Wieprz River Research Articles

ASSESSMENT AND PROTECTION OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES OF THE NADWIEPRZAŃSKI LANDSCAPE PARK

A landscape park is one of the legal forms of nature protection in Poland. It is a protected area due to its natural, historical, cultural and landscape values for preserving and popularising. The Nadwieprzański Landscape Park is located in southeastern Poland, on the middle section of the Wieprz River. The Park was established in 1990 and covers an area of over 6,000ha. The research aimed to identify resources, recognise threats and develop guidelines for protecting the cultural heritage elements of the Nadwieprzański Landscape Park. In the Park, there are monuments from various historical periods, e.g., former fortified settlements, castles, palaces and manor houses, churches, synagogues, war and religious cemeteries, granges, distilleries, mills, railway stations and small objects of sacral architecture, i.e., crosses and roadside shrines. In addition to immovable monuments, an essential part of the region’s intangible cultural heritage is a tradition in the form of holiday customs and rituals, legends and traditional crafts. It is impossible not to mention people associated with the region, their knowledge of this subject and the need to document oral traditions. Protection and preservation of heritage for future generations and rational use of environmental resources significantly affect the constant and sustainable economic development and may improve the standard of living of the local population. Unfortunately, many changes occurred within the Park due to various reasons. These are both natural causes, resulting from the destructive impact of environmental and material changes resulting from the passage of time and reasons related mainly to the lack of proper supervision of the facilities by the legal user, e.g., historic palaces and park complexes. In summary, objectives of the so-called passive, i.e., formal and legal ones and goals of the nature of active – conservation activities and the nature of activities restoring the lost cultural values of the region’s cultural heritage.

Evolution of the hydrographic network in the middle Wieprz River Basin (E Poland)

The Wieprz River Valley (Polesie Plain, east Poland) has evolved with regard to its dimensions, position and course since the end of the Neogene, its geological record showing how the Wieprz channel migrated and modified its character. Changes have also been observed in the water balance of the entire middle river basin, related to climate changes in the Pleistocene and Holocene. We provide new maps of the sub-Quaternary surface and trace topographical changes during the Pleistocene. Two separate rivers, the Pre-Bystrzyca and Pre-Wieprz, existed in Preglacial time. During the Narevian Glaciation, a network of subglacial troughs evolved in the area, largely disturbing and overprinting the earlier hydrographic system. Some of the troughs developed in older river valleys. The trough in which the present-day Wieprz gorge near Łęczna is located was most probably formed at that time. During subsequent glaciations and cold periods, sedimentary changes took place in the troughs and valleys – from erosion and removal of the accumulated material to their complete burial by sediments. During the Mazovian Interglacial (MIS 11c), several lakes formed in the study area, recorded by their infills of organic and mineral-organic deposits. During subsequent advances of the Scandinavian ice-sheet, water flow was dammed in towards the north, resulting in the formation of backwaters. Ice-sheet retreat resulted in the flow of proglacial waters towards the south-east, fluvioglacial sediment transport, and then unblocking of flow and subsequent reversal of flow directions to the north and west. During the Odranian Glaciation (MIS 6), catastrophic flow unblocked and shaped the present-day Wieprz gorge.

