Construction Of Wind Power Plants Research Articles

HOW THE CONSTRUCTION OF WIND TURBINES CAN BE LEGISLATIVELY CONTROLLED ON THE BASIS OF PUBLIC INTEREST

In order to implement the energy transition, the Federal Republic of Germany has been relying increasingly on wind energy for several years. Wind farms, both offshore and onshore, play an important role here. Nevertheless, wind energy in Germany suffers from a problem of acceptance. Local residents are afraid of visual and acoustic emissions, species protection concerns are raised, adverse effects on the landscape are claimed, and there are also fears of decrease in value of the properties. For this reason, the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has enacted a law that provides for mandatory participation of citizens and communities in the operating companies of wind turbines (the so-called ‘citizens’ wind farms’). With this law, the federal state shows in an excellent example how state’s influence on the economy and finances can look like in relation to public interests. But this is not the only way the legislator controls these public interest purposes. Recently, it has increasingly been using the ‘overriding public interest’ in legal texts to speed up the construction of wind power plants. These two juxtaposed instruments will be examined in more detail and their suitability will be analysed separately. Finally, the article presents an outlook with a recommendation for action to the federal legislature.

Хищные птицы и ветроэнергетика в Казахстане: какие перспективы для орлов?

Хищные птицы и ветроэнергетика в Казахстане: какие перспективы для орлов?

THE FEASIBILITY OF THE INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER PLANTS INTO THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

This article presents the results of an analysis performed in order to determine the feasibility of integrating the generation of wind power plants into the electric power system of the Republic of Croatia and their connection to the existing transmission network, for the purpose of providing a basis for the HEP Transmission System Operator (HEP Operator prijenosnog sustava d.o.o.) to establish the upper limits for the construction of wind power plants of 360 MW, which the system is currently capable of integrating.

Efficiency Estimation of Constructing of Wind Power Plant for the Heat Supply Needs

As in the whole world, there are regions in Russia that experience heat supply difficulties, mainly due to the high cost of fossil fuel as well as to growth of energy resources cost and polluting emissions. In this regard, search for solutions which would provide energy saving with an increase of energy, commercial and ecological efficiency of modern heat supply systems is becoming vitally important today. One of them is the development and use of special types of energy including renewable energy sources, wind energy in particular. Accordingly, the paper presents one of the possible solutions to the heat supply problem which are directed at meeting the whole region’s heat demand through the joint use of wind power plants with a boiler room operating on fuel oil. The study assessed the efficiency of constructing of wind power plants with a total capacity of 1.7 MW for the heat supply needs of a settlement, which is located on the Barents Sea coast in Russia. The selected area is characterized by an average annual wind speed of 7.0 m/s and a long heating period (9–10 months a year). The assessment showed that the wind power plant construction is financially reasonable, as additional profit can be generated by the end of the wind power plants scheduled service life that make up the half of primary investments. The results obtained in the paper are expected to make up for the lack of information on the feasibility of wind power plants construction for the heat supply needs, which is very useful for other countries that have similar areas experiencing various heat supply difficulties.

A Review of Design Solutions for Wind Power Plant Equipment

The aim of the study is to find efficient solutions in wind energy engineering with a view to develop new designs of wind power plants featuring the best power performance indicators. The aim that had been set forth was achieved by selecting and analyzing the results reported in the relevant publications. The most promising technologies were incorporated into united designs and modeled in the Solid Works and Ansys software environments. The study results are described, and the development trends in the wind power plant construction technologies and ways of improving their performance indicators are formulated. They include: application of Magnus cylinders, alteration of blade design, addition of supplementary assemblies and components, application of transverse-axial wind turbines and air flow concentrators, use of measures to ensure a constant wind power plant power output regardless of the incident air flow velocity, and multirotor designs. New technical solutions in the field of windwheel designs for wind power plants are proposed: a counter rotor transverse-axial wind turbine with an air flow concentrator, a Magnus wind turbine with supplementary adjustable blades, and a transverse-axial wind turbine with adjustable diameter and height. The obtained results can be used in studies in the field of wind energy engineering, for analyzing the publication activity on topics relating to renewable energy sources and wind power plants, in particular, for studying the state of the art in the field in writing research papers and dissertations related to wind power plant performance efficiency. The problems that may be faced during the subsequent use of the study results to combine individual trends that improve the efficiency in a single wind power plant to achieve its maximal possible efficiency are pointed out.

