Wind Energy For Electricity Generation Research Articles

Multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator for wind energy harvesting and mist catching

Wind and mist, two ubiquitous phenomena in the natural environment, hold considerable reservoirs of energy. As the focus on renewable energy and freshwater resources intensifies, they have become subjects of extensive research. However, there is a notable scarcity of effective technologies capable of concurrently harnessing both these resources. Here, a multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator (MF-TENG), employing a rotational structure, has been demonstrated to concurrently harvest wind energy for electricity generation and catch freshwater from mist. Distinguished by an innovative sealing structure, the MF-TENG excels in efficiently catching mist while sustaining a high electrical output, and remarkably resilient to environmental humidity. The MF-TENG achieves an impressive peak open-circuit voltage of 5.44 kV and a peak transferred charge of 328 nC. Furthermore, it demonstrates a maximum mist-catching capacity of 1.867 kg m−2 h−1, coupled with an efficiency of 31.19 %. Notably, the incorporation of FEP-2 results in a remarkable surge of 211 % in open-circuit voltage and an impressive enhancement of 158 % in transferred charge for the MF-TENG at a rotation speed of 200 r/min. The work introduces a pioneering perspective for future sustainable energy and freshwater catching from mist, poised to significantly advance in the comprehensive utilization of natural resources.

Improving Savonius turbine efficiency with splitter and barrier cylinder deflector design: A Taguchi method study

Vertical axis wind turbines are wind turbines with the rotor axis perpendicular to the ground, designed to harness wind energy for electricity generation. The primary cause of low-efficiency Savonius turbines is the negative torque contribution from the returning blade. A Savonius turbine is a type of turbine characterized by its rotational direction orthogonal to the passing fluid flow and the flow interaction with advancing and returning blades, generating torque primarily through drag forces. Thus, the study proposes a novel design of a cylindrical deflector with splitters and a barrier to offset the flow field to the returning blades. This study aims to maximize the efficiency of conventional Savonius turbines using the cylindrical deflector with splitters and a barrier via a combination of computational fluid dynamics simulations and the Taguchi optimization method. The Taguchi method is used to determine the best combination of specified characteristics such as the length of the barrier (Ls/D), the barrier attachment angle (α), and the geometric shape of the cylinder deflector with a splitter and a barrier. The tip speed ratio (λ) for this study is fixed at λ = 1. The simulations and additive model revealed that the optimal combination in this study is a cylinder deflector with double wake splitters positioned at the top and middle of the deflector. The deflector is oriented parallel to the flow, and a barrier placed at the bottom of the deflector is oriented orthogonal to the flow. The optimal configuration has Ls/D ratio of 0.9 and a barrier attachment angle (α) of 10°. Therefore, the ideal combination was found to produce a power coefficient equivalent to 0.459, indicating that the performance of Savonius turbines increases by around 61% compared to previous studies.

Design of a single-phase flux radial generator with opposite poles (U-S) using permanent Neodymium magnet (NdFeB)

Nowadays, the energy crisis is one of the main problems in Indonesia. The depletion of fossil fuels is the most dominant factor. Therefore, new energy solutions are needed. Generators are an essential factor in renewable energy in generating electricity.Further research is required to create a generator that may work at low rotational speeds. Electricity supply service from year to year continues to increase in any hemisphere due to the needs of the community that separated from the demand for electrical energy, especially in Indonesia. There are still many regions of Indonesia that have not to be electrified, especially remote areas, borders, and outer islands. Thus, alternative energy sources are needed, such as new and renewable energy, as electricity producers. One effort to overcome the scarcity of electrical power is the use of water and wind energy in electricity generation both on a large scale and on a small scale. Indonesia has considerable wind potential related to the energy sector, but this system also requires batteries or energy storage media. Innovations on energy conversion technology, especially in permanent magnet NdFeB permanent radial and axial flux generators have been developed. An electric generator is a device that can convert mechanical energy (motion) into electrical energy. In designing radial flux generators with opposite poles, they have 24 coils on the stator and 12 magnets on each rotor, where each coil has 450 windings connected in series with 24 Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnets on the rotor. The diameter of the email wire used in this generator is 0.3 mm. Tests carried out using a resistive load of 3000 Ω, which is paralleled as much as 1, 2, and 3 as a load. Tests carried out on the voltage, current, and rotational speed of the rotor to determine the power and efficiency of the generator. The test results show that this magnetic flux change produces a voltage of 101 volts without load.