6. Tentatives d’épuisement de non-lieux : les cimetières juifs de Lubartów, Pologne

During his travels in Poland in April 1981, Georges Perec visited Lubartów, his father’s birthplace. After he returned, Claude Roy asked, “Did you find anything? Is there any sign?” “Nothing,” said Georges. “It’s all been wiped away.” One year later, an American journalist researching an assignment on Jewish cemeteries in Poland reported, “In Lubartów, locals directed me to a large empty field. Families were picnicking and sunbathing in the tall grass, while footballers played in the shorter grass. A rock I stepped on proved to be a tombstone; as I pulled away the grass and moss, a finely carved regal lion emerged.”Of the two Jewish cemeteries that existed in Lubartów during the interwar period, very little remains. The first, located in the middle of the city’s downtown area, is now a square that serves as a public park. The second cemetery, built a few hundred feet away, is now a vacant lot where a dozen crumbing tombstones can be found beneath a few trees, not far from a wall. In the 1980s, a lapidarium made up of 32 tombs was created on site. Today, the monument is overrun by weeds. When we visited in 2018, the site served as a place for young people to gather and drink beer. A sign at the entrance indicates the lot was once a Jewish cemetery, but is hard to find between the hospital and the suburban outgrowths of this small town in eastern Poland.Lubartów, located about 30 kilometers from Lublin on the Wieprz River, was a rather ordinary city, and half of the populace was Jewish. In 1921, there were 3,269 Jews; this figure increased to 3,411 in 1931, out of a total population of about 8,000. In 1929, several Jews were elected to the city council. At the time, the Jewish community in Lubartów was centered around a synagogue, a ritual bath house (mikvah), and two Jewish cemeteries. The cemetery had been in operation since the 16th century and was located 150 feet from the market square next to the synagogue. By the 1820s, however, it was no longer in use. The nearly one-acre plot was no longer sufficient for the town’s growing population. The community’s dead were buried in a “new cemetery” that was built 500 yards away in a plot that was three times larger and bordered by fields and orchards.During WWII, the two cemeteries were demolished and destroyed by German occupying forces. The maztevahs were used for various building projects or looted by Polish citizens. Afterwards, everything was “wiped away.” Can the history of a place be documented if it can’t be seen? This very nature of a historical approach, which by definition cannot observe the past, is challenged here to the extreme. What sources can be used to document the disappearance of a place, symptom, symbol, and witness to the extermination of the population that designed, built, maintained, and in short, inhabited it? Through the lens of the Jewish cemeteries of Lubartów, this article will contribute to the research surrounding the destruction of historical remnants as a result of the Holocaust.The goal of this article is present archival and testimonial documentation regarding the Jewish cemeteries of Lubartów to describe the history of the locations, characteristics, and functioning of these places, as well as to explore their social and political uses from the 1930s to the 1980s. In the course of our micro-historical research on the Jews of Lubartów, we have located a considerable body of sources that mention these cemeteries, often casually. The following sentence, written on the line recording the death of Szmul Rubinsztejn in the administrative population register on October 11, 1942, is one example: “Killed by Germans in the Jewish cemetery of Lubartów.” We would like to add these archives to the testimonies left after the war that give voice to the two different ways in which the two cemeteries are remembered by Jewish and non-Jewish Lubartovians. These sources provide insight into the relationship between these two groups, who lived in the same city, regarding the cemeteries. While they do mention the new cemetery, non-Jewish accounts say nothing about the old one, unlike the Jewish survivors.An exploration of the history of these two cemeteries leads to a discussion of the working methods of Holocaust historians through the comparison of the different levels of sources as well as their natures, orientations, and uses.

Materiał kostny z czterech grobów kultury strzyżowskiej wyeksplorowanych w latach 2015-2016 na stanowisku 15 w Rogalinie w świetle badań interdyscyplinarnych

In 2008 a burial site was discovered in Rogalin (eastern Poland). Interdisciplinary investigations were carried out and it was concluded that the site was a unique example of Strzyżów culture, an agricultural culture found in eastern Poland and western Ukraine, dated to the Early Bronze Age (2000/1950–1600 BC ). Strzyżów culture spread over the area from the eastern part of Lublin Upland (area between the upper Wieprz river and Bug river) to the area of south-western Volhynia crossing Horyn river in present-day Ukraine. The highest density of its sites is in the territory of Horodło Plateau and near the town of Hrubieszów. Sixteen graves were discovered between 2009 and 2016. The aim of the study was to conduct analysis of skeletal remains from four burial graves – no. 13, 14, 15, and 16 excavated in 2015 and 2016. Research was based on macroscopic, stereomicroscopic analysis, X-ray and CT examinations.

Occurrence and Abundance of Dermacentor reticulatus in the Habitats of the Ecological Corridor of the Wieprz River, Eastern Poland.

