Wide Compatibility Research Articles

Population Dynamics of Wide Compatibility System and Evaluation of Intersubspecific Hybrids by indica-japonica Hybridization in Rice.

The exploitation of heterosis through intersubspecific hybridisation between indica and japonica has been a major breeding target in rice, but is marred by the cross incompatibility between the genomes. Wide compatibility (WC) is a triallelic system at the S5 locus on chromosome 6 that ensures the specificity of hybridisation within and between indica and japonica. The S5n allele that favours intercrossing is sparsely distributed in the rice gene pool and therefore warrants identification of diverse WC sources to develop superior intersubspecific hybrids. In this study, we have identified several novel WC sources through the marker-assisted screening of a large set of 950 rice genotypes. Seventeen percent of the genotypes carried S5n, which fell into two subpopulations. The WC genotypes showed wide phenotypic and genotypic variability, including both indica and japonica lines. Based on phenotypic performance, the WC varieties were grouped into three clusters. A subset of 41 WC varieties was used to develop 164 hybrids, of which WC/japonica hybrids showed relative superiority over WC/indica hybrids. The multilocation evaluation of hybrids indicated that hybrids derived from WC varieties, such as IRG137, IRG143, OYR128, and IRGC10658, were higher yielding across all the three different locations. Most of the hybrids showed the stability of performance across locations. The identified diverse set of wide compatible varieties (WCVs) can be used in the development of intersubspecific hybrids and also for parental line development in hybrid rice breeding.

Uncovering the machining mechanism of polycrystalline gold nanowires by nanoskiving

The unique size effects of nanowires have inspired their implementation in superconducting materials, micro/nano electromechanical systems, and flexible devices. Nanoskiving technology has demonstrated significant potential for nanowire preparation owing to the low equipment requirements, simple operation, and wide material compatibility compared with traditional lithographic nanofabrication methods. However, the increasing application of nanowires has imposed strict requirements regarding their microstructure, morphology, and size accuracy. Limited research efforts have focused on the nanowire formation mechanism during nanoskiving, and therefore, it is difficult to prepare high-quality nanowires using this technique. The present study investigates the effects of the cutting depth on the machining (nanoskiving) mechanism of polycrystalline gold nanowire preparation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the interference of grain boundaries and the extrusion of the tool lead to the formation and evolution of sub-grains. The specific energy, dislocation density, and nanowire thickness deviation all increase exponentially with decreasing depth of cut, thereby revealing a significant size effect. The nanowire microstructures, morphology, and dimensions are measured experimentally using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the results are consistent with the simulations. This work provides insights into the cutting deformation mechanism during the nanoskiving of polycrystalline gold materials and contributes to the precise and controllable fabrication of nanostructures by the nanoskiving method.

Carboxylate-Assisted Iridium (III)-Catalyzed C(sp2)-H Amidation of 2-Aroylimidazoles With Dioxazolones.

The Ir(III)-catalyzed ortho C-H amidation of 2-aroylimidazoles with 3-aryldioxazolones as an amidating reagent is reported. The method provides a broad substrate scope with wide functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies indicate that C-H bond cleavage is reversible and appears not to be the rate-determining step. The presence of an electron-donating group in the 2-aroylimidazoles and an electron-withdrawing group in the 3-aryldioxazoles significantly accelerates the reaction, suggesting that nitrene insertion is the rate-determining step.

Development of Wide-Compatible Indica Lines by Pyramiding Multiple Neutral Alleles of Indica-Japonica Hybrid Sterility Loci.