Assessment of wind energy potential ofthe Murmansk Regionand performance of Kola wind farm

The paper gives an analysis of perspectives for development of wind power generation, information on the share of wind energy in electricity generation in the world and in Russian Federation is provided as well. Data on gross, technical, economic potential of wind energy of Russia and the Murmansk Region has been presented. When calculating the gross wind energy potential of the region, data from the last 10 years of observations carried out at 37 meteorological stations have been used. The territory of the region has been divided into 6 distinctive zones, based on the wind activity. Gross energy potential has been calculated for each zone: for the heights of 10, 50, 100, and 150 m. Gross wind energy potential of the region at the height of 150 m has thus been estimated at 23,090 billion kWh. The Murmansk Region's 201 MW Kola wind farm, which consists of 57 Siemens Gamesa SG 3.4-132 wind turbines with a unit capacity of 3.465 MW, is to be constructed by 2021 under the direction of Enel Green Power. Wind energy potential and annual power generation of the Kola wind farm have been assessed. The difference between the obtained results and calculations of Enel Group's specialists amounts to less than 15 %. For the cases of relocation of Kola wind farm to different wind zones, the annual power generation of the wind farm has been estimated. It has been determined, that in case of Kola wind farm's relocation to the zone with the highest wind activity its annual electricity generation could be increased up to 1.5 times. A model of the Kola energy system has been developed in NEPLAN software, its validity has been proven. The calculations of the wind farm's operation modes show that voltage levels of the system nodes and powerflows are within the boundaries defined by normative documents. The effectiveness of reactive power regulation of the wind farm has been shown.

Modeling and simulation of 1kw single phase grid tied inverter for solar photovoltaic system

Solar energy is considered as fastest growing renewable energy source after wind energy for electricity generation. And it is considered environmentally friendly. to effectively implements intelligent systems that feed household generated surplus power to distribution feeder network, modeling and simulation of the grid tied solar system is of high importance. The paper models the 1KW roof solar grid mooring system for the home connected to a 230-240 V single phase grid. The study proposes a converter topology with an efficient output voltage control system that synchronizes the phase, the frequency and voltage of the inverter with the network. The MPPT DC-DC converter, controlled by Perturb and Observe (P&O), generates the maximum power when it is detected that the mains voltage provides a control signal for the synchronous operation of the converter and the drive with the mains voltage. The developed model has been implemented and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Dynamic changes in the network voltage have been applied to evaluate the performance of the voltage controller and the DC-DC converter. The results show that the power output to the network depends not only on the level of power quality, but also on a rapid dynamic response to changes in voltage, phase and frequency, and the output of this system is low, simple, profitable and efficient. For photovoltaic solar applications.

Wind Energy Application for Small Business

This Paper is about application of RENEWABLE energy i.e. Wind energy for less power consumption in small scale business at seashore. Beach Hotels consumes a heavy amount of power due to usage of Light, Fan, Television, bulb and other electrical equipments. Generally, this power is taken from Transmission lines (Over Head Lines). At the seashore, wind is available at huge scale. So, we can use this wind energy for electricity generation and can make it use so that we can save commercial energy as much as possible. In this paper we are going design small wind turbine to utilize wing energy for driving electrical appliances in Hotels.

Economics of Installing Wind Turbines Across the Palk Strait

Offshore wind energy is the use of wind farms constructed in the ocean, on the continental shelf, in order to harvest wind energy and generate electricity. Nations across the world are planning or have already installed offshore wind farms. One such promising geographical location appears to be the area in and around the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka. The Palk Strait and the surrounding area is a patch of shallow, open sea, flanked on both sides by two emerging market economies. The demand for energy in the region provides ample opportunity to explore the harvesting of wind energy for electricity generation. This paper examines the economic feasibility of such a venture.

Investigation of wind speed characteristics and its energy potential in Makurdi, north central, Nigeria

This study investigates wind speed characteristics and its energy potential in Makurdi, in order to assess the prospect and availability of wind energy for electricity generation in the region. Wind speed data measured at 10 m were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorology Agency, Lagos. The data spanned from 1961–2014. Weibull distribution function was employed to determine wind energy potential in Makurdi. Results reveal that the period of highest potential for wind harvest was the peak of dry season (i.e. April) and that for lowest yield was the onset of dry season (i.e. November). Wind speed characteristics used for wind energy estimate was determined. Furthermore, high values of Weibull shape and scale parameters obtained in this study indicate the availability of wind speed and the windy nature of Makurdi. The wind power density of 86.85 W/m2 suggests that Makurdi wind can be used for electricity generation. Besides, monthly and annual mean wind speeds were above the minimum values (3.0–4.0 m/s) required for most wind turbines to operate. The wind profile and its characteristics depict Makurdi as a suitable site for wind power generation. Hence, there is huge prospect of wind power generation in Makurdi and its environs.