Simple SummaryEcological corridors are zones of natural vegetation, which connect with other vegetation strips to create migration routes and provide shelter for animals. One of the longest ecological corridors in eastern Poland runs along the Wieprz River valley. We examined the occurrence and relative abundance of Dermacentor reticulatus in research plots established in the river valley and confirmed the presence of this tick species in each of the seven examined sites. The results of our research show that the habitats of the river ecological corridor can be regarded as preferred habitats of D. reticulatus in eastern Poland.Ecological corridors are zones of natural vegetation, which connect with other vegetation strips to create migration routes for animals and plants. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence and relative abundance of Dermacentor reticulatus in various habitats of the ecological corridor of the Wieprz River in eastern Poland. Ticks were collected using the flagging method in seven sites within the ecological corridor of the Wieprz River, i.e., one of the longest uninterrupted vegetation strips in eastern Poland. The presence of D. reticulatus adults was confirmed in each of the examined sites. The autumn peak of tick activity dominated in most plots. During this period, on average up to 309.7 individuals were collected within 30-min. The results of our study show that, due to the high abundance of local D. reticulatus populations, the habitats located in the ecological corridor of the Wieprz River can be regarded as preferred habitats of this tick species.

Floristic diversity and use value of phytocoenoses in a section of the Wieprz river valley in Roztocze National Park for feeding the konik polski horse

The paper describes the floristic diversity and specifies its use value in terms of feeding preferences of konik polski horses and their consumption of permanent grassland in a section of the Wieprz river valley in Roztocze National Park. The flora assessment was conducted by analyzing 79 phytosociological relevés using the Braun-Blanquet method. The results of phytosociological surveys made it possible to distinguish 7 complexes in the Phragmitetea class, 5 complexes and 1 plant community in the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class, and 1 complex in the Nardo-Callunetea class. Natural values of the examined associations were described based on the total and average number of species in a phytosociological relevé, the Shannon-Wiener index, and the phytosociological structure of plant communities. The use value of dry weight of the analyzed meadows and pastures was estimated by means of the use value number (UVN) and taking into account the and yield size. The phytocoenoses identified in the meadows in the section of the Wieprz river valley under study exhibited high natural values (H’ = 3.20–4.62). The dry weight yields of the examined communities varied (from 1.32 to 5.37 t ha–1), but their sward usually had poor and very poor use value (UVN = from –0.55 to 5.8). Furthermore, it should be noted that the sward of wet meadows is readily consumed by the grazing animals, which contributes to the improvement of the natural and use value of meadows.

Influence of a Multipurpose Retention Reservoir on Extreme River Flows, a Case Study of the Nielisz Reservoir on the Wieprz River (Eastern Poland)

The objective of this paper is the assessment of the effect of a multifunctional mid-size retention reservoir on the occurrence of floods and low flows. The study object was moderate size reservoir located in Nielisz in eastern Poland on Wieprz river. The analysis conducted for the hydrological period 1976–2014 showed a positive effect of the reservoir on compensating low flows. In gauging sections located below the reservoir, streamflow droughts almost completely disappeared. The anti-flood function is particularly evident in the case of small floods, and involves a delay in the occurrence of cumulative flow, without reduction in flood volumes. Mean flow fluctuations decreased, while environmental flows were continuously ensured.

A New Method for the Estimation of Hydraulic Permeability, Coefficient of Consolidation, and Soil Fraction Based on the Dilatometer Tests (DMT)

Abstract The main issue of the paper is the estimation of soil hydraulic permeability based on the DMT test. DMTA, DMTC and SASK methods performed in the Nielisz dam, Stegny and the SGGW Campus of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences sites are described. The article presents the implementation of the dilatometer Marchetti test (DMT) in the determination of soil fraction and effects of its occurrence in the subsoil, tested in the Nielisz dam located in the Wieprz river valley in the Lublin province, and in various sites in Warsaw (Stegny site and SGGW Campus of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences). In order to acquire the needed data, the flat dilatometer test (DMT) method was used. A direct and indirect pressure methodology of interpreting soil swelling was characterized in the article. The paper shows the possibilities of determining sand, silt and clay soil fractions based on po and p 1 pressures from dilatometer tests (DMT) and the effective (σ’vo ) and total (σ vo ) vertical in situ overburden stress. Additionally, the main advantage of this paper is the proposal of use of a new chart to determine hydraulic permeability and soil fraction, based on DMT tests.

