Width Of Antenna Research Articles

Wind load simulation for the analysis of the antenna dual-purpose poles aerodynamics

Introduction. In addition to the location of cellular communication equipment, dual-purpose poles perform the function of a lighting pole. Since dual-purpose pole are located on the central streets of the city, they have strength margins and minimum dimensions. The growing number of urban dual-purpose poles makes the correct calculation very relevant for ensuring their safe operation.Aim. Analysis of the change in the wind load on the dual-purpose pole with panel antennas and its effect on the strength of the dual-purpose pole structure. In order to achieve this, the following tasks were formulated: to deter-mine the dependence of the aerodynamic coefficient and the magnitude of the wind load on the dimensions of panel antennas and their location; to formulate recommendations for the installation of panel antennas on the upper dual-purpose pole section with a diameter of 114 mm.Materials and methods. An analysis of changes in the wind load and aerodynamic coefficient of the dual-purpose pole section, 114 mm in diameter, with panel antennas, installed thereon, depending on the dimensions of antennas and their location.Results. The aerodynamic coefficient was established to decrease at an increase in the projection of the panel antennas beyond the pipe rack, regardless of their dimensions. The more the panel antennas are pressed against the pipe rack, the closer they are to the neighboring antennas, thereby making it difficult to blow the cross-section in the center. Despite the fact that the aerodynamic coefficient decreases with an increase in the projection beyond the pipe rack, the value of the wind load remains almost constant.Conclusions. Panel antennas on a pipe rack with a diameter of 114 mm must be designed taking into account the cross-section dimensions of panel antennas. If the panel antenna width and thickness exceed 350 and 150 mm, respectively, the installation of such panel antennas should be as close as possible to the considered pipe rack in order to reduce the wind load on the dual-purpose pole. In other cases, the projection of panel antennas will have no significant effect on the change in the wind load.

Radar nonlinear multi-target tracking method with parallel PHD filter

Since probability hypothesis density (PHD) filters do not need explicit data association, they have recently been widely used in radar multi-target tracking (MTT). However, in existing PHD filters, sampling times are generally considered the same for all targets. Due to the limitation of antenna beam width in radar applications, the same sampling time for all targets will lead to a mismatch between the predicted data and measurement data, reducing the accuracy of radar MTT. In order to eliminate the estimation error with less computational cost, a radar nonlinear multi-target tracking method with a parallel PHD filter is proposed in this article. The measurement area is divided into several subspaces according to the beam width of the radar antenna, and the PHD of all subspaces is calculated in parallel. Then, multi-feature information in radar echo assists tracking and improves real-time performance. Experimental results in various scenarios illustrate that the proposed method can eliminate the estimation errors introduced by sampling time diversity at the cost of less computation cost, especially in cluttered environments.

Effect of coupling on the performance a periodic leaky wave patch antenna

This article demonstrates the effect of coupling between two metal strips and the substrate width of a periodic leaky wave patch antenna operating at 80 GHz. Increasing the width of the substrate and the distance between the metal patches results in directional radiation and a good reflection coefficient in the 72-86 GHz band.

Unidirectional microwave transduction with chirality selected short-wavelength magnon excitations

Nonreciprocal magnon propagation has recently become a highly potential approach of developing chip-embedded microwave isolators for advanced information processing. However, it is challenging to achieve large nonreciprocity in miniaturized magnetic thin-film devices because of the difficulty of distinguishing propagating surface spin waves along the opposite directions when the film thickness is small. In this work, we experimentally realize unidirectional microwave transduction with sub-micrometer-wavelength propagating magnons in a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin-film delay line. We achieve a non-decaying isolation of 30 dB with a broad field-tunable bandpass frequency range up to 14 GHz. The large isolation is due to the selection of chiral magnetostatic surface spin waves with the Oersted field generated from the coplanar waveguide antenna. Increasing the geometry ratio between the antenna width and YIG thickness drastically reduces the nonreciprocity and introduces additional magnon transmission bands. Our results pave the way for on-chip microwave isolation and tunable delay line with short-wavelength magnonic excitations.

