Wind Information Research Articles

Multi-GPU-based real-time large-eddy simulations for urban microclimate

This study presents an innovative real-time urban microclimate simulation strategy using a large-eddy simulation (LES) solver deployed on a multi-GPU architecture. The present LES solver is developed using a monolithic projection-based method with staggered time discretization, ensuring efficient computation and a high CFL number. It is hosted on a multi-GPU platform using CUDA Fortran and CUDA-aware MPI, which enhances its performance. To capture the complexity of urban geometries, we utilized a building-resolved, wall-modeled LES augmented by an immersed boundary method. First, we validated the results in an isolated building by comparing them with wind tunnel profiles. Next, we evaluated the developed LES solver using an idealized street array. A set of evaluation metrics, namely FAC2 and hit rate, was employed to determine the optimal grid configuration that produces physically valid results. Moreover, we proposed a real-time indicator that provides insight into the interplay among grid resolution, simulation domain size, and the number of GPUs. This facilitates feasibility assessments for real-time simulations. The performance of the LES solver was further tested using real urban geometry, conducting simulations over an area of 10.49 km2 in Seoul, with a grid resolution of 4 m. The simulation results efficiently highlighted variations in wind patterns with altitude, demonstrating its potential to provide useful wind information for pedestrian-level wind comfort assessment and urban air mobility.

Flight Deck Simulation of Complex Clearance Information Entry During Relative Spacing Arrival Operations

Interval management (IM) uses Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast to provide greater air traffic system throughput and efficiency by improving inter-aircraft spacing precision. The IM Dependent Staggered Approach (DSA) application enables aircraft within a pair to achieve a spacing objective when arriving to parallel, dependently scheduled runways. These operations may require lengthier or more complex IM clearance communications that, coupled with manual entry of ownship route information and forecast winds, can result in a more challenging setup task than has been previously examined. An experiment with 16 pilots was conducted to examine the flight crew acceptability, feasibility, and technical assumptions related to conducting IM DSA operations in a metering environment with voice communications. Results show flight crew errors during entry of the clearance elements into the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information traffic display, especially with a long and highly complex IM clearance. The manual entry of ownship route and forecast wind information also appeared to increase the complexity of the entry task and the potential for errors. Recommendations are made to the Federal Aviation Administration and equipment manufacturers regarding IM communications and the design of related flight deck displays to avoid entry errors and, when they occur, indicate the source to pilots.

Iron Nanoparticles Open Up New Directions for Promoting Healing in Chronic Wounds in the Context of Bacterial Infection.

Metal nanoparticles play an outstanding role in the field of wound healing due to their excellent properties, and the significance of iron, one of the most widely used metals globally, cannot be overlooked. The purpose of this review is to determine the importance of iron nanoparticles in wound-healing dressings. Prolonged, poorly healing wounds may induce infections; wound infections are a major cause of chronic wound formation. The primary components of iron nanoparticles are iron oxide nanoparticles, which promote wound healing by being antibacterial, releasing metal ions, and overcoming bacterial resistance. The diameter of iron oxide nanoparticles typically ranges between 1 and 100 nm. Magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 30 nm are superparamagnetic and are referred to as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. This subset of iron oxide nanoparticles can use an external magnetic field for novel functions such as magnetization and functionalization. Iron nanoparticles can serve clinical purposes not only to enhance wound healing through the aforementioned means but also to ameliorate anemia and glucose irregularities, capitalizing on iron's properties. Iron nanoparticles positively impact the healing process of chronic wounds, potentially extending beyond wound management.

Comparative analysis of co-culture and monoculture models in simulating diabetic neurovascular dysfunction: insights into diabetic retinopathy.