Since the development of indica hybrid rice in the 1970s, great success has been achieved in hybrid rice production in China and around the world. The utilization of inter-subspecific indica–japonica hybrid rice has always been considered due to its stronger heterosis characteristics. However, indica–japonica hybrids face a serious problem of sterility, which hinders the exploitation of their heterosis. In the past decades, the genetic basis of indica–japonica hybrid sterility has been well studied. It was found that in sterile indica–japonica hybrids, female sterility was mainly controlled by the S5 locus and male sterility by the Sa, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Se loci. In this study, we developed wide-compatible indica lines (WCILs) by pyramiding multiple neutral (n) alleles of the hybrid sterility loci. First, we identified Sn alleles of the loci in single-segment substitution lines (SSSLs) in the genetic background of indica Huajingxian 74 (HJX74). Then, the Sn alleles of S5, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Se loci in SSSLs were pyramided in the HJX74 genetic background. The WCILs carrying Sn alleles at the S5, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Se loci showed wide compatibility with indica and japonica rice varieties. Therefore, the WCILs will be used to develop inter-subspecific indica–japonica hybrid rice with normal fertility.

Photoinduced Merging with Copper‐ or Nickel‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Cyanoalkylarylation of 1,3‐Enynes to Access Multiple Functionalizatized Allenes in Batch and Continuous Flow

Comprehensive SummaryA three‐component reaction of 1,3‐enynes and cyclobutanone oxime esters in the presence of aryl boronic acids or organozinc reagents via the photoredox/copper or photoredox/nickel catalysis has been established. This redox‐neutral 1,4‐cyanoalkylarylation reaction has demonstrated mild condition, high catalytic reactivity and wide functional group compatibility, allowing access to a variety of functionalized tetra‐substituted allene derivatives with high chemo‐ and regioselectivity. Moreover, using photocatalytic continuous flow technique to promote this process would result in increased yields (70% in flow vs. 61% in batch), reduced reaction times (7 min in flow vs. 6 h in batch), and easy scale‐up (upgrade to gram scale), showcasing its potential as a synthetic platform.

Research on the Development Countermeasures of "Agricultural Products + Live Broadcast" E-Commerce Model

With the continuous maturity of 5G communication technology and mobile Internet technology, live broadcast e-commerce has ushered in an opportunity period of rapid growth. As a new play method and mode of e-commerce, it has wide applicability and compatibility. The combination of live e-commerce and agricultural products has opened a new journey of agricultural e-commerce. By tracing the origin of live broadcast e-commerce of agricultural products, this paper analyzes the development status and rise reasons of live broadcast e-commerce of agricultural products, and analyzes and compares the two "agricultural products + live broadcast " e-commerce types of live broadcast and live broadcast with goods. This paper probes into the advantages and difficulties of live broadcast e-commerce of agricultural products, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the healthy development of live broadcast e-commerce of agricultural products. We hope that these analyses can provide some help and reference for the benign development of live broadcast e-commerce mode of agricultural products.

Natural incidence of pathogenic fungi on stink bug pests in Argentinian rice paddies

AbstractEntomopathogenic fungi (EF) are important biocontrol agents due to their wide host range, easy application, and compatibility with phytosanitary products. Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are the most important rice pests in Argentina. Although there is information on the pathogenicity of EF against stink bug pests in rice fields, the natural incidence of EF, and especially their association with stink bug species and plant characteristics, is largely unexplored. The aims of this study were: (1) to monitor the natural incidence of EF on Pentatomidae pests in Argentinian rice paddies; (2) to assess the relationship between the incidence of EF, stink bug feeding guild, and rice cultivar; and (3) to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the EF recorded. Sampling was conducted in target rice fields throughout the rice‐growing season (2017–2018), during which adult individuals of Tibraca limbativentris Stål and Oebalus spp. were manually collected and visually examined for evidence of mycelial development. Of the 780 individuals examined, 182 infected individuals were recorded, from which 12 strains of EF were isolated and identified based on molecular characterization: three strains of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato (Bals.‐Criv.) Vuill., five of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (Metschn.) Sorokin, and four of Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa‐ard et al. (Hypocreales). The occurrence of the three EF species was significantly higher in stem‐feeding T. limbativentris than in seed‐feeding Oebalus spp., thus, differed between feeding guilds. For T. limbativentris, the occurrence of EF was higher when feeding on a short than on a tall rice variety, thus, differed between plant varieties. The results illustrate the potential of using native strains of EF in integrated management of stink bugs in rice.