Stability and Diversity in Lake Ecosystem Two Decades after Restoration

Lake Piskory is situated in central-eastern (CE) Poland, in the southeastern part of the Vistula River spillway about 7.5 km from the mouth of the Wieprz River to the Vistula River. Prior to 1993 when restoration activities aimed at reestablishing hydrological function and diversifying habitats were implemented, the area was overgrown with rush vegetation and the water mirror seized to exist. In the initial years post restoration, the lake surface area increased and plant diversity grew. However, since 2000 plant diversity has decreased largely due to the rapid growth of Carex and Phragmites, and the lake is once again being overgrown. Here we document changes in vegetation and water hydro-chemical features from 1993 to 2015 and compare land-use activities from 1973 to 2015 to better understand the causes and implications of these changes. The surface area of the lake varied throughout monitoring years, particular plant communities fluctuated, from 2005 to 2010. During dry years the area of reed rushes visibly grew, while the extent of valuable underwater stonewort meadows contracted and disappeared. Man-made ecosystems often require continuous management action. If active management is not taken in the Lake Piskory region, complete overgrowth of the system is once again possible and the system may transition into a novel ecological status.

Zastosowanie PiCUS® Sonic Tomograph 3 w badaniach dendroflory zespołu zamkowo-dworskiego w Krupem w gm. Krasnystaw

The aim of the research was to check the suitability of the PiCUS Sonic 3 Tomograph to assess the health condition of trees with monumental dimensions from the species Fraxinus excelsior growing in the castle-court complex in the town of Krupe, Krasnystaw commune. The ruins of the Krupe castle are situated on the picturesque backwaters of the Wieprz river tributaries, 6 km north of Krasnystaw. In total, there are approximately 150 trees in various health conditions in the area of 2.3 hectares. These are mainly ash, chestnut, robinia and willow trees, as well as individual specimens of apple and pear. The state of the interior of the five selected tree trunks is illustrated in the form of colorful tomograms. The performed research allowed for early diagnosis and selection of the best activities aimed at increasing the safety of users and preserving the substance of the historic site.

Technical aspects of the International Waterway E40 – variants of the navigation channel route on the Vistula – Mukhavets section

Along the international waterway E40, there are many barriers and restrictions that make it difficult or in some cases impossible to conduct regular passenger or freight traffic. The biggest problem is the connection between the Vistula and Mukhavets rivers, and in fact, lack of this connection. Currently, the MDW E40 course on this section on the AGN maps runs along the Bug River, which cannot be considered for revitalization of this waterway for environmental reasons. As a result, research has been undertaken to work out proposals for new alternatives. Three variants of the route have been created in the form of a navigation channel. Each variant has been thoroughly explored in hydrotechnical, hydrological, environmental, economic and social terms. The results of the analyses were collected and compared to select the most optimal route variant of the navigation channel. The best connection was the Vistula from the estuary of the Wieprz River near the city of Dęblin with the estuary of the river Mukhavets. It is suggested to indicate this route as the most optimal, not only for economic and technical reasons, but above all, because this option will positively influence the development of the Polish inland waterway network. In addition, the least negative impact on the environment will occur in this case.