Interaction between retinal vascular endothelial cells and neurons plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study aims to compare an in vitro model over a monoculture model to simulate the neurovascular coupling under the hyperglycemic microenvironment of diabetes. Rat retinal vascular endothelial cells (RRMECs) and ganglion cells (RGCs) were seeded mono- or co-cultured in a normal (NG, 5.5 mM) and high (HG, 75 mM) glucose concentrations culture medium. Cell viability was detected by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The ability of migration and lumen formation of RRMECs were determined by scratch wound, transwell migration, and lumen formation assays. The apoptosis index of cells was calculated and detected by propidium iodide (PI)/Hoechst staining. Quantitative and morphological analysis of RGCs was performed through the labeling of RGCs by brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (BRN3A) and anti-beta-III tubulin (TUJ1). The gene and protein expression levels of occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The viability, migration, and lumen formation abilities of RRMECs in the HG group significantly increased (P<0.05) in both mono- and co-culture models. Migration and lumen formation abilities of RRMECs in the co-culture with HG were lower than that in the monoculture group (P<0.05). The viability of RGCs cells with HG significantly decreased in both mono- and co-culture models (Pmono<0.001, Pco<0.001), the apoptosis index of RGCs in the co-culture with HG was higher than that in the monoculture (P=0.010). The protein and gene expression of OCLN, and ZO-1 in RRMECs significantly decreased with HG culture medium in both culture models (P<0.05). In the HG group, the protein and gene expression level of the ZO-1 and OCLN of RRMECs significantly decreased in the co-culture model than that in the monoculture model (P<0.05). Compared with mono cell culture, the established co-culture in vitro system for diabetic neurovascular dysfunction can better stimulate the micro-environment of the retinal neurovascular unit.

Clinical Study of Dashanga Lepa Application Followed by Virechana Karma in the Management of Guda Vidradi (Recurrent Perinal Abscess)

The phenomenon of formation of wound as a result of inflammation and abscess. Its repair and treatment by mean of Shasti upakrama or saptopakrama is the fundamental major contribution of acharya Sushruta. An ano rectal abscess originates from an infection arising in the crypto-glandular epithelium lining of the anal canal spreading into adjacent spaces and resulting in fistula, in 40% of cases. The classic location of anorectal abscess, listed in order of decreasing frequency are as follows: perianal (60%), ischiorectal (20%), intersphincteric (5%), supralevator (4%) and submucosal (1%). The treatment of Guda vidradhi (anal abscess) in pakwa avastha is adequate and dependent drainage. Hence Sushruta has indicated bhedana karma. In Ayurveda, inflammatory swelling well managed by medical along with surgical interventions.

Analysis of Global Systems, Support Centers, and Weather Units Aviation

This paper examines the analysis of meteorological observations concerning wind direction and intensity. These observations are typically found in regular weather reports, which play a crucial role in the safe arrival and departure of aircraft, and provide vital information about current conditions along airport runways. To ensure accuracy, the locations of wind sensors along runways must be specified in routine weather reports. Furthermore, reported wind information data should be linked to the specific sections of the runway for which the data are representative. In cases where wind observations are available from multiple tracks, the relevant track information should also be included in routine weather reports, alongside the corresponding wind data. For surface wind conditions, the observations included in the METAR reports should accurately represent the entire runway, and it is important to indicate the specific runway or runway sections to which the observations pertain.

Spectral Contamination of the 6300 Å Emission in Single‐Etalon Fabry‐Perot Interferometers

AbstractThe spectral line profile of the atomic oxygen O1D2—3P2 transition near 6300 Å in the airglow has been used for more than 50 years to extract neutral wind and temperature information from the F‐region ionosphere. A new spectral model and recent samples of this airglow emission in the presence of the nearby lambda‐doubled OH Meinel (9‐3) P2(2.5) emission lines underscores earlier cautions that OH can significantly distort the OI line center position and line width observed using a single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI). The consequence of these profile distortions in terms of the emission profile line width and Doppler position is a strong function of the selected etalon plate spacing. Single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometers placed in the field for thermospheric measurements have widely varying etalon spacings, so that systematic wind biases caused by the OH line positions differ between instruments, complicating comparisons between sites. Based on the best current determinations of the OH and O1D line positions, the ideal gap for a single‐etalon FPI wind measurements places the OH emissions in the wings of the O1D spectral line profile. Optical systems that can accommodate prefilters with square passbands less than ∼3 Å in the optical beam can effectively block the OH contamination. When that is not possible, a method to fit for OH contamination and remove it in the spectral background of an active Fabry‐Perot system is evaluated.

