Wholesale Market Research Articles

Chance-Constrained Pre-Contingency Joint Self- Scheduling of Energy and Reserve in VPP

With the increasing penetration of primarily inertia-less distributed energy resources, allowable delay in the fast frequency reserve provision to ensure marginal stability condition can become comparable with the requisite dead-time for fast-switching in a radial power distribution system (PDS) connected to the transmission system. Consequently, the prevailing short-duration load-generation imbalance might propagate as system-wide frequency excursion in the future power system, which traditionally has not been observed. Furthermore, during the fast-switching, some of the fast-acting reserve (FAR) providing local generators remain inaccessible to the bulk power system (BPS). This work has answered the questions of requisite reserve requirements to cater to such events through efficient energy and FAR provision joint-scheduling. Stochasticity of fast-switching, with temporary faults as a use-case, requires modeling of load-generation imbalance and local resource unavailability, vis-á-vis FAR requirement problem, as a chance-constraint. Due to the limited visibility at the BPS level, PDS operators must ensure sufficient FAR availability for a given confidence level of the chance-constraint. Individual chance-constraints are used to ensure mathematical simplicity. Here, the PDS is operated as a virtual power plant (VPP), where the operator can procure resources locally or from the wholesale market with the aim of profit maximization before the contingency occurs. Results show that FAR requirements can influence the local energy schedule and raise energy costs. Furthermore, the confidence level of the chance-constraint can impact overall profitability, and FAR should be scheduled carefully. Comparative analysis with a modified benchmark IEEE 33-node radial test system and a 98-node test system shows the superior performance of the proposed approach. The impact of the limited available FAR is also demonstrated.

The Network Structure of the Wholesale Market Systems in the Tohoku Region

The Network Structure of the Wholesale Market Systems in the Tohoku Region

Impact of Wholesale Market Relocation on the Wholesale Trade Volume of Seafood Products

Impact of Wholesale Market Relocation on the Wholesale Trade Volume of Seafood Products

Биржи в структуре энергетического рынка: новый взгляд

The paper offers a systematized and updated view of exchange-traded energy products. The increase in natural gas and electricity trade volumes at commodity exchanges has dramatically changed the wholesale market structure in Europe. Nowadays commodity exchanges have played an essential role in energy trading. The complexity of exchange technologies and the reasons for their demand are often hidden under everyday exchange routine. Academic analysis of exchange activity has traditionally been feebly developed, because, firstly, classical economics assumes that finding of equilibrium between supply and demand is an instantaneous and cost-free process. Markets were mainly described as simple market exchanges where faceless buyers and sellers meet for an instant to exchange standardized goods at equilibrium prices. Secondly, energy exchanges are relatively new phenomenon. The justification of exchange trading became possible as a result of new institutional economics (NIE) and transaction cost theory (TCT) findings. Under conditions of positive transaction costs, incomplete foresight and bounded rationality – the conditions of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) – the institutional framework not only of firms but also of markets matters. Also, within this institutional framework the concept of “governance structure” was introduced. A high-performance system shall align transactions with governance structures in relation to their adaptive needs. Governance structures are properly regarded as part of the optimization problem. A shift from one structure to another may permit a simultaneous reduction in both the expense of writing a complex contract and the expense of executing it effectively in an adaptive, sequential way. The founders of NIE and TCT, having been investigating the stock and commodity exchanges, approached them as a measure of transaction costs for other-the-counter trades. However, they did not include exchange trading into classification of governance structures. As far as is known, it has not been described in this way in terms of NIE and TCT to date. Natural gas and electricity markets is a good examples of network industries, which are an appropriate case of institutional flexibility regarding the alignment between transactions and governance structures. “Liberalised” network industries needed and still need an “intense” design and re-design to be able to host any kind of markets and to interact with. Organized markets, energy exchanges have developed a required bridge between leaving long-term contracts and price promulgation. The hypothesis of energy exchange classification as a special type of governance structure, in the meaning of NIE and TCT, for network industries is discussed in this article.

РАЗВИТИЕ ОПТОВОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ

Wholesale trade plays an important role in the organization of product distribution channels in the Russian consumer market. The ongoing processes of digitalization have an impact on all spheres of the Russian economy, of which wholesale trade is an organic part. The article examines the subtleties of this transformation, the factors contributing to the introduction of digital technologies in the industry, the problems faced by enterprises during this transition, and the potential long-term benefits of digital integration in the Russian wholesale market. The article pays special attention to the organization of effective channels of interaction with consumers. The author explores various digital tools and strategies used in wholesale trade, from e-commerce platforms and digital logistics to inventory management based on artificial intelligence, radically changing the landscape of wholesale trade in Russia.

