Wide Compatibility Research Articles

Error analysis and realization of a phase-modulated diffraction grating used as a displacement sensor.

A grating-based interferometric cavity produces coherent diffraction light field in a compact size, serving as a promising candidate for displacement measurement by taking advantage of both high integration and high accuracy. Phase-modulated diffraction gratings (PMDGs) make use of a combination of diffractive optical elements, allowing for the diminishment of zeroth-order reflected beams and thus improving the energy utilization coefficient and sensitivity of grating-based displacement measurements. However, conventional PMDGs with submicron-scale features usually require demanding micromachining processes, posing a significant challenge to manufacturability. Involving a four-region PMDG, this paper establishes a hybrid error model including etching error and coating error, thus providing a quantitative analysis of the relation between the errors and optical responses. The hybrid error model and the designated process-tolerant grating are experimentally verified by micromachining and grating-based displacement measurements using an 850 nm laser, confirming the validity and effectiveness. It is found the PMDG achieves an energy utilization coefficient (the ratio of the peak-to-peak value of the ±1st order beams to the 0th-order beam) improvement of nearly 500% and a four-fold reduction in 0th-order beam intensity compared with the traditional amplitude grating. More importantly, this PMDG maintains very tolerant process requirements, and the etching error and coating error can be up to 0.5 µm and 0.6 µm, respectively. This offers attractive alternatives to the fabrication of PMDGs and grating-based devices with wide process compatibility. This work first systematically investigates the influence of fabrication errors and identifies the interplay between the errors and the optical response for PMDGs. The hybrid error model allows further avenues for the fabrication of diffraction elements with practical limitations of micromachining fabrication.

Photoinduced Nickel-Catalyzed Selective N-Demethylation of Trialkylamines Using C(sp2)-Bromides as HAT Reagents.

N-Demethylation of trialkylamines is a useful transformation, but typically requires harsh reaction conditions and stepwise procedures, as well as judicious protection of labile functional groups. Herein we report a mild, catalytic approach for the demethylation of trialkylamines by utilizing photoinduced nickel catalysis wherein C(sp2)-bromides serve as hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) reagents. This method achieves direct demethylation of trialkylamines with wide functional group compatibility, making it highly suitable for late-stage derivatization of complex molecules. Mechanistic investigations provide evidence that C(sp2) radicals generated via photoinduced Ni-C(sp2) bond homolysis are involved in hydrogen atom abstraction from trialkylamines. Utilizing steric control of the C(sp2)-bromides, our HAT approach achieves demethylation with excellent site selectivity in the presence of benzyl-substituted amines, which is complementary to the selectivity of classical approaches that afford debenzylation product instead.

Visible-Light-Induced Phenoxyl Radical-based Metal–Organic Framework for Selective Photooxidation of Sulfides

Phenoxyl radicals originating from phenols through oxidation or photoinduction are relatively stable and exhibit mild oxidative activity, which endows them with the potential for photocatalysis. Herein, a stable and recyclable metal-organic framework Zr-MOF-OH constructed of a binaphthol derivative ligand has been synthesized and functions as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst. Zr-MOF-OH shows fairly good catalytic activity and substrate compatibility toward the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides under visible light irradiation. Such irradiation of Zr-MOF-OH converts the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the binaphthol derivative ligand to phenoxyl radicals through excited state intramolecular proton transfer, and the excited state photocatalyst triggers the single-electron oxidation of the sulfide. No reactive oxygen species are produced in the photocatalytic process, and triplet O2 directly participates in the reaction, endowing Zr-MOF-OH with wide substrate compatibility and high selectivity, which also proposes a promising pathway for the direct activation of substrates via phenoxyl radicals.

Cationic Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclohydroformylation of 1,6-Enynes with Formaldehyde.

We report a rhodium(I)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclohydroformylation reaction of 1,6-enynes with formaldehyde. The reaction of 1,6-enynes with formaldehyde in the presence of a cationic Rh(I) catalyst, such as [Rh(cod)2 ]+ OTf- , and a chiral biaryl diphosphine led to asymmetric cyclohydroformylation to produce aldehydes with higher-order structures highly enantioselectively. This transformation procedure is applicable to a variety of enynes, with wide compatibility in various atoms liking between the alkyne and alkene parts, substituents at the alkyne terminus, and substituents at the alkene part, being converted to newly formed aldehydes in 14% to 90% yields with 50% to 98% ee. The products were further transformed with various nucleophiles to alcohols, an amine, and a diene without loss of chirality at their γ-position.