Study on Local Power Plant Emissions Using Multi-Frequency Differential Absorption LIDAR and Real-Time Plume Tracking

We present a new fiber-amplifier-based differential absorption light detection and ranging (DIAL) system for range-resolved detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) over a range of a few kilometers. The fiber amplifier chain is seeded with a 7.14 kHz fast-switching high-spectral purity wavelength source near 1572 nm to cover ten different frequencies across the CO2/H2O line pair in ≈1.4 ms. We demonstrate the system in a study of CO2 emissions from a local power plant in Boulder, CO, USA. We use real-time wind information to predict the plume location for tracking and modeling of the CO2 emission rate to compare with the reported data from the power plant over a 13 h period. There is overall agreement with the reported burn rate, but we see periods of bias towards underestimation of the CO2 emission rate. We attribute the dropout periods to uncertainties between the measured and the plant’s local wind speed data that impact both the tracking location and the plume model predictions. Upcoming studies that will make use of real-time Doppler wind data are expected to significantly decrease these uncertainties.

Tension Reduction With Force Modulating Tissue Bridges Reduces Wounds in Breast Surgery.

Tension on healing wounds increases the risk of dehiscence and poor or pathologic scar formation. Force modulating tissue bridges (FMTBs) represent a new class of wound closure and support devices designed to offload tension on healing wounds to improve wound healing and scar outcomes. The study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of FMTBs to reduce the risk of wound healing complications in elective breast surgery. One hundred twenty-two consecutive patients undergoing bilateral aesthetic breast surgery underwent intraoperative placement of FMTBs on the vertical limb closure site. A matched case-control cohort of 121 consecutive patients was established for comparison. Wounds were considered significant if larger than 3 mm in diameter. The primary outcome of breast wounds >3 mm was reported with a relative risk, and all outcomes were framed with number needed to treat. The control and intervention cohorts had similar demographics, comorbidities, type of operation, and incision pattern utilized. Within the FMTB group, 96.7% (n = 118) patients completed treatment per protocol. Significant wounds occurred in 1.7% (n = 2) of patients in the tissue bridge vs 15.2% (n = 19) in controls on a per patient/per protocol basis (89% reduction, P < .001). Statistically significant improvements were maintained on sensitivity analyses with intention to treat, even when minor wounds were included. There were no complications noted related to FMTBs. FMTBs are safe and highly effective at reducing the risk of wound formation in elective breast surgery. Results are consistent with sensitivity analyses based on clinical and methodological factors. Further research will assess long-term scar outcomes.

Research on the Transport of Typical Pollutants in the Yellow Sea with Flow and Wind Fields

In this study, we developed a transport model for typical pollutants in the Yellow Sea using the Lagrangian particle tracking method to analyze the trajectories of fish feed, a common pollutant in the Yellow Sea. The model incorporates the influence of ocean currents and surface winds on pollutant transport and utilizes a series of numerical experiments to simulate pollutant transport. Through statistical analysis of the numerical experiment results, we identified characteristic circles that represent the pollutant distribution patterns. Furthermore, based on the current and wind information within these characteristic circles, we derived an empirical formula to describe pollutant distribution. This formula enables us to predict the spatial distribution of pollutants using available current and wind data. Using this empirical formula, we designed an effective path to avoid pollutant contamination. This approach not only optimizes the utilization of computational resources within the study area but also contributes to the rational planning of navigation routes for aquaculture vessels. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the transport behavior of fish feed pollutants in the Yellow Sea. The establishment of the empirical formula and the design of effective routes to avoid pollution contribute to the efficient management of pollution and facilitate the planning of marine activities in the region.

Hyperlipidemia impairs bone regeneration of closed bone defects and tooth extraction wounds in mice.

To evaluate the effect of hyperlipidemia on the healing of bone defects. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were fed with an atherogenic high-fat diet (HFD) or a standard chow diet (as control) for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected to evaluate serum lipid levels. Closed bone defects and open tooth extraction wounds were then created in the mandibles of these animals. One or two weeks after surgery, animals were euthanized. Micro-CT analysis and histomorphometric analysis were conducted to evaluate the healing of bone defects and the alveolar ridge resorption. Bone regeneration of closed bone defects was considerably delayed in the hyperlipidemic Apoe-/- mice and WT mice. No obvious difference was detected in the new bone formation of the tooth extraction wounds. The HFD-fed mice showed more prominent reduction in the lingual alveolar ridge height of the tooth extraction wounds when compared with the control group. Hyperlipidemia results in delayed bone regeneration in large closed bone defects. Although tooth extraction wounds are small and normally regenerated in a hyperlipidemic microenvironment, the prominent reduction in the alveolar ridge height is also a challenge for future restoration of the dentition.