Charakterystyka wezbrania opadowego w zlewni górnego Wieprza w maju 2014 roku

<p>Wyżyna Lubelska jest regionem, w którym co kilka lat pojawiają się intensywne opady burzowe powodujące lokalne wezbrania rzek. Szczególnie często zjawiska te pojawiają się w okolicy Krasnegostawu (Ziemnicki 1956, Dębski 1958, Maruszczak, Trembaczowski 1958, Ciepielowski, Dąbkowski 1967, Ciepielowski, Dąbkowski 1968, Górniak 1982, Kaszewski, Siwek 2005, Siwek 2010).</p><p>W świetle dotychczasowych badań (Parczewski 1960, Górniak 1982, Michalczyk 1984, Rodzik 1984, Michalczyk i in. 2008) na Wyżynie Lubelskiej katastrofalne w skutkach są ulewy o średnim natężeniu przekraczającym 1 mm∙min<sup>-1</sup>, a sumie opadu wynoszącej około 100 mm (Teisseyre 1994). Z obliczeń wynika, że prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia opadów o tej wysokości wynosi około 1% (Suligowski 2004). W latach 1951–2000 zostało odnotowanych na Lubelszczyźnie jedynie 11 opadów o sumie dobowej >100 mm, z czego większość z nich (8 przypadków) w obszarze wyżynnym (Michalczyk i in. 2008, Siwek 2010). Kilka lat wcześniej, w międzyrzeczu Bystrzycy i Giełczwi, opad o wysokości powyżej100 mm wystąpił w nocy z 3 na 4 sierpnia 2005 roku (Michalczyk i in. 2008). Można domniemać, że najprawdopodobniej nie wszystkie epizody opadowe o sumie przekraczającej100 mm i znacznym natężeniu zostały zarejestrowane (Siwek 2006). Często o ich wystąpieniu można było wnioskować tylko na podstawie wysokiego spływu wody lub skutków geomofrologicznych. Przykładem tego są katastrofalne skutki opadów o znacznie niższych zmierzonych sumach (Maruszczak i Trembaczowski 1956, Ziemnicki 1956, Dębski 1958, Ciepielowski i Dąbkowski 1967, Ciepielowski i Dąbkowski 1968, Ciepielowski 1970, Buraczyński i Wojtanowicz 1974, Górniak 1982, Janicki i in. 2010).</p><p>Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza warunków powstania oraz charakterystyka hydrologiczna wezbrania w zlewni górnego Wieprza, które zarejestrowano w maju 2014 roku. W dniach 11-17 maja 2014 roku na pograniczu Wyżyny Lubelskiej i Roztocza wystąpiły opady o dużej intensywności. Stacje meteorologiczne położone na tym obszarze zarejestrowały sumy opadów sięgające od 95 do226 mm. Opad o największej intensywności wystąpił w nocy z 16 na 17 maja, kiedy to w ciągu około 3 godzin w stacji Nielisz zanotowano aż110,7 mm. W krótkim czasie nastąpiło znaczne podniesienie stanów wody w rzekach, co spowodowało ogłoszenie w kilku gminach alarmów przeciwpowodziowych (m.in. w gminie Krasnystaw). Intensywny spływ wody wywołał gwałtowne wezbranie, które spowodowało wysokie straty zarówno materialne, jak i przyrodnicze. Woda zalała ponad 2,5 tys. ha upraw, wyrządziła szkody w inwentarzu, zniszczyła dziesiątki budynków oraz odcinek drogi Zamość – Hrubieszów.</p>

Functional and spatial tansformations and contemporary role of educational garden on the example of school garden in Sobieszyn

An important task for present and future generations is the protection of the national cultural resources. The most attractive architectural objects of historic value include palaces, manors, castles and monasteries. Less attention is paid to educational areas, which apart from the main educational and didactic goal (positive influence on the young person’s mind, shaping his personality, social integration) have a great influence on his health, the quality of his life and the shape of his environment. The example of this is the park next to the school complex in Sobieszyn, located in Lublin Voivodeship, Ułęż County. The school complex with its surrounding park established at the end of the 19th century was given by a will of the Count Kajetan Kanty Kicki, Gozdawa coat of arms, a philantropist and a contemporary owner of Sobieszyn. Localisation of the school, far away from the centre of the village, on the slope of one of the right side tributaries of the Wieprz River – Świnka, makes it an extraordinary place, emphasising the nature values that surround it. Nowadays, the building is still a school- Kajetan Kicki Agriculture School in Sobieszyn.

The diversity of chosen grass communities in the middle part of the Wieprz river valley in the sustainable development of rural areas

Sustainable rural development is identified mainly by means of ecological solutions. At the moment, more and more attention is given to natural and sightseeing values of our environment, and hence, to biodiversity. The aim of the research conducted in the years 2005-2008 was to assess the floristic diversity of grass communities in the middle part of the Wieprz river valley (Lublin region) depending on the habitat and ways of use. The moisture of habitat and the use of sward influence the formation of grass communities Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Phragmitetea classes, which were characterized by average floristic diversity and the presence of endangered and protected species. Grass communities in river valleys require preservation and protection not only for economic reasons but also because of the floristic diversity and ecological environmental functions, and thus for the sustainable development of rural areas.

Zarys historyczny zespołu dworskiego w Łęcznej

Brak streszczenia w języku polskim.