Dielectric Property Effect with Dielectric Constant for Millimeter Wave Antenna Design

The millimeter Wave transmission provides large bandwidth for data transfer which can satisfy the 5th generation mobile network architecture three main features: High data rate, Low latency, Mass Connectivity. Due to the high propagation attenuation characteristic of millimeter Wave, the Directivity of Antenna Array greatly increase the transmitting distance. The antenna dimensions are designed relative to wave length for better radiation performance. In millimeter Wave bands, the wave length is under millimeter scale which the antenna can be integrated to Package called AiP (Antenna in Package) This article will discuss the influence of substrate material property for antenna behavior. The Dielectric Constant (Dk) of air is closed to 1, use substrate with low DK for Antenna in Package results better expression to increase Gain and Wider bandwidth. However, the wave length is also affected by Dielectric Constant, since the wavelength is inversely proportional to the square root of the Dk, the substrate with high Dk reduces the AiP size obviously. In this paper, we will provide the comparison of antenna performance for Low/High Dk by Patch Antenna which consider single antenna and antenna array. In the simulation, the result shows the difference between High and Low Dk. When Dielectric Constant increases to 6 from 3, the width of single antenna can be reduced 30% and in contrast the peak gain is 15% higher with low Dk. For handheld devices such as smartphone, the internal space is limited, the size of antenna becomes critical. With the help of pattern design to enhance antenna performance. The high Dk material can be the choice of antenna for handheld devices.

Comparative ultrastructure of the antennae and sensory hairs in six species of crayfish.

Antennae in crayfish are essential for gaining information about the local topography and localising food, chemicals, conspecifics or predator. There are still gaps in the research on the morphology of antennae in decapods compared to other arthropods. Biometrical and ultrastructural methods were applied using light and cryo-scanning electron microscopies to study the morphology of antennae in six different crayfish species, including marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis, Mexican dwarf crayfish Cambarellus patzcuarensis, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, common yabby Cherax destructor, and spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus to find their potential morphological differences. Significant differences in the antenna length, length and width of each segment to carapace length ratios, and the number of segments were found in the six crayfish species. The ultrastructure revealed differences in the distribution of sensory hairs on the antenna and the morphology of the antennal surface. The different morphology of antennae might reflect adaptation to the conditions of their specific habitats. In addition, results showed that a combination of differences in the morphological features and biometrical measurements of antennae could be used for the distinguishment of different studied crayfish species.

Lightweight Fan-Beam Microstrip Grid Antenna for Airborne Microwave Interferometric Radiometer Applications.

The microwave interferometric radiometer (MIR) uses aperture synthesis technology to equate multiple small-aperture antennas into a large-aperture antenna to improve spatial resolution. At present, MIR antennas that operate at frequencies above the C-band mostly use horn antennas, waveguide slot antennas, etc., which have the disadvantages of a high profile and large mass. In this paper, a new type of miniaturized, low-profile, and lightweight K-band fan-beam microstrip grid antenna is designed for the airborne campaign of the K-band one-dimensional MIR of a Microwave Imager Combined Active and Passive (MICAP) onboard a Chinese Ocean Salinity Mission (COSM). With a limited size constraint (12.33 mm) on the antenna width, a fan-beam shape antenna pattern was achieved with a 5.34° 3-dB beamwidth in the narrow beam direction and up to a 55° 3-dB beamwidth in the fan-beam direction. A periodic structural unit is proposed in this paper to reduce the design complexity of Taylor weighting, achieving desirable performances on gain (19.1 dB) and sidelobe level (<-20 dB) in the H-plane. Four antenna elements were fabricated and arranged in a non-redundant sparse array. The performance of the four-element sparse array was evaluated with a simulation and real measurement in an anechoic chamber. The coupling between antenna elements was less than -25 dB, and the consistency of phase patterns was better than 3.4°. These results verify the feasibility of the proposed K-band microstrip grid antenna for airborne MIR applications.