I2/DMSO-mediated C(sp2)-S bond formation between heterocyclic enamines and triethylammonium thiolates

An efficient I2/DMSO-mediated oxidative dehydrogenative coupling reaction between heterocyclic enamines and triethylammonium thiolates under microwave conditions is reported, by which three different types of biheterocyclic pairs, namely indolin-2-one-pyrazole, indolin-2-one-isoxazole, and indolin-2-one-isothiazole were constructed with high yields through C–H sulfenylation strategies. The present protocol features a wide substrate scope and broad functional group compatibility with I2 as the catalyst and DMSO as both solvent and mild oxidant.

A PPh3 modified-chitosan supported Pd nanocatalyst for heterogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reactions

A PPh3 modified-chitosan supported Pd nanocatalyst has been developed for heterogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reactions with high catalytic activity, wide substrate compatibility and good recyclability.

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE VERBAL-NOMINAL COLLOCATIONS WITH COMPONENTS PROIZVODIT'/PROIZVESTI RUSSIAN OFFICIAL TEXTS OF THE XVIII CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE RUSSIAN NATIONAL CORPUS)

The article defines the term “stable verb-nominal combinations”, provides criteria for the allocation of stable combinations, briefly describes the features of the language of official texts of the XVIII century. The results of the analysis of the use of verbal-nominal collocations with the components proizvodit'/proizvesti in the official texts of the XVIII century, collected in the Russian National Corpus, are presented. It is established that the most frequent combinations in these texts are proizvodit'/proizvestidejstvie, delo, kanonadu, ogon', pal'bu, nakazanie, stroenie, torg, rukodelie. It is proved that combinations with these verbs were used in the following meanings: ‘to carry out any activity/to perform actions without any specification’; ‘to open artillery fire/to fire shots from different types of weapons’; ‘to carry out specific activities’; ‘to punish/ ttack/ ause harm’. It was determined that the verbsproizvodit' / proizvestiat that time already had several meanings and wide compatibility, however, most of the analyzed collocations are not used in modern Russian, that is, these verbs have changed their compatibility while maintaining the lexical meaning. Such combinations as proizvodit'/proizvestidejstvie, kanonadu, ogon', pal'bucan be attributed to stable collocations.

Visible Light Promotes Cascade Trifluoromethylation/Cyclization, Leading to Trifluoromethylated Polycyclic Quinazolinones, Benzimidazoles and Indoles

Efficient visible-light-induced radical cascade trifluoromethylation/cyclization of inactivated alkenes with CF3Br, which is a nonhygroscopic, noncorrosive, cheap and industrially abundant chemical, was developed in this work, producing trifluoromethyl polycyclic quinazolinones, benzimidazoles and indoles under mild reaction conditions. The method features wide functional group compatibility and a broad substrate scope, offering a facile strategy to pharmaceutically produce valuable CF3-containing polycyclic aza-heterocycles.

Primary amines as new carbonyl surrogate in Kabachnik‐fields reaction: A new metal free one pot approach to synthesize α‐Aminophosphonates in water

A new, simple and greener approach for the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates via oxidative deamination followed by kabachnik-Fields reaction has been developed. The methodology involves in situ generation of aldehydes from benzyl amines which then reacts with aryl amine and trialkyl phosphite in one-pot manner and gives the α-aminophosphonate products in excellent yields. The synthesis offers an alternative strategy which involves benzyl amines as carbonyl surrogate. The developed method has a wide substrates scope and offers the opportunity of synthesizing α-aminophosphonates in good yield. Further, the synthesis uses aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a green oxidant and enables to synthesize these products under mild and metal-free conditions in water as a medium.

Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Tandem C-H Allylation and [3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloaddition to Construct Bridged Tetracycles.

The ruthenium(II)-catalyzed tandem C-H allylation and intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine imines and 2-methylidenetrimethylene carbonate is described herein. The initially formed β-substituted allyl fragment could trigger the exotype [3 + 2] cycloaddition with the polar azomethine group, resulting in the formation of bridged tetracycles bearing a hydroxymethylene group at a bridgehead carbon center. A wide substrate scope and broad functional group compatibility were observed. The gram-scale synthesis and synthetic transformations demonstrate the synthetic utility of this process.