A simple way to integrate distributed storage into a wholesale electricity market

Current plans to decarbonize the electric supply system imply that the generation from wind and solar sources will grow substantially. This growth will increase the uncertainty of system operations due to the inherent variability of these renewable sources, and as a result, more reserve capacity will be required to provide the ramping (flexibility) needed for reliable operations. This paper assumes that all of the increased uncertainty comes from wind farms on the grid, and it shows how distributed storage managed locally by aggregators can provide the ramping needed without introducing a separate market for flexibility. This can be accomplished when the aggregators minimize the expected daily cost of the energy purchased from the grid for their customers by submitting optimal bids into the wholesale market with high and low price thresholds for discharging and charging the storage. This model is illustrated using a stochastic multi-period security constrained optimal power flow together with realistic data for a reduction of the network in the Northeast Power Coordinating Council region of the United States. The results show that the bidding strategy for distributed storage provides ramping to the grid just as effectively as storage managed by a system operator.

부분육 온라인 거래소 참여 및 거래량 결정요인

To revitalize the wholesale market function, the government intends to establish an online livestock product exchange platform, promoting online trading for cuts of meat. We surveyed 110 meat processing companies nationwide to assess factors affecting the willingness to participate in online trading of cuts of meat and trading volume, using the sequence of Heckman, Logit, and Tobit models. Favorable online trading experience, short operation time, limited workforce, and minimal meat procurement boosted the willingness to participate in the online trading. High carcass auction satisfaction and distribution/sales challenges also increased the willingness to participate and transaction volume. This implies that a company's willingness to engage in the online trading of cuts of meat may be influenced by its perception of challenges stemming from a lack of experience in livestock product auction and variations in the company's size and business history.

Evaluating biogas potential of organic fraction of wholesale market wastes in New Delhi, India: anaerobic co-digestion with sewage sludge and cattle manure

Evaluating biogas potential of organic fraction of wholesale market wastes in New Delhi, India: anaerobic co-digestion with sewage sludge and cattle manure

What we can and cannot learn from SARS-CoV-2 and animals in metagenomic samples from the Huanan market.

While the exact context of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 remains uncertain, data accumulated since 2020 have provided an increasingly more precise picture of Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, to which the earliest clusters of human cases of Covid-19 were linked. After the market closed on January 1st 2020, teams from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention collected environmental samples, and sequenced them. Metagenomic sequencing data from these samples were shared in early 2023. These data confirmed that non-human animals susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 were present in the market before it closed, but also that these animals were located in the side of the market with most human cases, and in a corner with comparatively more SARS-CoV-2-positive environmental samples. The environmental samples were however collected after abundant human-to-human transmission had taken place in the market, precluding any identification of a non-human animal host. Jesse Bloom recently investigated associations between SARS-CoV-2 and non-human animals, concluding that the data failed to indicate whether non-human animals were infected by SARS-CoV-2, despite this being an already acknowledged limitation of the data. Here I explain why a correlation analysis could not confidently conclude which hosts(s) may have shed SARS-CoV-2 in the market, and I rebut the suggestion that such analyses had been encouraged. I show that Bloom's investigation ignores the temporal and spatial structure of the data, which led to incorrect interpretations. Finally, I show that criteria put forward by Bloom to identify the host(s) that shed environmental SARS-CoV-2 would also exclude humans. Progress on the topic of SARS-CoV-2's origin requires a clear distinction between scientific studies and news articles (mis)interpreting them.

A trilevel programming model for the coordination of wholesale and local distribution markets considering GENCOs and proactive customers

Implementing local distribution markets has been pointed out to simultaneously deal with proactive customer bids and coordinate their power dispatch. However, the impacts of such coordination in the transmission system are usually disregarded. Additionally, proposals that aim to coordinate the operation of distribution and transmission systems usually regard the distribution system operator as a strategic price-maker in the wholesale market, while other wholesale market agents with similar market power are not. In this paper, we propose a trilevel programming framework in which the wholesale market is modeled in the upper level, the wholesale market agents, namely generation and distribution companies, are characterized in the middle level, and the distribution-connected proactive customers are considered in the lower level. The resulting formulation allows the incorporation of multiple agents in any of the markets without the need to change the solving technique. Furthermore, the energy market clearing processes regard every agent participating in the same market at the same hierarchy. A formulation to enforce uniform energy prices is proposed to overcome the inaccessibility to marginal prices under the proposed framework. Numerical results are presented for a power system composed of distribution and transmission networks with multiple independent agents to validate the proposed approach.