Folded-Dipole Antenna Geometrical Analysis for THz Microbolometer

To improve the responsivity of terahertz (THz) antenna-coupled bolometer, heater (load) resistance has to be increased to suppress the thermal conduction and realize larger temperature rise of the thermistor. Proper design of antenna is therefore essential to assure the impedance matching between antenna and heater. From this viewpoint, a high-impedance folded-dipole antenna (FDA) has been studied numerically by the finite element simulation. The effect of FDA structural parameters such as number of arms, antenna width, and arm spacing are discussed with the lumped port and resistive heater coupled to the antenna gap for the cases of radiating and receiving modes, respectively. The product of resonant resistance and area efficiency is used to predict the improvement made by FDA as a figure of merit (FOM) correlated to the bolometer responsivity. This study revealed that the optimum FOM in FDA-coupled bolometer operating at 1 THz was obtained with three arms, 1-μm antenna width and 4-μm arm spacing. A comparison was made with the result from a half-wave dipole antenna and revealed that FDA could enhance the bolometer responsivity by a factor of 15. This research demonstrated the effectiveness of the FDA to improve the performance of THz antenna-coupled bolometer for applications such as imaging for non-destructive inspection.

Design and Minimization of Mutual Coupling Steered Array Lens Antenna for 5G Communication

Examining and evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance the performance by the initial objectives are the main contribution of this paper. To achieve multiband operation, the patch's shape is first adjusted later microstrip patch with the slot presented. With the help of the Ansoft HFSS antenna simulator, functional analysis has been shown to examine the impact on antenna resonant frequency. A probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is developed in this work via the HFSS tool for wireless applications operating between 2 to 5GHz. To achieve multiband operation, the structure of the patch is varied. The impacts on antenna resonant frequency are examined through numerical simulations. The length, as well as the width of a traditional patch antenna, is initially computed, and further, an appropriate patch dimension of 28.3mm x 36.9mm has been determined. For multiband operation over the frequency ranging between 2 and 5GHz wireless applications, a probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is built via the HFSS tool. The proposed architecture of a traditional microstrip patch antenna is imprinted on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a 1.6mm thickness and a 4.4 dielectric constant. The proposed antenna design is illustrated for the 3D structure of the Mutual Coupling Steered Array-Lens Antenna System (MPA) with an improved patch. To achieve multiband operation, two slots are inserted on the edges of the patch, and both the slots are 2mm wide, as well as the depth of the slots is modified to see how it corresponds to the resonant frequency. This work is mainly concentrated on (i) Examining as well as evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance its performance, (ii) Examining, evaluating, as well as assessing the performance of an improved split ring resonator metamaterial, and (iii) Exploring, analyzing, as well as evaluating the performance of dielectric lens base patch array antennas and (iv) Developing as well as analyzing the transmission line phase shifter. The groundwork for developing this work is being carried out, and a comparative study is made on (i) techniques for improving the antenna's performance through the application of a modified patch antenna, a Modified split ring resonator, a Dielectric lens structure, and Transmission line phase shifter.

Design and Simulation of Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) for Long Term Evolution Systems

In this paper, a new calculator form is designed to calculate fundamental parameters for Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA). The special algorithm is configured by MATLAB R2015a software (version 8.5) in the form of a GUIDE programming language to estimate the value of antenna length (La) and width (Wa) by professional software Computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (Version 2019)is used to design and study the effects of each parameter in the antenna performance. The designed model was used directly in manufacturing through this method without any optimization or improvement. This antenna fabricated on the FR4 substrate has relative permittivity of 4.3 with a volume of (120601.5)mm3and the proposed antenna is fed by microstrip feeding structure. Simulation results of the (PIFA) show that the return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, and impedance are −52.100dB, 686 MHz, 1.0002and 49.99 Ω respectively at resonant frequency 3.5 GHZ.

Optimal design and experimental study of horn antenna in pavement microwave deicing technology

To effectively improve the efficiency of microwave deicing on pavement and guide the engineering application of microwave deicing technology, the optimization design of horn antenna was investigated. In this study, based on the experimental method of control variables, the influence of horn antenna on microwave deicing efficiency was explored, and the relatively optimal shape and size of horn antenna were obtained through comparative analysis. The results demonstrate that the width of the horn antenna has the greatest impact on the microwave deicing range, followed by the overall height of the horn antenna. The wider the horn antenna width, the larger the deicing range. The lower the overall height of the horn antenna, the larger the deicing range. The temperature rise rate is mainly affected by the overall height of the horn antenna, followed by the width of the horn antenna. The higher the overall height of the horn antenna, the faster the temperature rise rate, and the narrower the width of the horn antenna, the faster the temperature rise rate. When the overall height of the horn antenna is high, the vertical wall can improve the deicing efficiency. When the overall height of the horn antenna is low, the vertical wall will reduce the deicing efficiency. The deicing effect of the horn antenna numbered #1 is the best among the ten groups of horn antennas. It can raise the temperature of the concrete specimen with an ice layer by 55.4 °C in 1 min, and the deicing area is up to 158.59cm2.