Analisa Potensi Energi Angin dengan Distribusi Weibull Untuk Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB) Banda Aceh

Energy needs in Indonesia in particular and the world in general continue to rise due to population growth, economic growth and energy consumption patterns themselves are constantly increasing. One of the fast growing renewable energy in the world today is wind energy. Wind energy is a renewable energy that is very flexible. In general, the utilization of wind power in Indonesia is less attention. Until 2004, the installed capacity of wind power utilization is only up to 0.5 MW from 9:29 GW potential. One method used to measure the wind energy potential of wind energy for electricity generation is by using the Weibull method. From the analysis that has been carried out by the method of Weibull can be concluded that the wind energy potential of wind energy for electricity generation in Banda Aceh does not meet the eligibility criteria.

Prospectiva de las energías eólica y solar fotovoltaica en la producción de energía eléctrica

El incremento en el precio de los combustibles fósiles y los problemas de contaminación derivados de su quema, han provocado la intensificación del aprovechamiento de las energías renovables para producir energía eléctrica. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el desarrollo de las energías renovables solar-fotovoltaica y eólica en la generación de energía eléctrica, comparándola con la producida con combustibles fósiles. Se consultaron varios reportes, emitidos por organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, sobre el consumo energético mundial, para producir energía eléctrica a base de combustibles fósiles y de energías renovables, sobre la problemática del cambio climático y las políticas establecidas para incorporar energías renovables en el portafolio energético mundial. Los resultados indicaron que las plantas de generación de energía eléctrica, a partir de energía eólica y solar-fotovoltaica, son competitivas respecto a las plantas que utilizan recursos fósiles. A corto plazo, se esperan leyes regulatorias, con sanciones por contaminación, para limitar los efectos en el cambio climático, lo que elevará el costo de producción de las plantas convencionales, favoreciendo el desarrollo de las plantas de energías renovables, principalmente la solar-fotovoltaica, la cual tiene el mayor crecimiento de las energías renovables.

Wind Energy for Electricity Generation in the Far North Region of Cameroon

This paper explores mountain ridges around Kousseri and Maroua in the far north region of Cameroon for assessing the potential for wind energy development and electricity generation. A 28-year (1985-2013) wind speed data measured at 10 m above ground level (AGL) is statistically analysed using Weibull Distribution, a widely accepted model to probabilistically describe wind speeds variations. Weibull scale and shape parameters are determined using an iterative method, namely, the moment method. The power law relationship is considered to extrapolate Weibull parameters and wind profiles at exposed ridge-tops in the range of 100-300 m AGL. The results show that the selected ridge-tops fall under Class 3 or greater of the international system of wind classification and are deemed suitable for most wind turbine (WT) applications. A performance assessment of five commercial WT (50 to 2000kW) for electricity generation is then realized through the computation of their respective capacity factors, power and energy outputs. Amongst explored WT, YDF-1500-87 (1500kW) emerges as the most attractive option for installation, with the highest capacity factor and the lowest cost of energy.

Modelling the potential for wind energy integration on China’s coal-heavy electricity grid

Expanding the use of wind energy for electricity generation forms an integral part of China’s efforts to address degraded air quality and climate change. However, the integration of wind energy into China’s coal-heavy electricity system presents significant challenges owing to wind’s variability and the grid’s system-wide inflexibilities. Here we develop a model to predict how much wind energy can be generated and integrated into China’s electricity mix, and estimate a potential production of 2.6 petawatt-hours (PWh) per year in 2030. Although this represents 26% of total projected electricity demand, it is only 10% of the total estimated physical potential of wind resources in the country. Increasing the operational flexibility of China’s coal fleet would allow wind to deliver nearly three-quarters of China’s target of producing 20% of primary energy from non-fossil sources by 2030. Increasing generation of clean energy from wind resources will help China meet its 2030 energy-mix target and combat climate change. Davidson et al. model the wind energy generation potential of China, estimating a grid-integrated potential of 2.6 PWh per year in 2030.