A multi-criteria GIS-based model for wind farm site selection with the least impact on environmental pollution using the OWA-ANP method.

Wind energy is considered one of the most efficient and cost-effective ways to generate electricity, since it has a low environmental impact. So, it is essential to identify the best places to build wind farms that have the lowest impact on human health and the highest performance. In order to determine the appropriate locations for the construction of wind power plants, in the study first, the interpolation maps of the most important parameters for the construction of wind power plants were created. Then, using the analytic network process (ANP) method due to higher accuracy than other weighting methods (the two-by-two comparison of external and internal data), the weight of each criterion was determined by establishing the external and internal relationships between the criteria and sub-criteria. In this study, since the objective was to prepare land suitability maps with different levels of risk in order to further manage the area, the OWA method was used to prepare land suitability maps. Based on the results of the ANP method for weighing each parameter, wind speed and protected areas were the most and least important parameters to build the power plant. According to the results of the OWA method, 0.78 and 0.1% of the area were suitable for building power plants at high and low risk levels, respectively. The study also found that the number of wind turbines that can be built in the region at both high and low risk levels was 422 and 75, respectively. Using the buffer function, the number of turbines for the construction of high-risk power plants was reduced to 284 by using the appropriate distance from residential areas. The ANP and OWA methods were used to prepare several maps for the evaluation of land suitability with different levels of risk, one of which could be used for the construction of a power plant.

En uygun rüzgâr enerji santrali yerlerinin coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ile belirlenmesi: Kocaeli ili örneği

In their lifetime, people need the energy to fulfill their needs. Beforehand, production of energy and, in parallel, the determination of the areas where the energy will be produced has gained importance. In this study, the most suitable site research was carried out in the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the construction of wind power plants (WPP) for the environment. It obtains electrical energy by using wind energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources. First of all, 13 factors that have an impact on the WPP site selection process were determined based on similar studies conducted in the past, these are; wind speed, protected areas, bird migration routes, transformer centers, power transmission lines, residential areas, highways, fault lines, elevation, slope, streams, lakes and airports. These determined factors are divided into 6 score classes, ranging from 0 (not suitable) to 5 (extremely appropriate). Then, a mask area map was created by separating the areas in the score class (0) not suitable for WPP from the areas in the other score class. With the mask area map obtained, suitable and unsuitable areas for WPP were clearly determined. The weighted overlay method was used to classify the suitable areas according to their degree of suitability. While applying the weighted overlay method, the weights of the factors with respect to each other were determined in two different ways. In the first study, the factors were weighted and overlapping analysis was performed by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. In the second study, weighted overlapping analysis was applied by accepting the factors as equally weighted. By overlapping the maps obtained as a result of two different analyzes with the masking area, WPP suitability maps for Kocaeli were obtained. Area calculations were made for the suitability classes over the resulting suitability maps and the two methods were compared with each other. As a result of this study, which was carried out on the entire province of Kocaeli, the most suitable areas where WPP could be established were determined by using GIS and AHP.

Cash Flow Optimization for Renewable Energy Construction Projects with a New Approach to Critical Chain Scheduling

This study concerns the use of the critical chain method to schedule the construction of renewable energy facilities. The critical chain method is recognized as a useful project management tool, transforming a stochastic problem of uncertainty in activity durations into a deterministic one. However, this method has some shortcomings. There are no clear principles of grouping non-critical activities into feeding chains. Another ambiguity is sizing the feeding buffers with regard to the topology of the network model and the resulting dependencies between activities, located in different chains. As a result, it is often necessary to arbitrarily adjust the calculated sizes of feeding buffers before inserting them into the schedule. The authors present the new approach to sizing the time buffers in the schedule, enabling a quick assessment of the quality of a given solution variant and finding a solution that best meets the established criteria, conditions, and constraints. The essence of the presented approach is the two-step sizing of time buffers with the use of deterministic optimization and stochastic optimization techniques. Taking into account construction management needs, the optimization criteria are based on the construction project cash flow analysis. The effectiveness of the presented approach is illustrated by an example of developing a wind power plant construction schedule. According to the results, the presented approach ensures the protection of the scheduled completion date of the construction and the stability of the schedule.