A Π-shaped slotted patch antenna with a partial ground structure for lower 5G/WiFi/WiMAX applications

In this research work, a π-shaped slotted microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a partial ground structure for lower fifth generation (5G)/wireless fidelity (WiFi)/worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications is presented. The proposed MPA is optimized and designed by using the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) suite version of 2018. The π-shaped slotted MPA is mounted on low loss dielectric material Rogers RT5880 with a height of 0.79 mm and relative permittivity of 2.2. The length (L) and the width (W) of the π-slotted antenna are 35 mm and 31 mm respectively, which covers the operating frequency range 2.87–5.47 GHz. The MPA has a wide impedance bandwidth (2600 MHz), high radiation efficiency (90.88%), acceptable gain (2.647 dB) and low return loss (simulated: -36.81, measured: -25 dB). The VSWR over the entire operating frequency is regarded as 1 < voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2 and VSWR is 1.0293 at centre frequency 3.47 GHz. The current distribution on the surface as well as the input impedance of the π-shaped slotted MPA are also favorable. The MPA shows an omni-directional property over the entire operating frequency band. Since the time domain, frequency domain and fabricated results are buttressed by each other, the designed π-slotted MPA is one of the best candidates for high speed lower 5G/WiFi/WiMAX communication applications.

A study on axial‐mode helical antennas with spiral strip arms

An axial-mode helical antenna with a spiral strip arm excites circularly polarized plane waves propagating along the axis of a drill string bore. This antenna extends the transmission distance of downhole signals in drill strings, thereby increasing the depth of possible measurements. The half-power lobe width and directivity of the axial-mode helical antenna matched the microwave channel of the drill string bore. The helical radiator in the antenna was optimized to ensure that center frequency was within the optimal operating frequency band of microwaves in the drill string bore. The reflector in the antenna was optimized through the creation of gas vents, which reduced its cross-sectional area. The axial-mode helical antenna reduced the effects of drill string twisting on the microwave channel, reduced reflection in the walls of the drill pipe, and reduced the loss of microwave signals. Compared to linear antennas, the axial-mode helical antenna had superior performance because S21 increased to about 45 dB in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. The use of axial-mode helical antennas in drill string bores during microwave measurement while drilling (MMWD) helped in monitoring downhole safety risks and expanding the scope of gas drilling. Therefore, axial-mode helical antennas have practical applications and require further research.

Antena Vivaldi Konvensional untuk Penerapan pada Radar Cuaca (9.4 GHz)

To predict weather conditions as an anticipation act towards natural disasters, a weather radar is needed. In weather radar technology, antennas play an important role in supporting the performance of the weather radar. Vivaldi antenna is the right choice because it has an unlimited bandwidth so it is able to operate at the desired work frequency, including the working frequency of weather radar (9.4 GHz). This research discusses the modification of tapered slots, circular stub, radial stub, length and width of the reference vivaldi antenna [1] using CST Studio software. After modifications and measurements, a return loss value of -23.25336989 dB, bandwidth of 500 MHz, VSWR 1.188463357, gain of 3.99 dBi, and unidirectional radiation patterns. All the resulting antenna parameter values are in good condition and qualify the weather radar antenna for a working frequency of 9.4 GHz.

Design, Simulation and Fabrication of a U-shaped Antenna Having a Defected Ground for Wide Band Applications

A novel method to develop an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna is proposed in which a defected ground structure technique is employed. The proposed design is Micro-strip fed slotted patch with an altered ground side. The Operating Band width of antenna is 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The design parameters of the antenna have been optimized using high frequency finite element based simulation software for the best gain, bandwidth and efficiency performance. Effectively directional radiation patterns and large impedance bandwidth has been observed from simulation results. The design parameters and the simulation results are all reported in this paper including the radiation pattern in different frequencies within the operating band. The proposed antenna is also fabricated and the measurement results are also presented in this paper.