A market framework to exploit the multi-energy operating reserve of smart energy hubs in the integrated electricity-gas systems

Faced with increasing uncertainties in the integrated electricity and gas system (IEGS), the multi-energy operating reserve(MOR), i.e., extra electric and gas reserve capacity, is becoming vitally important to guarantee the reliable operation of the system. Smart energy hubs(SEHs) located at the demand side of the IEGS can adjust their electricity and gas consumption through energy substitution, which has great potential to provide the MOR. Current studies mainly concentrate on the energy trading mechanism among different SEHs in the energy-only market, which may not effectively incentivize SEHs to provide MOR for system operation. Besides, due to the limited energy capacity, SEHs cannot directly participate in the wholesale reserve market along with other large-capacity resources, e.g., power plants and gas wells. To address these, a two-stage market framework is proposed for exploiting the multi-energy operating reserve of SEHs. In the first stage, the wholesale market is cleared considering the participation of large-capacity resources to determine the clearing results of MOR. Based on the results, an energy-loss-cost calculation model is developed to measure the value of the specific MOR level. By altering the reserve requirements, the values of different MOR levels can be accordingly calculated to formulate the multi-energy operating reserve demand surface(MOR-DS), which can quantify varying MOR values with different levels of the reserve. With the MOR-DS describing the price elasticity of the MOR, a distributed MOR clearing mechanism is developed in the second stage to determine the quantity and price of the reserve from SEHs. The clearing mechanism is constructed as a distributed optimization model considering optimal collaboration among different SEHs. Case studies verify that the proposed market framework can effectively stimulate SEHs to provide MOP through economic incentives, which can realize the reliability improvement of IEGS and the revenue increase of SEHs.

Towards Sustainable Integration: Techno-Economic Analysis and Future Perspectives of Co-Located Wind and Hydrogen Energy Systems

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive study that focuses on the techno-economic analysis of co-located wind and hydrogen energy integration within an integrated energy system (IES). The research investigates four distinct cases, each exploring various configurations of wind farms, electrolyzers, batteries, hydrogen storage tanks, and fuel cells. To obtain optimal results, the study employs a sophisticated mathematical optimization model formulated as a mixed-integer linear program. This model helps determine the most suitable component sizes and hourly energy scheduling patterns. The research utilizes historical meteorological data and wholesale market prices from diverse regions as inputs, enhancing the study’s applicability and relevance across different geographical locations. Moreover, sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess the impact of hydrogen prices, regional wind profiles, and potential future fluctuations in component prices. These analyses provide valuable insights into the robustness and flexibility of the proposed IES configurations under varying market conditions and uncertainties. The findings reveal cost-effective system configurations, strategic component selections, and implications of future energy scenarios. Specifically comparing to configurations that only have wind and battery combinations, we find that incorporating an electrolyzer results in a 7% reduction in the total cost of the IES, and utilizing hydrogen as the storage medium for fuel cells leads to a 26% cost reduction. Additionally, the IES with hybrid hydrogen and battery energy storage achieves even higher and stable power output. This research facilitates decision-making, risk mitigation, and optimized investment strategies, fostering sustainable planning for a resilient and environmentally friendly energy future.

Comparative Life Cycle Environmental Impact Assessment of Fruit and Vegetable Waste Valorization by Anaerobic Digestion as an Alternative in a Mediterranean Market

Landfilling and incineration are the most widely used methods for the management and treatment of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) in Mediterranean markets, despite their potential environmental impact. A comparative life cycle assessment was conducted in this study to evaluate the environmental improvements from replacing the current landfill disposal method for FVW management and treatment in the wholesale market of Amman (Jordan) with an integrated anaerobic digestion process followed by composting. The proposed FVW treatment scenario is the best treatment option for all the assessed impact categories under the system expansion approach. Significant reductions in global warming and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts categories would be achieved, reaching up to 322% and 352%, respectively, when compared to the current treatment scenario. Furthermore, the higher production of electrical energy (413%), as well as the production of co-products that would avoid the production of 100 kg/d of inorganic fertilizers, would contribute to such a low value of avoided impacts.

A Novel Dynamic Li-Ion Battery Model for the Aggregated Charging of EVs

Implementing successful aggregated charging strategies for electric vehicles to participate in the wholesale market requires an accurate battery model that can operate at scale while capturing critical battery dynamics. Existing models either lack precision or pose computational challenges for fleet-level coordination. To our knowledge, most of the literature widely adopts battery models that neglect critical battery polarization dynamics favoring scalability over accuracy, donated as constant power models (CPMs). Thus, this paper proposes a novel linear battery model (LBM) intended specifically for use in aggregated charging strategies. The LBM considers battery dynamics through a linear representation, addressing the limitations of existing models while maintaining scalability. The model dynamic behavior is evaluated for the four commonly used lithium-ion chemistries in EVs: lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). The results showed that the LBM closely matches the high-fidelity Thevenin equivalent circuit model (Th-ECM) with substantially improved accuracy over the CPM, especially at higher charging rates. Finally, a case study was carried out for bidding in the wholesale energy market, which proves the ability of the model to scale.