Engineering Nanotrap Hydrogel for Immune Modulation in Wound Healing.

Imbalanced immune regulation leads to the abnormal wound healing process, e.g., chronic unhealing wound or hypertrophic scar formation. Thus, the attenuation of the overflowing inflammatory factors is a viable approach to maintain the homeostatic immune regulation to facilitate normal wound healing.A versatile telodendrimer (TD) nanotrap (NT) platform is developed for efficient biomolecular protein binding. The conjugation of TD NT in size-exclusive biocompatible hydrogel resin allows for topical application for cytokine scavenging. Fine-tuning the TD NT density/valency in hydrogel resin controls resin swelling, optimizes molecular diffusion, and improves cytokine capture for effective immune modulation. The hydrogel with reduced TD NT density allows for higher protein/cytokine adsorption capacity with faster kinetics, due to the reduced barrierof TD NT nano-assembly. The positively charged TD NT hydrogel exhibits superior removal of negatively charged proinflammatory cytokines from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a potent endotoxin) primed immune cell culture medium. The negatively charged TD NT hydrogel removes positively charged anti-inflammatory cytokines efficiently from cell culture medium. TD NT hydrogel effectively constrains the local inflammation induced by subcutaneous LPS injection in mice. These results indicate the great potential applications of the engineered TD NT hydrogel as topical immune modulatory treatments to attenuate local inflammation.

Examination of occurrence probability of vortex-induced vibration of long-span bridge decks by Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is a major concern for long-span bridge decks, which may happen especially for closed-box girders under certain environmental wind conditions. Traditionally, sustained VIV is observed as long as the wind speed falls within the lock-in region in wind tunnel tests. However, structural vibration monitoring of long-span bridges has indicated that frequency of VIV events may exhibit a probabilistic pattern. This paper proposes an analytical framework to evaluate the probability of VIV occurrence. First, a nonlinear aeroelastic model with multi-stability limit cycles is used to simulate the bridge deck VIV response within the VIV-triggering wind conditions. The first structural dynamic equilibrium point is usually unstable; the bridge deck instantaneous oscillation amplitude, which is excited by external environmental loads, must exceed this fixed point to trigger the VIV event. The external environmental excitation applied on bridge can be identified from the deck vibration without VIV occurring, then the VIV occurrence probability can be evaluated by Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation. This study utilizes the field measurement data from the Humen Bridge, on which VIV event occurred the first time after 23-year servicing period, because water-filled barriers were placed along the two edges of bridge deck. Afterwards, VIV occurred frequently for over one month. The bridge deck VIV occurrence probability is evaluated by combining environmental wind information, stochastic deck excitation magnitude and a nonlinear aeroelastic VIV model. The results suggest that the proposed methods can approximate the VIV occurrence probability in comparison with empirical estimations using field measurements.

Model Predictive Control With Wind Preview for Aircraft Forced Landing

Autonomous emergency landing capability of fixed-wing aircraft is essential for opening airspace for civil unmanned aviation. This paper proposes a goal-oriented control scheme to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">exploit</i> wind information for the benefit of forced landing. Different from general disturbances in a classic control system, a favorable wind would help aircraft to glide to a selected landing site more easily so increase the level of safety, while an adverse wind may render a selected landing site infeasible. We formulate the forced landing problem with wind preview information in the framework of Economic Model Predictive Control (EMPC) which aims to maximize the aircraft's final altitude when reaching a target region. A double-layer MPC scheme is adopted to lessen the computational burden and to increase the prediction time window for practical implementation, where a piecewise-constant disturbance preview based EMPC (DP-EMPC) maximizes the altitude at the upper-level, and a linear MPC is employed at the lower-level to track the reference signal optimized by the upper-level planner. Moreover, the effectiveness of the goal-oriented optimal control scheme is illustrated by several case studies, where an unmanned aircraft is gliding towards potential landing sites under various conditions.