Semi-analytical Equations for Designing Terahertz Graphene Dipole Antennas on Glass Substrate

Semi-analytical equations are developed for aiding the process of designing terahertz graphene-based rectangular dipole antennas lying on glass substrates. It directly provides the dipole length required for obtaining resonance at a desired frequency since antenna width and graphene chemical potential are known. By using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a large number of computational simulations were performed considering several combinations of antenna dimensions and chemical potential values. The simulation results were used along with graphene electrostatic scaling law combined with the least squares method to optimize the formulation coefficients. With the optimized coefficients, we obtain very satisfying accuracy levels. In the frequency range from 0.5 THz to 3.0 THz, the average relative absolute error is 1.50%, with maximum relative absolute error of 6.77%.

Flexible force sensitive frequency reconfigurable antenna base on stretchable conductive fabric

With the development of wireless technology and flexible electronics, flexible frequency reconfigurable antennas have been directly used as sensors to detect mechanical signals. As an important frequency reconfigurable antenna, microstrip antenna has been widely studied in the field of flexible and flexible electronics in recent years. However, the stretchability of microstrip antennas usually comes at the cost of reducing the conductivity of the radiated conductor. Here, we report a flexible force sensitive frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna, which fabricated by silver fiber conductive fabric with a double-wire braided structure. In order to increase the detection of pressure, an elastic dielectric layer with a microhemispheric array was introduced into the microstrip antenna to extend the frequency band width of the reconfigurable antenna. The relative frequency of the antenna varied from 0% to −12.9%, and the sensing sensitivity was −1.9 kPa−1. As potential applications, we demonstrate the use of a flexible frequency reconfigurable antenna base on stretchable conductive fabric as a strain sensor capable of measuring bending angle and movements of a human finger. The change in the resonance frequency with the externally applied tensile strain in this antenna design has a sensitivity of 3.448, manifesting a 4.19- and a 13.79-fold increase of sensitivity when compared to those in previous reports that used arched or both-planes serpentine rectangular microstrip antenna. This is of great significance for the application of wearable antenna in wireless mechanical sensing technology.

Wide-angle scanning phased-array system using arc-shorted half elliptic elements

Vehicles to everything (V2X) communication includes a variety of types, so wide-angle scanning is integral. For wide-angle scanning, the half power beam width (HPBW) of a single antenna must be wide. Moreover, the gain, low cross-polarization level, and impedance bandwidth are essential factors in high communication performance. In this paper, a wide-angle scanning phased-array system using an arc-shorted half-elliptic patch antenna at 5.8 GHz is presented. The design of both a single antenna and the entire phased-array system are covered, and to verify the design method, the proposed single antenna and phased array system were fabricated. The proposed antenna had 162 HPBW in the E-plane and 8.63 dBi of peak gain. Its fractional bandwidth was 5%, and the level of cross-polarization was −16.8 dBi. Furthermore, the measured 3 dB scanning angle of the phased-array system was from to 90. The proposed system has wide-angle scanning.

Frequency analysis of SAR system design for small satellite

Great interest is given in recent years to the small satellites as their main advantages are the low development cost and the reduced deployment time, which give attention to develop payloads that can be mounted on the platform of these satellite. the platform of small satellites imposes constraints on the sensor design to fit in the size, mass and power limitations, which leads to necessary trade-offs between the design parameters of the sensor. The selection of the operating frequency is dependent mainly on the mission requirements as each frequency band gives different information about the scene and has different penetration capabilities. However, the SAR sensors used on small satellites come with limitations, so other parameters should be considered during the design. After going through the SAR design process, a frequency analysis is presented at L, C and X bands, which is used to evaluate the effect on the size of the antenna (length and width) and the average power consumption that suit the constraints of small satellite.

Design of Wideband Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna Excited using an L-strip Feed

This paper proposes a Wideband cylindrical dielectric resonator energized with an L-strip feed which is focused to be used for wideband application. The objective of this project is to optimize antenna parameters and thereby study the effects of antenna dimensions Length (L), Width (W) and substrate parameters, relative dielectric constant, substrate thickness on its performance. The novel exciting technique achieves a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth of 17%. This project introduces to design antenna operating at 4.02GHz based on the CDRA radius of 10 mm and height of 10mm. The variation of percentage of bandwidth for different feed (simple feed and T feed) parameters is also studied. HFSS software will be used to design a CDR antenna.