Feature Mining: A Novel Training Strategy for Convolutional Neural Network

In this paper, we propose a novel training strategy named Feature Mining for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that aims to strengthen the network’s learning of the local features. Through experiments, we found that different parts of the feature contain different semantics, while the network will inevitably lose a large amount of local information during feedforward propagation. In order to enhance the learning of the local features, Feature Mining divides the complete feature into two complementary parts and reuses this divided feature to make the network capture different local information; we call the two steps Feature Segmentation and Feature Reusing. Feature Mining is a parameter-free method with a plug-and-play nature and can be applied to any CNN model. Extensive experiments demonstrated the wide applicability, versatility, and compatibility of our method.

IRMOF-3 Functionalized GO/CuFe2O4: A New and Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[2,3-c]Pyrazoles under Ultrasound Irradiations

In the present study, we reported a facile and cost-effective method for synthesizing magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles supported on IRMOF-3/GO [IRMOF-3/GO/CuFe2O4]. The prepared IRMOF-3/GO/CuFe2O4 was completely characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and elemental meapping. The synthesized nanocatalyst demonstrated high catalytic activity in the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles via a one-pot reaction of hydrazine hydrate, acetylene ester, aryl aldehydes, and malononitrile exposed to ultrasound irradiations. In comparison to formerly reported approaches, this protocol has various advantages including wide substrate compatibility, short reaction times, excellent yields, little catalyst loading, good reusability, and high efficiency. The catalyst was separated by simple filtration and after several rounds of reuse and recovery, the amount of activity in this catalytic system remained nearly constant.

Process-Recipe Development for Printing of Multilayer Circuitry With Z-Axis Interconnects Using Aerosol-Jet Printed Dielectric Vias

Abstract Flexible electronics is emerging as a new consumer-industry phenomenon. The promise of additively printed flexible electronics has sparked interest in a detailed understanding of the parameters and interactions of the printing process with the realized performance. Aerosol Jet printing technology has garnered increased interest, owing to a noncontact nature of print process and the high standoff allowing for printing on nonplanar surfaces. Prior efforts with aerosol-jet printing have focused on single-layer substrates. The current efforts focus on higher end printed circuit boards designs, which may need multilayers, with multilayer stacking of interconnections and z-axis connections through vias. The results presented in the paper attempt to address the need for process recipes for multilayer circuits and z-axis interconnects. Aerosol printing method has been shown to have wide compatibility with wide array of inks such as silver, copper, and carbon. Realization of high-volume scale-up of the process needs process recipes with statistical assessment of process stability and variance. In this paper, z-axis interconnects have been realized with the help of Aerosol printable silver ink and dielectric polyimide ink. The interaction of the sintering profile and the realized conductivity and shear load value of the printed conductive metal layers has been presented for each of the additional layers. Additive build-up processes may need successive exposure to temperature for the purpose of sintering. The downstream-printed conductive lines would undergo different sintering conditions and would then be tested for parameters such as interconnect resistance and shear load to failure. This paper explores the printing of multilayer up to eight conductive layers. Sintering profile for lower resistance per unit length and higher shear load to failure was tested.

Functionalized 12µm Polyethylene Separator to Realize Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition toward Highly Stable Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Direct application of metallic lithium (Li) as the anode in rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is still hindered by some annoying issues such as lithium dendrites formation, low Coulombic efficiency, and safety concerns arising therefrom. Herein, an advanced composite separator is prepared by facilely blade coating lightweight and thin functional layers on commercial 12 µm polyethylene separator to stabilize the Li anode. The composite separator simultaneously improves the Li ion transport and lithium deposition behaviors with uniform lithium ion distribution properties, enabling the dendrite‐free Li deposition. As a result, the lithium anode can stably cycle up to 3000 cycles with the high capacity of 3.5 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the composite separator exhibits wide compatibility in LMBs (Li–S and Li‐ion battery) and delivers stable cycling performance and high Coulombic efficiency both in coin and lab‐level soft‐pack cells. Thus, this cost‐effective modification strategy exhibits great application potential in high‐energy LMBs.