Implications of Growing Wind and Solar Penetration in Retail Electricity Markets with Gradual Demand Response

Time-of-use pricing in retail electricity markets implies that wholesale market scarcity becomes easily communicated to end consumers. Yet, it is not well-understood if and how the price formation process in retail electricity markets will help to reward the demand for operational flexibility due to growth in intermittent generation. To contribute to this discussion, this paper develops a partial equilibrium model of the retail electricity market calibrated to Chinese data. The paper finds that tariffs in this market may not be significantly suppressed by growth in near-zero costs renewable sources when controlling for flexibility restrictions on thermal generation assets and when a significant curtailment of variable renewable resources exists in the market. In addition, it shows that the price formation process in retail electricity markets which controls for flexibility restrictions on thermal generation while allowing for consumers to respond slowly to price changes is a feasible strategy to reward the demand for operational flexibility. Finally, the paper reveals that while integrating intermittent generation beyond levels which the available storage capacities can accommodate may result in losses to producers, benefits to consumers may offset these losses, leading to overall welfare gains.

Investigation on microplastics in some bivalves at Binh Dien Market in Hochiminh City, Vietnam

Microplastics (MPs) and their risk to living things and human health have been attained a lot of attention worldwide. Reports on the MPs in mollusks used as seafood are being increased in all continents. However, the information is limited in Vietnam. This study aimed to identify the quantitative presence of MPs in three bivalves (Anadara granosa, Meretrix lyrata, and Ensidens sp.) in Hochiminh City which are popularly used as daily seafood by local residents. Samples of the bivalves were bought biweekly from the wholesale market Binh Dien, Hochiminh City, from February to April 2022. All three bivalve species were found with fiber MPs in their tissues. The concentrations of MPs (mean ± standard deviation) were 8.9 ± 5.4 items/individual (idv), and 4.2 ± 3.2 items/gram wet weight (g ww) in the A. granosa; 6.4 ± 2.6 items/idv, and 1.1 ± 0.4 items/g ww in the M. lyrata; and 5.9 ± 2.8 items/idv, and 0.7 ± 0.3 items/g ww in the Ensidens sp. The shorter length the fiber MPs were, the higher concentration they were, in the samples. Eight different colors of MPs in the bivalves were observed including blue, black, red, yellow, green, white, pink and grey in which the blue color was dominant in the samples. Chemical analysis with the fourier transform infrared microspectroscope revealed that 50% of fibers were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE) and rayon. This study firstly reported the MPs in the Ensidens sp. and the A. granosa (as items/ g ww). The total fiber intake from the three bivalve consumption was approximately 3,992 items per person per year. The presence of MPs in the bivalves used as food in Hochiminh City possesses a health risk to local people who commonly consume them as daily food. Further insight studies on the effects of MPs from food on human health in Hochiminh City are suggested.

Fish Marketing in Salah Al-Din Governorate for the 2022 Productions (Tikrit District as a Model)

The research mainly aims to study fish marketing in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit district for the year (2022) by measuring marketing costs, marketing margins, and the share of the producer, wholesaler, and retailer from the distribution of consumer dinars, Calculate marketing efficiency and know the level of competence for each of the producer, intermediaries, wholesalers, and retailers, and find strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities through (SWOT) analysis, A stratified random sample was selected in the study area consisting of (73) fish producers in the district, and the information related to the study was collected through the questionnaire that was designed for producers. Then, information on camel traders was collected through a questionnaire distributed to (25) wholesale market traders, and then information on retail traders was collected through a questionnaire number (25) distributed to retail market traders. The marketing costs of the product, wholesalers, and retailers, respectively, amounted to (1090, 746.1, 235.75) dinars/kg, and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the wholesaler and the producer amounted to (1250) dinars/kg (23.8%), and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the retailer and the merchant Total (1750) dinars/kg (25%), And between the retailer and the producer, it amounted to (3000) dinars/kg (42%), and the share of the producer, the wholesaler, and the retailer in consumer dinars, respectively, was (57.15%), (17.85%), (25%,)As for the marketing efficiency, according to the first scale, it reached (62.26%), and the marketing efficiency according to the second scale, in the three stages of the product and wholesale, amounted to (73.22%), retail and wholesale, it amounted to (66.14%), and finally, for retail and product, it was (53.25%). As for marketing efficiency according to the third scale, it amounted to (21.59%). We conclude from this that there is a difference in marketing efficiency according to the three formulas because of the difference in prices, production, and marketing costs, The study recommends giving importance to scientific research for fish in terms of production, costs and marketing because of its nutritional importance and the provision of job opportunities and a comprehensive study of the fish market in Salah Governorate and seizing opportunities and avoiding potential risks and identifying needs and requirements and identifying products required for consumers because of their importance in increasing production efficiency, marketing and consumption optimal allocation of resources, achieving stability and encouraging growth.