Wind power utilization assessment and economic analysis of wind turbines across fifteen locations in the six geographical zones of Nigeria

The possibility of utilizing wind energy for electricity generation at 15 different sites across the 6 geographical zone of Nigeria is investigated in this paper with the aim of providing scientific information that can lead to optimal investment in wind technology for electricity generation. The data used for the study were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Station (NIMET), Oshodi Lagos and they consist of daily average wind speeds measured at the anemometer height of 10 m over a period 4–16 years. The sites are identified for different wind power application based on their wind power potential. The appropriate wind turbine for the viable sites for grid integration is determined from their capacity factor estimation. The unit costs of energy of the turbines are calculated using the present value cost method. One of the key results reveal that sites S2 (Jos) and S3 (Kano) have excellent wind resources and are economically viable for grid integration application. This paper is useful at providing concrete scientific information on wind power potential and the economic viability across the various geographical zones that could aid renewable energy policy for the development of wind power in Nigeria.

A process for providing positive primary control power by wind turbines

Due to the increasing share of wind energy in electricity generation, wind turbines have to fulfil additional requirements in the context of grid integration. The paper examines to which extent wind turbines can provide positive control power following the related grid code. The additional power has to be obtained from the rotating flywheel mass of the wind turbine's rotor. A simple physical model is developed that allows to draw conclusions about appropriate concepts by means of a dynamic simulation of the variables rotational speed, torque, power output and rotor power. The paper discusses scenarios to provide control power. The supply of control power at partial load is examined in detail using simulations. Under partial load conditions control power can be fed into the grid for a short time. Thereby the rotational speed drops so that aerodynamic efficiency decreases and feed-in power is below the initial value after the control process. In this way an unfavourable situation for the grid control is produced, therefore the paper proposes a modified partial load condition with a higher rotational speed. By providing primary control power the rotor is delayed to the optimum rotational speed so that more rotational energy can be fed in and fed-in power can be increased persistently. However, as the rotor does not operate at optimum speed, a small amount of the energy yield is lost. Finally, the paper shows that a wind farm can combine these two concepts: A part of the wind turbines work under modified partial load conditions can compensate the decrease of power of the wind turbines working under partial load conditions. Therefore the requested control power is provided and afterwards the original value of power is maintained.

Design Optimisation of Shroud-augmented Dual-rotor Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Wind Turbine Generator Using Hybrid Non-destructive Evaluation Approach

An innovative system for recovering exhaust gas is created to recycle the energy from industry cooling tower waste. Two Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) with enclosure are positioned at a specific position at the outlet of cooling tower to harness the wind energy for electricity generation. From structural dynamics aspect, adding two VAWTs or dual-rotor with enclosure can contribute extra burden to the cooling tower. This has changed the dynamic characteristics of the cooling tower. Therefore, a hybrid non-destructive evaluation approach is proposed to investigate the dynamic behaviour and reliability of this new design. From this approach, it was found that the overall vibration of the cooling tower increased from 3mm/s to 26mm/s after the installation of the VAWTs with enclosure. The VAWTs are not operating at its optimum speed due to energy loss in vibration. The operating speed of VAWTs (i.e. 7.5Hz) was found close to one of the natural frequencies of VAWT (i.e. 7.0Hz). This indicates structural dynamic weakness which causes high vibration as recorded. Structural Dynamic Modification (SDM) is performed on the new design in the attempt to reduce the vibration at VAWTs and improve the reliability of VAWTs with enclosure in order to ensure optimum operation of VAWTs. The SDM is expected to shift the natural frequency away from the operating frequency with around 81% of reduction in vibration level which leads it to safe and unrestricted long-term operation. In addition, reducing vibration at VAWTs also recovers the energy loss of 419 Joules and subsequently maximises the efficiency of wind turbine.

Determination of recoverable wind energy for electricity generation using wind energy conversion system in Tunisia

Utilization of renewable energy source, essentially the wind energy, has been growing rapidly in the whole world due to environmental pollution, consumption of the limited fossil fuels and global warming. Moreover, wind resource determination is a fundamental step in planning a wind energy project and exhaustive knowledge of the wind characteristic at a site of installation is needed to estimate the performance of a wind energy conversion system. The current paper presents an investigation of the wind power potential using real wind data for five sites in Tunisia: Jendouba, Bizerte, Sfax, Gafsa and Jarzis. The Weibull distribution functions and the Betz theory are applied to describe the wind speed distribution and to determinate the wind power density for these sites. Also, mathematical models are used to calculate the recoverable wind power and the wind energy produced by a wind turbine. According to the power calculations done for the five sites, annual mean power density based on Weibull function is 63.591W/m2 in June in Gafsa and in May and June in Jarzis whereas the minimum average value is obtained in Jendouba as 6.521W/m2 in October. In addition, a study of the produced wind energy by three different types of wind turbine is elaborated. The results confirm that the Jarzis site presents the better wind energy potential for the utilization. Therefore, it is the most favorable site for the wind installations in the five studied sites.