Portfolio construction by using Markowitz Model and Index Model during pandemic of COVID-19

During the epidemic, many industries have been hit to varying degrees, social productivity has sharply decreased, and economic development has stagnated or even regressed. It is estimated that global GDP declined by 4.3% in 2020 due to the impact of the pandemic. The same thing happened in the stock market, where the epidemic increased the vulnerability of it, causing stock prices to fluctuate greatly and investors to suffer losses. Recently a bunch of studies have focused on how to make successful investments by modeling and data analysis under the difficult circumstances. This paper will continue to use the MM model and the IM model to construct optimal portfolios under different constraints in order to simulate various situations and provide the investors with advice of all aspects.10 different companies in 3-4 staple fields will be randomly selected as target in this paper as the main factors of MM model and IM model in order to prove the wide compatibility of the two models in the real stock market.In addition, this paper will use both the minimum risk calculation method and the maximum efficiency calculation method as the criterion to measure a portfolio’s performance with the purpose of presenting the investors two different standpoints to view their portfolios.

Multi‐input battery‐integrated single‐stage DC‐DC converter for reliable operation of solar photovoltaic‐based systems

SummarySolar photovoltaic (PV) systems are emerging progressively due to their wide compatibility range, ease of installation, and environmental friendliness. The module mismatch (MM) losses and module open circuit (MOC) fault can cause the power mismatch between different PV modules. This significantly affects the energy output from the PV module. Also, the intermittent nature of solar PV power makes the solar PV systems unreliable; to compensate for this, conventional PV systems utilize a battery storage system (BSS) with separate bidirectional converter. These bidirectional converters require two‐stage power conversion and massive battery bank connected at the DC link. This leads to the further reduction in overall efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposed a multi‐input PV battery system (MIPBS) that uses nonisolated buck and boost converter combinations. It requires single‐stage power conversion to extract maximum power from each PV module along with BSS charging and discharging. Its modular design allows it to function across a wide range of voltage, power, and BSS choices. The proposed system is capable of mitigating the MM loss and sustaining the MOC fault. This paper discusses the operation, steady‐state analysis, and dynamic analysis of the proposed MIPBS. The performance of the proposed MIPBS is validated using a state‐of‐the‐art experimental setup with two PV modules, each having a rating of 60.53 W.

Regio- and Chemoselective Copper-Catalyzed Formal [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Primary Amines with Arylacetylenes to 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Pyridines.

Disclosed herein is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyridines via CuI/NBS-catalyzed formal intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of easily available primary amines and nonactivated terminal alkynes. Moreover, this given reaction features a new mode of cycloaddition with high regio- and chemoselectivity, good atom- and step-economy, broad substrate scope, and wide functional group compatibility. Further mechanism studies indicate that this transformation starts with oxidative alkynylation of the amine to form a propargylamine intermediate, followed by radical addition to the alkyne and intramolecular cycloaddition, delivering the pharmacologically interesting multisubstituted pyridines.

Superfast desulfurization for protein chemical synthesis and modification

Superfast desulfurization for protein chemical synthesis and modification

A versatile thermally initiated crosslinking binder for additive manufacturing of strong structures

Binder jetting additive manufacturing (BJAM) is one of the most promising additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for industrial manufacturing due to its high productivity, wide material compatibility, and the possibility to achieve large-scale production. BJAM utilizes binder jetting to selectively bind powdered materials into complex three-dimensional (3D) objects. However, the inability of conventional binders to create high-strength green parts has become a major limitation for BJAM. Here, we report on a versatile thermally initiated crosslinking (TIC) binder to overcome the low green strength issue; the binder is composed of an initiator ink and an in-bed monomer/crosslinker mixture. The TIC binder can form a continuous, uniform, and strong crosslinked network to pack the printed powder. A flexural strength of 10.1–13.9 MPa of green parts is achieved for several powders, including SiC, Al2O3, and 316 L stainless steel, using the developed TIC binder. The TIC binder also shows a high print reliability and a good robustness for complex and fine geometric structures. These features combined with the advantages of a low cost, ultrahigh curing speed, and reasonable burnout performance indicate that the TIC binder solution has the potential to make a large impact on the BJAM progress.

Population Dynamics of Wide Compatibility System and Evaluation of Intersubspecific Hybrids by indica-japonica Hybridization in Rice.

The exploitation of heterosis through intersubspecific hybridisation between indica and japonica has been a major breeding target in rice, but is marred by the cross incompatibility between the genomes. Wide compatibility (WC) is a triallelic system at the S5 locus on chromosome 6 that ensures the specificity of hybridisation within and between indica and japonica. The S5n allele that favours intercrossing is sparsely distributed in the rice gene pool and therefore warrants identification of diverse WC sources to develop superior intersubspecific hybrids. In this study, we have identified several novel WC sources through the marker-assisted screening of a large set of 950 rice genotypes. Seventeen percent of the genotypes carried S5n, which fell into two subpopulations. The WC genotypes showed wide phenotypic and genotypic variability, including both indica and japonica lines. Based on phenotypic performance, the WC varieties were grouped into three clusters. A subset of 41 WC varieties was used to develop 164 hybrids, of which WC/japonica hybrids showed relative superiority over WC/indica hybrids. The multilocation evaluation of hybrids indicated that hybrids derived from WC varieties, such as IRG137, IRG143, OYR128, and IRGC10658, were higher yielding across all the three different locations. Most of the hybrids showed the stability of performance across locations. The identified diverse set of wide compatible varieties (WCVs) can be used in the development of intersubspecific hybrids and also for parental line development in hybrid rice breeding.