Prophylactic Use of Mepitel® Film to Prevent Radiation-Induced Moist Desquamation in Cancer Patients.

Cancer patients had limited treatment options for decades, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, alone or combined. However, there have been substantial improvements in recent years with the introduction of stem cell therapy, hormone therapy, anti-angiogenic treatments, immunotherapy, dendritic cell-based targeted therapy, ablation therapy, nanoparticles, natural antioxidants, radionics, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and ferroptosis-based therapy. Radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, is a cancer treatment that employs high doses of radiation to eliminate cancer cells and shrink tumors. This treatment is effective as a primary, adjuvant, or palliative therapy. It is an essential, efficient, cost-effective intervention crucial for providing proper palliative oncology care. Although cancer treatment modalities such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy have advanced, they still risk harming the skin and surrounding healthy tissue. Radiotherapy may induce clinical toxicity leading to chronic or acute radiation dermatitis, depending on the toxicity caused by the therapy. Radiation dermatitis, whether in its chronic or acute form, can cause skin shedding that may result in the formation of wounds. Such shedding can also lead to non-healing ulcers and radionecrosis. Mepitel® film helps control radiation-induced moist desquamation in cancer patients. Clinical trials on the prophylactic use of Mepitel film on radiation-induced moist desquamation did not show similarities among patients from various countries; however, the film-based method is more beneficial than other methods. This review examines the various types of dressings utilized in managing radiation-induced dermatitis to enhance wound healing effectiveness while avoiding harm to newly developing tissues. Additionally, this review compares the effectiveness of using Mepitel film for treating radiation-induced moist desquamation to other methods.

OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMEDIATE PROSTHETIC APPROACHES FOR PATIENTS AFTER TEETH EXTRACTION AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

Surgical interventions in the dentoalveolar system and maxillofacial area inevitably lead to the formation of long-term healing postoperative wounds or acquired jaw defects. An accessible method of choice for early rehabilitation is considered to be direct removable dentures, however, traditional approaches to this type of treatment can lead to postoperative inflammatory complications. At the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of Ryazan State Medical University carried out orthopedic treatment in 120 patients aged from 21 to 89 years after teeth extraction and surgical interventions in the maxillofacial area during the period from 2021 to 2023. The proposed approach to treatment was to manufacture structures of immediate dentures depending on the type of oral mucosa of the prosthetic bed using additive manufacturing technologies and the creation of elastic elements of dentures bases with dynamic control of inflammatory postoperative complications using an improved Schiller-Pisarev test. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was compared with the traditional immediate dentures. According to the results of the study, it was found that the proposed protocol for treatment and diagnosis made it possible to achieve a reduction in the area of wound healing by 50% and a decrease in the area of inflammation by 78% faster compared to the traditional method. Normalization of the microcirculatory activity of the wound healing zones was achieved in the period from 10 to 20 days of observation, with the traditional method, insufficient microcirculatory activity was noted by the 30th day of observation.

Redox signaling in impaired cascades of wound healing: promising approach.

In the aging communities, wound healing management is a quite remarkable problem especially in elderly individuals. The optimal level of healing of wounds developed spontaneously or due to surgery is of critical importance in order to prevent the negative effects that may occur due to delayed healing (for example, organ or system damage caused by infections that may develop in the wound area). The deteriorated subcellular redox signaling is considered to be as the main factor in the chronicity of wounds. The pivotal role of mitochondria in redox regulation reveals the importance of modulation of redox signaling pathways in senescent cells. Secretory factors released upon the acquisition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) function in a paracrine manner to disseminate impaired tissue redox status by affecting the redox metabolome of nearby cells, which could promote age-related pro-inflammatory pathologies. Evaluating the wound-site redox regulation in impaired redox signaling pathways may help prevent the formation of chronic wounds and the development of long-term complications of the wounds, especially in the elderly. Using the redox modulatory pharmacologically active substances targeting the senescent cells in chronic wound areas hopefully opens a new avenue in wound management. As the signaling mechanisms of wound healing and its relationship with advanced age become more clearly understood, many promising therapeutic approaches and redox modulator substances are coming into clinical view for the management of chronic wounds.