Manufacturing and Recycling Impact on Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Innovative Wind Power Plant Part 2/2.

The process of conversion of wind kinetic energy into electricity in innovative wind power plant emits practically no harmful substances into the environment. However, the production stage of its components requires a lot of energy and materials. The biggest problem during production planning process of an innovative wind power plant is selection of materials and technologies and, consequently, the waste generated at this stage. Therefore, the aim of this publication was to conduct an environmental analysis of the life cycle of elements of a wind turbine by means of life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The object of the research was a wind power plant divided into five sets of components (tower, turbine structure, rotors, generators, and instrumentation), made mainly of steel and small amounts of polymer materials. Eco-indicator 99 was used as an analytical procedure. The impact of the subjects of analysis on human health, ecosystem quality and resources was assessed. Among the analyzed components, the highest level of negative impact on the environment was characterized by the life cycle of the wind turbine tower. The application of recycling processes is reducing the negative impact on the environment in the perspective of the entire life cycle of all studied elements of the wind power plant construction.

Justification of the territorial location of “green energy” objects in relation to the needs of the Tyumen region

In modern conditions of falling business activity of enterprises and falling incomes of the population, the growing trend of electricity shortages persists. This need may be aggravated by the high level of deterioration of equipment at Russian thermal power plants. All world practice shifts the guidelines for expanding electricity production towards the creation of a market for pre-fabricated renewable energy sources. In the article, the authors focused on justifying the need for the massive construction of wind power plants as an alternative source of energy. Today, «traditional» energy sources cannot meet the growing demand in remote areas of the Tyumen region with districts in the context of the spread of modern information technologies and the process of digitalization of public services. The current situation also imposes significant restrictions on the intensity of the development of the process of educational technologies in remote settlements. In this connection, the authors of the article decided to conduct an analytical study to substantiate the ways of territorial development through the launch of projects for the construction of compact wind power plants as an alternative source of energy in providing resources to remote settlements.

Topographic dataset of Gomso bay tidal flat

Gomso bay tidal flat is influenced by human activity, such as Saemangeum dyke construction, Southwest sea offshore wind power plant construction, and reclamation. To observe continuous change of tidal flat topography, topographic change observation was carried out from Oct. 1991 to Oct. 2016. Gomso bay is located between latitude 35.5°N to 35.6°N and longitude 124.4°E to 126.7°E and elevation is measured at three transect located at tidal flat of outer bay, middle bay, and inner bay, respectively. RTK-GPS (Real time kinetic global positioning system) and sedimentation plate are used to measure elevation change of each transect. Line KM, which is located at outer bay tidal flat nearby Mandol-ri, has approximately 2 km distance from shoreline to lower intertidal zone and elevation is measured at 22 stations with RTK-GPS and sedimentation rate is measured at 10 stations with sedimentation plate. Line KH, which is located at middle bay tidal flat nearby Hajeon-ri, has approximately 5 km distance, and 50 stations and 20 stations are measured by RTK-GPS and sedimentation plate. Line KB, which has 1 km distance, approximately, and 10 stations and 9 stations are measured by RTK-GPS and sedimentation plate. Long term elevation change data is expected to predict long term elevation measurement data.

THE RELEVANCE ASSESSMENT OF THE LAND USE FOR WIND POWER ENGINEERING IN SETTLEMENTS OF LVIV REGION

The aim of the work is to study the relevance of new wind power facilities installation for electricity production in the Lviv region. In this paper, all the necessary conditions for the construction of wind power plants are considered. Analysis of the preferred land plot choice for wind energy generation due to favorable wind conditions and limited environmental impact is carried out. The wind turbines with the capacities, which are most appropriate to use in this region, were selected, as well as the environmental impact of the wind power plants is defined. It is proved that it is advisable to use wind turbines of the type “ECO 100” with a capacity of 3.0 MW. The results of the research can be effectively used by design and production organizations in the management of geodetic monitoring of the wind power plants state.