Free Radical Cascade Carbochloromethylations of Activated Alkenes.

Free radical carbochloromethylations of ortho-cyanoarylacrylamides and N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides have been developed by employing simple alkyl chlorides as the chloromethyl source. The transformations are characterized by wide functional group compatibility and utilizing readily available reagents, thus providing efficient methods for constructing polychloromethyl-substituted quinoline-2,4-diones and α-aryl-β-polychloromethylated amides.

Salt‐Stabilized Silylzinc Pivalates for Nickel‐Catalyzed Carbosilylation of Alkenes

AbstractWe herein report the preparation of solid and salt‐stabilized silylzinc pivalates from the corresponding silyllithium reagents via transmetalation with Zn(OPiv)2. These resulting organosilylzinc pivalates show enhanced air and moisture stability and unique reactivity in the silylative difunctionalization of alkenes. Thus, a practical chelation‐assisted nickel‐catalyzed regioselective alkyl and benzylsilylation of alkenes has been developed, which provides an easy method to access alkyl silanes with broad substrate scope and wide functional group compatibility. Kinetic experiments highlight that the OPiv‐coordination is crucial to improve the reactivity of silylzinc pivalates. Furthermore, late‐stage functionalizations of druglike molecules and versatile modifications of the products illustrate the synthetical utility of this protocol.

Salt-Stabilized Silylzinc Pivalates for Nickel-Catalyzed Carbosilylation of Alkenes.

We herein report the preparation of solid and salt-stabilized silylzinc pivalates from the corresponding silyllithium reagents via transmetalation with Zn(OPiv)2 . These resulting organosilylzinc pivalates show enhanced air and moisture stability and unique reactivity in the silylative difunctionalization of alkenes. Thus, a practical chelation-assisted nickel-catalyzed regioselective alkyl and benzylsilylation of alkenes has been developed, which provides an easy method to access alkyl silanes with broad substrate scope and wide functional group compatibility. Kinetic experiments highlight that the OPiv-coordination is crucial to improve the reactivity of silylzinc pivalates. Furthermore, late-stage functionalizations of druglike molecules and versatile modifications of the products illustrate the synthetical utility of this protocol.

Gold-Catalyzed Cyclization of Ynones Involving cis-Hydrofunctionalizations: Rapid Assembly of C-, O-, or S-Functionalized Pyrroles by a Single Methodology.

A gold-catalyzed cyclization of conjugated ynones with various nucleophiles such as indoles, alcohols, and thiols has been developed. The reaction provides a new and efficient protocol for the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles with wide versatility and functional group compatibility. Remarkably, for indolyl, alkoxy, or sulfenyl pyrroles, all could be constructed efficiently by this single methodology. In addition, cis-hydrofunctionalizations of ynones are involved in these reactions.

Alkali-Induced In Situ Formation of Amorphous NixFe1-x(OH)2 from a Linear [M3(COO)6]-Based MOF Template for Overall Electrochemical Water Splitting.