The nature of changes in endocrine and immune factors at the initial stage of the formation of chronic wounds

Aim. The work aimed to study the nature of changes in endocrine signals (insulin and cortisol) and bioactive molecules that control inflammation and activation of process synthesis (interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP)), at the initial stage of the formation of chronic wounds in the experiment.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2 groups of Wistar rats. The first group is represented by intact animals. Animals of the second group were modeled chronic wounds. On the 3rd day of the experiment, all animals were euthanized. The concentration of studied bioactive molecules was measured in blood serum by enzyme immunoassay. Selected areas of the wound were subjected to histological examination.&#x0D; Results. The levels of cortisol, insulin, VEGF, IL-2, and PIIINP in animals with chronic wounds at the stage of inflammation were significantly higher compared to intact animals. A tendency towards a decrease in the expression of IL-8 was shown. Relationships between the levels of bioactive molecules in animals of different groups were studied. According to the results of studies a correlation between the concentrations of IL-8 and cortisol in rats of the intact group was established. In the group of rats on the 3rd day after wound induction, a positive correlation was noted between the levels of IL-8 and IL-2. Wound defects healed under the scab. Microscopic analysis showed that the histoarchitectonics of tissues in the area of damage on the 3rd day corresponded to the classic manifestations of the process of healing wounds at this stage. The main part of the wound was filled with fibrin strands with a predominantly inflammatory cellular component. In some areas, signs of growth and development of young granulation tissue were noted. In the marginal sections, signs of re-epithelialization of the wound defect were observed.&#x0D; Conclusions. Even though in our study, the histoarchitectonics of tissues in the area of damage corresponded to the classical manifestations of the wound healing process at the stage of inflammation, the obtained changes and the relationship between endocrine and immune factors may be harbingers of the formation of the chronic wound in the future.

Reduction in Seroma Rate Following Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap with Umbilectomy Utilizing Progressive Tension Sutures.

Umbilectomy has been implemented in both abdominoplasties and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps to improve abdominal wound healing and better control the location of the neoumbilicus; however, seroma rates are increased. The objective of this study is to compare the seroma rate following DIEP flap reconstruction with umbilectomy when progressive tension sutures (PTS) are implemented. A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate postoperative seroma rates in patients undergoing DIEP flap breast reconstruction at a single academic institution between January 2015 and September 2022. All procedures were performed by two senior surgeons. Patients were included if their umbilicus was removed intraoperatively. PTS were utilized in all abdominal closures beginning in late February 2022. Demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were evaluated. A total of 241 patients underwent DIEP flap breast reconstruction with intraoperative umbilectomy. Forty-three consecutive patients received PTS. Overall complications were significantly lower in those who received PTS (p = 0.007). There were no abdominal seromas (0%) in patients who received PTS, whereas 14 (7.1%) occurred without PTS. The use of PTS conferred a decreased likelihood of abdominal seroma (5.687× lower risk, p = 0.017). Additionally, wound formation was significantly lower in those who received PTS (p = 0.031). The use of PTS in the abdominal closure during DIEP flap reconstruction addresses the previously seen rise in seroma rates when concomitant umbilectomy is performed. Decrease in both donor-site wounds and now seroma rates reaffirm the efficacy of removing the umbilicus to improve patient outcomes.

Performance of GPCP Daily Products Over Oceans: Evaluation Using Passive Aquatic Listeners

AbstractPassive Aquatic Listeners (PALs) have been increasingly deployed to collect minute‐scale surface oceanic rainfall and wind information, with a sampling area similar to the spaceborne sensor footprints. This provides an unprecedented opportunity to validate satellite precipitation products over oceans. This study evaluates the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) daily products, including the widely used GPCP v1.3 and the newly released GPCP v3.2, over oceans using 58 PALs as references. The study shows that the GPCP performance depends on time scale, region, and rainfall intensity. The two versions of GPCP perform similarly at multi‐year and monthly scales, while GPCP v3.2 shows substantial improvements in representing rain occurrence and rain intensity at daily scale. The results also highlight the challenge of precipitation measurement over certain regions such as the tropical Southeastern Pacific and extratropical North Pacific, where both versions of the GPCP products perform similarly but exhibit noticeable differences compared to PAL observations.