Uncovering the machining mechanism of polycrystalline gold nanowires by nanoskiving

The unique size effects of nanowires have inspired their implementation in superconducting materials, micro/nano electromechanical systems, and flexible devices. Nanoskiving technology has demonstrated significant potential for nanowire preparation owing to the low equipment requirements, simple operation, and wide material compatibility compared with traditional lithographic nanofabrication methods. However, the increasing application of nanowires has imposed strict requirements regarding their microstructure, morphology, and size accuracy. Limited research efforts have focused on the nanowire formation mechanism during nanoskiving, and therefore, it is difficult to prepare high-quality nanowires using this technique. The present study investigates the effects of the cutting depth on the machining (nanoskiving) mechanism of polycrystalline gold nanowire preparation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the interference of grain boundaries and the extrusion of the tool lead to the formation and evolution of sub-grains. The specific energy, dislocation density, and nanowire thickness deviation all increase exponentially with decreasing depth of cut, thereby revealing a significant size effect. The nanowire microstructures, morphology, and dimensions are measured experimentally using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the results are consistent with the simulations. This work provides insights into the cutting deformation mechanism during the nanoskiving of polycrystalline gold materials and contributes to the precise and controllable fabrication of nanostructures by the nanoskiving method.

Carboxylate-Assisted Iridium (III)-Catalyzed C(sp2)-H Amidation of 2-Aroylimidazoles With Dioxazolones.

The Ir(III)-catalyzed ortho C-H amidation of 2-aroylimidazoles with 3-aryldioxazolones as an amidating reagent is reported. The method provides a broad substrate scope with wide functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies indicate that C-H bond cleavage is reversible and appears not to be the rate-determining step. The presence of an electron-donating group in the 2-aroylimidazoles and an electron-withdrawing group in the 3-aryldioxazoles significantly accelerates the reaction, suggesting that nitrene insertion is the rate-determining step.

Development of Wide-Compatible Indica Lines by Pyramiding Multiple Neutral Alleles of Indica-Japonica Hybrid Sterility Loci.

Since the development of indica hybrid rice in the 1970s, great success has been achieved in hybrid rice production in China and around the world. The utilization of inter-subspecific indica–japonica hybrid rice has always been considered due to its stronger heterosis characteristics. However, indica–japonica hybrids face a serious problem of sterility, which hinders the exploitation of their heterosis. In the past decades, the genetic basis of indica–japonica hybrid sterility has been well studied. It was found that in sterile indica–japonica hybrids, female sterility was mainly controlled by the S5 locus and male sterility by the Sa, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Se loci. In this study, we developed wide-compatible indica lines (WCILs) by pyramiding multiple neutral (n) alleles of the hybrid sterility loci. First, we identified Sn alleles of the loci in single-segment substitution lines (SSSLs) in the genetic background of indica Huajingxian 74 (HJX74). Then, the Sn alleles of S5, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Se loci in SSSLs were pyramided in the HJX74 genetic background. The WCILs carrying Sn alleles at the S5, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Se loci showed wide compatibility with indica and japonica rice varieties. Therefore, the WCILs will be used to develop inter-subspecific indica–japonica hybrid rice with normal fertility.

Photoinduced Merging with Copper‐ or Nickel‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Cyanoalkylarylation of 1,3‐Enynes to Access Multiple Functionalizatized Allenes in Batch and Continuous Flow

Comprehensive SummaryA three‐component reaction of 1,3‐enynes and cyclobutanone oxime esters in the presence of aryl boronic acids or organozinc reagents via the photoredox/copper or photoredox/nickel catalysis has been established. This redox‐neutral 1,4‐cyanoalkylarylation reaction has demonstrated mild condition, high catalytic reactivity and wide functional group compatibility, allowing access to a variety of functionalized tetra‐substituted allene derivatives with high chemo‐ and regioselectivity. Moreover, using photocatalytic continuous flow technique to promote this process would result in increased yields (70% in flow vs. 61% in batch), reduced reaction times (7 min in flow vs. 6 h in batch), and easy scale‐up (upgrade to gram scale), showcasing its potential as a synthetic platform.