The Evaluation of Khorasan Razavi Range for the construction of wind power plants through multi-criteria decision making in GIS environment

The purpose of this research was to determine the suitable location of wind power plants in Khorasan Razavi province according to the climate criteria and conditions (wind speed, prevailing wind speed, pressure and temperature), geography (elevation, slope), socioeconomic factors (distance, distance from the cities and distance from the villages), environmental factors (distance from protected areas, land use and distance from the river) and geology (distance from faults). The process has been carried out in the geographical information system environment using the analytical hierarchical process. Based on the role and effect of these factors, a map of the Effective Factors was prepared in ArcGIS10.6 environments. The weight of the criteria was determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process Analysis (AHP) method in the EC2000 software environment. The ArcGIS10.6 software was used for spatial modelling, analysis and overlaying the different layers. The final map of suitable wind power plants was carried out in four different classes (very suitable, suitable, somewhat suitable and unsuitable). The results showed that 10.37% (1239871 ha) of the area was identified as very suitable for construction, including areas in the northwest of the province (around Sabzevar) and relatively slightly in the southeast (around Taibad) and eastern area (around Sarakhs). The results also showed that the GIS, as a decision support system in building a power plant, can be used to prepare data and prioritize experts’ models and opinions regarding various factors in choosing the appropriate location for an effective wind power plant.

Life Cycle Analysis of Ecological Impacts of an Offshore and a Land-Based Wind Power Plant

This study deals with the problems connected with the benefits and costs of an offshore wind power plant in terms of ecology. Development prospects of offshore and land-based wind energy production are described. Selected aspects involved in the design, construction, and operation of offshore wind power plant construction and operation are presented. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the environmental impact of offshore and land-based wind power plants. Life cycle assessment analysis of 2-MW offshore and land wind power plants was made with the use of Eco-indicator 99 modeling. The results were compared in four areas of impact in order to obtain values of indexes for nonergonomic (impact on/by operator), nonfunctional (of/on the product), nonecological (on/by living objects), and nonsozological impacts (on/by manmade objects), reflecting the extent of threat to human health, the environment, and natural resources. The processes involved in extraction of fossil fuels were found to produce harmful emissions which in turn lead to respiratory system diseases being, thus, extremely dangerous for the natural environment. For all the studied areas, the impact on the environment was found to be higher for land-based wind power plants than for an offshore wind farm.

Habitat use of flying subadult White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla): implications for land use and wind power plant planning

Large-scale construction of wind power plants may threaten large raptors at both individual and population levels. The most efficient way to prevent the negative effects of wind power plants is to avoid building on presumably high-risk sites, which requires an understanding of the movement patterns and habitat use of vulnerable species. The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is vulnerable to wind energy in terms of both collision mortality and displacement due to disturbance. We used satellite transmitters to study the movements of juvenile and sub-adult White-tailed Eagles. We developed a Resource Selection Function (RSF) to model their habitat use at the Finnish coast, which holds about 80% of all planned and constructed wind power plants in the country. In addition, we made a collision risk assessment by calculating how likely areas are to be visited by a flying White-tailed Eagle at both planned and existing wind-farm areas. Our resource selection model predicted 83% of the observations correctly. We found that sub-adult White-tailed Eagles preferred areas close to their natal sites, the coastline and archipelagos. They avoided the open sea, urban areas and other constructed areas such as cottages, industrial areas and agricultural fields. The White-tailed Eagles flew lower over the sea (median 20 m) than over land (median 80 m), and time spent flying at risk heights (50–200 meters) was greater over land (28%) than over the sea (19%).

A bi-level multi-agent system model for decentralized multi-project scheduling of wind power plants

In high energy consumption countries of the world, wind power plant construction plays a significant role in the sustainable development, especially in China. This paper develops a bi-level model based multi-agent system for the decentralized multi-mode resource constrained multi-project scheduling problem (DMRCMPSP) of energy companies, which normally manage several wind power plant construction projects at the same time. In the bi-level DMRCMPSP model, there is an auction agent (AA) in charge of the allocation of global resources in the upper level, while in the lower level, several project agents (PAs) are correspondingly in charge of several projects. The bid and auction mechanism is employed to build up the internal competition, and maximizing self-interest is taken as the objective for both AA and PAs. Finally, a practical application in a Chinese energy company demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Economic analysis of a wind power plant: A case study for the Cappadocia region