Amorphous and bifunctional electrocatalysts based on 3d transition metals tend to exhibit better performance than their crystalline counterparts and are a promising choice for efficient overall water splitting yet far from being well explored. A 3,6-net metal-organic framework (MOF) of [Ni3(bpt)2(DMF)2(H2O)2]·1.5DMF (Ni-MOF), based on linear [Ni3(COO)6] as a node and [1,1'-biphenyl]-3,4',5-tricarboxylic acid (H3bpt) as a linker, was conveniently prepared via a hydrothermal reaction. Benefitting from the wide compatibility of the octahedral coordination geometry in Ni-MOF for different 3d metal ions, the molecular level and controllable metal doping facilitates the production of the desired Ni/Fe bimetallic MOF. A high-concentration alkali solution of 1 M KOH induced the in situ transformation of the MOF as a precursor to new amorphous electrocatalysts of [Ni(OH)2(H2O)0.6]·H2O [a-Ni(OH)2] and its metal-doped derivatives of a-Ni0.77Fe0.23(OH)2 and a-Ni0.65Fe0.35(OH)2. In particular, the costly organic ligand H3bpt was fully dissolved in the alkaline solution and can be recovered for cyclic utilization by subsequent acidification. The obtained amorphous hydroxide was deduced to be loose and defective layers containing both coordinated and lattice water based on combined characterizations of TG, IR, Raman, XPS, and sorption analysis. As opposed to the crystalline counterpart of Ni(OH)2 with stacked packing layers and an absent lattice water, the abundant catalytic active sites of the amorphous electrocatalyst endow good performance in both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The bifunctional a-Ni0.65Fe0.35(OH)2 coated on nickel foam realizes small overpotentials of 247 and 99 mV for OER and HER, respectively, under a current density of 10 mA cm-2, which can work with a cell voltage of merely 1.60 V for overall water splitting. This study provides an efficient strategy for widely screening and preparing new functional amorphous materials for electrocatalytic application.

An Approach to Vinylidenequinazolines from Isoxazoles and Dioxazolones.

An effective strategy for the synthesis of vinylidenequinazolines has been efficaciously developed, which involves Rh(III)-assisted C-H amidation followed by ring-opening and intramolecular annulation. This protocol shows a straightforward way to construct diverse quinazoline units with a wide functional group compatibility from readily available isoxazoles and dioxazolones.

Visible-Light-Induced, Palladium-Catalyzed 1,4-Difunctionalization of 1,3-Dienes with Bromodifluoroacetamides.

A highly modular 1,4-difunctionalization of 1,3-dienes with bromodifluoroacetamides and sulfinates/amines through a photoinduced palladium-catalyzed radical relay process is described herein. This developed protocol offers a facile and general route to access a variety of value-added CF2-incorporated alkenes in moderate to good yields. The versatility and flexibility of this approach have been well illustrated by readily accessible starting materials, synthetic convenience, and wide functional group compatibility.

Transition-Metal-Free Photoredox Phosphonation of Aryl C-N and C-X Bonds in Aqueous Solvent Mixtures.

Herein, we present an efficient and mild methodology for the synthesis of aromatic phosphonate esters in good to excellent yields using 10H-phenothiazine, an inexpensive commodity chemical, as a photoredox catalyst. The reaction exhibits wide functional group compatibility enabling the transformation in the presence of ketone, amide, ester, amine, and alcohol moieties. Importantly, the reaction proceeds using a green solvent mixture primarily composed of water, thus lowering the environmental footprint of this transformation compared to current methods. The transformation also proceeds under atmospheric conditions, which further differentiates it from current methods that require inert atmosphere. Mechanistic work using fluorescence quenching experiments and radical trapping approaches support the proposed mechanism.

Modular automation cabinet for proactive monitoring in ATEX Zone 2

The paper presents an automation system dedicated to oil & gas machinery applications, such as electrical gas compressors. The future aim is to introduce it into the Romanian oil & gas industry. The system consists of a low size cabinet and its dependencies, which can be used in ATEX Zone 2. The electronic equipment is dimensioned and chosen according to the standards in force, so that the limited current and voltage requirements for methane gas to be met. The key feature is that this system complies with all ATEX standards for Zone 2. Moreover, it can also be a mobile and modular solution if needed, for a versatile and easy use in proactive monitoring of multiple locations across various compressor plants. The design, wireless transmission and possible implementation of this cabinet are presented. Remote data transmission via Wi-Fi and RS-485 communication interfaces between the devices is considered, due to several advantages: mobility, versatility, wide compatibility, environmentally friendly, as well as higher resources efficiency (reducing time and costs).