Income analysis of turmeric marketing in Onitsha agricultural zone, Anambra state, Nigeria

The study examined income analysis of turmeric marketing in Onitsha agricultural zone, Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, it described the socioeconomic characteristics, profitability, economic efficiency, and constraints of turmeric marketing. Multistage and sample random sampling methods were used to select 160 intermediaries 80 wholesalers and 80 retailers for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, enterprise Budgeting, Shepherd-Futrell techniques, and relative index techniques. Findings from socioeconomic characteristics revealed that the turmeric market is dominated by males mostly at wholesale marketing than women (60.00%) showing signs of gender sensitivity at different levels in the study area. Findings from the profitability of turmeric marketing showed that for every 1 Naira invested in the business, wholesalers returned 24 kobo while retailers returned 1.61 kobo. The result of the analyses revealed that both the wholesalers and retailers did not attain efficiency of 100% in the marketing of turmeric implying the existence of good level of inefficiencies among the actors (wholesalers and retailers). The level of inefficiency was higher (80.29%) among the wholesalers than the retailers (38.3%) implying that the retailers were more efficient in the marketing of turmeric than the wholesalers. The findings on constraints showed that online marketing, transportation and taxes, and LGA charges were the most perceived constraints on the wholesale level while on the retail level were online marketing, irregularity of market days, and insufficient start-up capital. Marketers should be encouraged to learn the act of on-line marketing to avoid being left out in modern trading and soft loan and grants should be made available for genuine marketers for efficient marketing were recommended.

A Holistic P2P market for active and reactive energy trading in VPPs considering both financial benefits and network constraints

Due to the rise of distributed energy resources (DERs), virtual power plants (VPPs) have gained intensive academic and industrial attention. While current centralized VPPs benefit from their large aggregated capacity in the wholesale market, they lack effective incentivizing participants for asset investment and market participation. Conversely, the peer-to-peer (P2P) market offers better profits for prosumers through direct trading; however, transactions hinge on approval from associated authorities, such as electricity retailers, who read their power meters. Such an approval procedure becomes complex, even impossible, when more retailers are involved. Hosting the P2P market in a VPP environment can conveniently resolve this issue. This paper proposes a novel holistic P2P (H-P2P) market model hosted in a VPP environment to provide the VPP participants with financial incentives and optimize the network and market operations simultaneously. The proposed new market structure and trade principle allow the proposed H-P2P market to trade active and reactive energies for both financial benefits and network constraints. Using the novel transactive voltage/VAR control (TVVC) method proposed in this paper, the reactive energy trading through the P2P market can support effective voltage regulation and incentivize the VPP participants to provide such voltage control ancillary services actively. Finally, a novel multi-stage P2P negotiation process is introduced to divide the VPP regulatory, active and reactive energy convergence stages, which allows faster P2P decision-making with improved computing efficiency than the conventional multi-period alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The case study validates that the proposed H-P2P market can increase the financial incentives of the prosumers who install PVs and batteries by a large extent and the pure load units by a relatively smaller percentage.

The Biochemistry and Pathology Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019

Coronavirus Disease 2019 started appeared in December 2019 China’s, Hubei Province, Wuhan. During the following three months, it spread rapidly to numerous provinces in China and transversely the world. The initial bunch was epidemiologically associated with a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan. Many essential aspects of the pathogenesis, pathology, and pathophysiology of SARS- CoV2 have not yet clear. Here, we offer a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry Characteristics and histopathological results present in various organs and cells and the pathophysiology. In this review we found many damage in some organic system, such as pulmonary edema with hyaline membrane formation, desquamation and hyperplasia of pneumocytes, proteinaceous in Respiratory tract, spleen atrophic, degeneration and focal necrosis of hepatocytes, Esophageal, stomach and bowel in digestive tract. Degenerated or necrosed myocardial cells in Heart. Degeneration and shedding of renal tubules epithelial cells, hyaline casts in Kidneys and other organs.