The scenario analysis was conducted for a wind power plant in the Cappadocia region, which was selected due to its importance as a historical region and high wind potential. This study determined that the construction of wind power plant can be suitable for the Cappadocia region by using the escalation method of inflation. This study aims to determine the feasible investment cost for wind power plant construction with a suitable economic method. This case study predicted that a 3 MW wind energy plant would be constructed, and an energy production of 7884000 kWh/y can be economical for the Cappadocia region of Turkey. Total investment cost of the wind power plant was estimated to be $ 13540800, and unit electricity cost was approximately 0.14689 $/kWh. The construction of the wind energy plant was evaluated by escalation method for three successive years (2014, 2015 and 2016). Results show that a wind energy plant is economical for the Cappadocia region (Turkey) due to its high-energy wind potential (Wind data acquisition station of Derinkuyu, Cappadocia region). The Government of Turkey, which supports the entrepreneur, imposes no taxes for wind power plant (1 MW). The unit of electrical energy cost for the Cappadocia region was compared with benchmarks from case studies. The effectiveness of wind energy potential is apparently high for the Cappadocia region. The cost of electrical energy for the Cappadocia region was more efficient than the other case studies that referred the significance of an economic analysis of the wind power plant.

Potential of Wind Energy and Design Configuration of Wind Farm on Puger Beach at Jember Indonesia

Puger beach located at coordinates geography of latitude-longitude 8°22’29,63" L at - 113°26’50,56" L on which in coastal areas in District of Jember that have potential to research the development of electrical wind power station. The elevation difference becomes important parameter to get the most optimal wind speed. The higher of the wind power plants establishment location, the higher wind speed will be resulted. Therefore, the research was conducted to determine the most optimal wind speed from high difference that measured. The data taken from speed anemometer basis, wind direction that equipped by data logger system and temperature. Data that obtained during a month will be analyzed using Weibull. Based on the analysis that has been done, it obtained the optimal elevation 43.2 meters. At a elevation of 43.2 meter was obtained electric power average 6573.96 Wh per day with wind direction to the northwest. This direction will be used as a reference for the construction of wind power plants with a permanent system without position control turbine. Because when found the wind potency, the wind direction tends to northwest position. Because of that conducted research to know velocity of the wind using weibull analysis. With using weibull analysis obtained of shape parameter (k) and scale parameter (c). After finding out that the research place has the potential to the development of power wind station and then will be built wind farm on the Puger beach. From wind farm which analyzed using wind turbine 2000 W obtained with configuration 5Dx9D wake loss the smallest namely 13.81%. The big potential of power wind namely 16.22 kW/m2, the potential of electrical power equal to 59.57 kW and electrical energy produced on wind farm of 619.76 kWh.

A mathematical model for simultaneous optimization of renewable electricity price and construction of new wind power plants (case study: Kermanshah)

This study aimed to provide a mathematical model for the determination of optimal wind power price in the case of construction of new off-grid-connected wind power plants in different areas. The proposed model is based on nine features including construction cost, side costs (cost of replacement, maintenance, and repairs), pollution, electricity generation, profit, renewability level, green economy, rate of return on investment, and consumption. First, the inputs of the mathematical model were obtained by technical–economic feasibility evaluation of the study areas in the software Homer using the 10-year wind speed data (2006–2016). The optimal wind power prices were then determined in three different modes by solving the mathematical model with MATLAB. The modes considered in optimization were the construction of 1, 2, and 3 wind power plants in the study areas. Simulation of construction of wind power plants in each mode was conducted in the software Homer. The results showed that the optimal wind power price resulting from construction of 1, 2, and 3 are 0.159, 0.151, and 0.140 $ per kilowatt, respectively. The proposed mathematical model was found to have sufficient capability in determination of optimal wind power price.

Influence of Natural and Cost Factors on the Choice of Optimal Wind Power Plant Capacity as Part of a Wind-Diesel System in the East of Russia

The paper presents the results of testing the methods for determining optimal capacity of wind power plant for offgrid consumers. Analysis of hydrometeorological data on yearly variation in long-term average wind speed in the eastern regions of Russia allows us to identify three characteristic groups of annual distribution of this parameter depending on territory. For each of the groups the relationships between the ratio of an optimal wind power plant capacity to a maximum off-grid consumer load and wind resource indices and annual distribution are presented. The research substantiates that capital investment of the wind power plant construction project and prices of replaced diesel fuel do not affect the value of optimal wind power plant capacity but make a considerable impact on the costeffectiveness of the projects.