Offshore wind power grid connection—The impact of shallow versus super-shallow charging on the cost-effectiveness of public support

Public support for electricity generation from renewable energy sources is commonly funded by non-voluntary transfers from electricity consumers to producers. Apparently, the cost-effective disposition of funds in terms of induced capacity deployment has to be regarded a key criterion for the success of renewable energy policy. Grid connection costs are a major cost component in the utilization of offshore wind energy for electricity generation. In this paper, the effect of different attribution mechanisms of these costs on overall cost-effectiveness from consumers' perspective is analyzed. The major result of this investigation is that an attribution of grid connection costs to grid operators – as against to generators – leads to a smaller producer surplus and, hence, to lower transfer costs for electricity consumers. Applying this approach to the deployment of UK Rounds II and III offshore wind farms could lead to annual savings of social transfers of £1.2b and an equal reduction of producer surplus. This amount would be sufficient to finance the deployment of additional 10% of the capacity under consideration.

On wind speed pattern and energy potential in Nigeria

The aim of this paper is to review wind speed distribution and wind energy availability in Nigeria and discuss the potential of using this resource for generation of wind power in the country. The power output from a wind turbine is strongly dependent on the wind speed and accurate information about the wind data in a targeted location is essential. The annual mean wind speeds in Nigeria range from about 2 to 9.5 m/s and the annual power density range between 3.40 and 520 kW/m 2 based on recent reported data. The trend shows that wind speeds are low in the south and gradually increases to relatively high speeds in the north. The areas that are suitable for exploitation of wind energy for electricity generation as well as for water pumping were identified. Also some of the challenges facing the development of wind energy and suggested solutions were presented.

A Review of Research and Development of Wind Energy in Turkey

AbstractDuring the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, interest has risen in new and renewable energy sources, and especially wind energy for electricity generation. In a short time, wind energy has been welcomed by society, industry and politicians as a clean, practical, economical and environmentally friendly alternative to existing fossil fuels. As a result of extensive studies on this topic, wind energy has recently been applied in various industries, and has started to compete with other energy resources. Wind energy applications and turbine installations at different scales have increased since the beginning of this millennium. Technically installed wind turbines capacity factors have high values in most areas of Turkey. It is seen that, in general, the modeling of wind speed and its parameters have been studied and researched rather than wind power technological development in Turkey. Wind investors had doubts about uncertainties in the renewable energy policies. After May 2007, an energy efficiency law was accepted and 10 years of electricity generation by renewable sources is considered as guaranteed by the Turkish government. The installed wind power has reached 131.35 MW in Turkey and it is expected that this value will be increased to 808.81 MW by the end of 2008. The dependence of strong technological and economical development on Turkey's energy needs have increased and new national or international sources have to be taken into account for the energy sector of the country. It is clear that this source gap could be filled by using the high potential of wind power, which is estimated at 58 GW. It is expected that installed wind power to supply up to 5% of electricity consumption by 2015 and for the end of 2008 this ratio will increase to 2% (it is currently ca. 1.0%). However, unexpected and unpredicted wind power applications have occurred on November 1st, 2007 in Turkey. It has been announced that 78,000.00 MW wind power investments have been applied by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). This is a new era for the Turkish energy sector and there is no model for this new situation. Therefore, in this paper, wind energy in Turkey is reviewed and opened up for further discussion.

Quantifying the Total Net Benefits of Grid Integrated Wind

Throughout the world, significant development is being encouraged in wind energy for electricity generation. A complete cost benefit analysis has been conducted in this paper on the impacts of grid connected wind generation. A dispatch model is used to determine the dispatches upon which the costs and benefits can be ascertained for different wind capacities, plant mixes and loads. These costs and benefits are then used to generate net benefit curves for wind generation and the level where the costs exceed the benefits is established. These penetration levels can then be used by policy makers to determine the appropriate quantity of wind generation to promote. A large number of assumptions are tested and it was found that increased interconnection, high CO2 prices and a flexible plant mix are particularly beneficial for wind generation, and that there are positive net benefits for wind energy penetrations of 17% and higher under the chosen set of assumptions for the test system