Occurrence, dispersion and habitat preferences of Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii) in oxbow lakes of a large river and its tributary

Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii) is currently one of the most invasive fish species in Europe. This inspired our research to identify potential channels of emigration in two rivers, the Vistula and the Wieprz. Amur sleeper occurrence, abundance, population size structure and impact on indicators of diversity were examined in oxbow lakes of both rivers. Amur sleeper was recorded for the first time in floodplain areas located between two rivers, which may serve as main travel corridors. Amur sleeper was noted in four out of six oxbow lakes in each river. Its relative abundance varied depending on the oxbow lake, ranging from 0.002 to 1.60 ind. m−2 in the basin of the Vistula River and from 0.04 to 0.35 ind. m−2 in the basin of the Wieprz River. Percentage share in the dominance structure ranged from 2.42 to 100 % and from 40 to over 67 % in the oxbow lakes of the Vistula River and Wieprz River, respectively. The size structure of the Amur sleeper populations was dominated by young individuals (Tl < 50 mm), which is characteristic of developing populations. The presence of Amur sleeper did not significantly affect biodiversity indicators. Its occurrence was related to the amount of vegetative cover.

Hydroclimatic and Geological Conditions of the Variability of Fluvial Transport Rate in the Upper Part of the Wieprz River Catchment

Abstract The article summarises the results of observations conducted in the periods 1989-1992, 1998-2000, and 2001- 2003 in the catchment of the Roztocze section of the Wieprz River with an area of 404 km2. The presented results of the study on fluvial transport document the response of an upland river to variable hydro-climatic conditions. Fluvial transport rate in periods extreme in hydrological terms was compared. In the conditions of low water stages (1989- 1992) and mean annual discharges lower than the mean multiannual by 19%, the Wieprz River discharged an average of 13300 tonnes of solutions and 485 tonnes of suspensions annually. The unitary indices amounted to 32.7 and 1.2 t/ km2/year, respectively. In the years 1998-2000, in the conditions of high water stages and mean annual discharges higher than the multiannual by 41%, the Wieprz River discharged approximately 22,800 tonnes of solutions and 981 tonnes of suspensions annually. The unitary indices increased proportionately to 56.2 t/km2/year and 2.4 t/km2/year, respectively. In the years 2001-2003, in the conditions of variable water stages and discharges higher than the multiannual by 12%, the Wieprz River discharged an average of approximately 17,500 tonnes of solutions and 441 tonnes of suspensions annually. The unitary indices reached the values of 43.3 t/km2/year and 1.1 t/km2/year, respectively.

Geomorphological record of transformations of upland river valley bottoms at variable rate of gully erosion (case study: Wieprz River valley in Roztocze)

Geomorphological record of transformations of upland river valley bottoms at variable rate of gully erosion (case study: Wieprz River valley in Roztocze)

Floristic diversity of selected plant communities on extensive and abandoned grasslands in the Nadwieprzański Landscape Park / Zróżnicowanie florystyczne wybranych zbiorowisk roślinnych ekstensywnych użytków zielonych w Nadwieprzańskim Parku Krajobrazowym

Abstract The paper presents floristic diversity of some plant communities in the Nadwieprzański Landscape Park (middle part of the Wieprz River valley). Phytosociological relevés were made in the years 2005-2007 with Braun-Blanquet method. Species richness was a base to calculate the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Wieprz River valley has the character of a floodplain. In its middle reaches, communities of the Molinio- Arrhenatheretea class accounted for nearly 75% of all plant communities in grasslands. Herbaceous communities were represented by associations from the Filipendulion alliance. The greatest diversity (H’ = 3.4) was characteristic for vegetation of the Valeriano-Filipenduletum association. It formed small patches in abandoned meadows. Small patches of plants from the Lythro-Filipenduletum ulmariae association, having a slightly smaller floristic diversity (H’ = 3.0) were found on abandoned meadows located in highly silted and poor organic soils. Characteristic species of herbaceous communities (Filipendula ulmaria, Valeriana officinalis and Lythrum salicaria) occurred also in the sward of abandoned thistle meadows. Typical thistle meadows (Cirsietum rivularis), with the predominance of Cirsium rivulare developed in land depressions, not far from the Wieprz River, in the vicinity of abandoned drainage ditches and along the edges of the valley. However, the total abandonment of these meadows leads to changes in floristic composition of the sward and to succession towards herbaceous communities.

The environmental conditionings of the location of primeval settlements in the Wieprz River valley

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