the pre-existing anticyclonic eddy relieved the storm-induced shallow of oxycline during Roanu. On the contrary, the pre-existing cyclonic eddy shoaled the oxycline, intensifying the storm-induced shallow of oxycline during BOB 04. Furthermore, the pre-existing cyclonic eddy induced a long time of DO decrease after BOB 04. This study suggests that the subsurface DO concentrations in the BoB are affected mainly by storm-induced physical processes, and the mesoscale eddies also play an important role.

Numerical and experimental investigation on configuration optimization of the large-size ionic wind pump

An ionic wind pump is an energy-saving device that can produce a volume flow when electrodes are applied with high voltage. Compared to the traditional methods, ionic wind pumps possess the advantages of low energy consumption, no moving parts, compact structure and flexible design. In this study, a large-size ionic wind pump, consisting of many single regular hexagonal needle-ring ionic wind generators, was developed as the preliminary model. However, its experimental performance was not as good as our expectations. In order to improve this preliminary model, a simulation method was used to investigate the configuration factors of the single ionic wind pump. In the optimized model, mesh gap is 6 mm, eccentricity is 0.26, section area is 238.44 mm2 and needle electrode number is 3. In subsequent experiments, the final optimized large-size ionic wind pump showed a great promotion in velocity, and the maximum average velocity of the optimized pump was higher than the preliminary model by 13.3%. Our numerical simulation and experiment results have practical significance in designing ionic wind pumps.

A Review on Renewable Energy Systems for Irrigation in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

The lack of water in arid and semi-arid regions has often limited agricultural production. Indeed, even where water is available for irrigation, the lack of electricity, as well as the high costs of diesel, has created constraints on small farmers. The purpose of this research is to review the renewable energy potential available in arid and semi-arid zones that can be used for irrigation as a substitute for fossil fuels. In this review, the solar thermal irrigation, solar photovoltaic (PV) irrigation, wind pumping and biomass pumping are discussed. The comparison of different hybrid pumping systems and analyses of renewable sources irrigation assessment in arid and semi-arid regions of Mozambique also are discussed. The results of this study showed that there are still certain technological limitations regarding the use of solar thermal energy for irrigation. As far as wind power is concerned, the analysis of the pumping water life cycle cost showed that the wind power water pumping system is more economical and viable compared to the diesel based system. However, the study concluded that photovoltaic solar energy has been shown to be more viable for pumping water for irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions.