White Shrimp Research Articles

Artemia biomass: A functional live maturation feed for Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus broodstock, and its culture prospective under diverse management regime

Artemia biomass production in a controlled biosecure system can be popularised in inland or coastal areas where accessibility to saltpan is limited. Against this background, four sets of experiments were executed to optimize different management regimes in Artemia biomass production, and to explore its role as a maturation diet for Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus. In experiment, I, Artemia biomass production was carried out in autotrophic (microalgae, TA), heterotrophic (TH), and mixotrophic (TMX) rearing systems for 18 days. Experiment II was conducted to evaluate Artemia biomass production under diverse salinity regimes (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppt), and in experiment III, the effect of varying stocking densities of Artemia (300, 600, 1200, and 1800 nos L−1) in production was attempted. In experiment IV, the role of adult Artemia (live, frozen, and hormone-enriched) as a maturation diet for P. indicus (36.40 ± 0.3 g) was explored, and the sex steroid profile of adult Artemia was compared with other fresh maturation feeds (polychaete, clam, and squid). At the end of Exp 1, significantly higher (P < 0.05) yields were recorded in mixotrophic (1.30 ± 0.95 kg m−3) and heterotrophic groups, (1.22 ± 0.15 kg m−3) compared with autotrophic units (0.36 ± 0.47 kg m−3). However, omega 3 fatty acids (13.92 ± 0.73%) were highest in the autotrophic system compared to TMX (11.97 ± 0.84%) and TH (8.71 ± 0.31%). In Exp II, the highest (p < 0.05) production (1.52 ± 0.13 kg m−3) was recorded at 50 ppt followed by 40 ppt (1.29 ± 0.08 kg m−3) and the lowest at 10 ppt (0.54 ± 0.01 kg m−3). The highest egg-bearing population (%) was recorded at 40 ppt (30.47 ± 3.09%) followed by 30 ppt (12.63 ± 0.82%) and 50 ppt (9.29 ± 0.80%) while none of the Artemia got matured at lower salinity treatments. The stocking density-dependent inverse relation (p < 0.01) in survival (17–67%) was registered among the treatments in Exp III with no variation (p < 0.05) in total productivity (1.26 to 1.10 kg m−3). At the end of Exp IV, 100 ± 0, 87.5 ± 7.2, and 46.6 ± 3.3% of the broodstock fed with enriched, live, and frozen Artemia had matured ovaries, respectively. A comparative analysis of sex steroids in Artemia and other fresh broodstock feeds revealed the highest (p < 0.01) 17-β-estradiol level in polychaete (998 ± 33 pg 100 mg) followed by Artemia (519 ± 28 pg 100 mg−1), clam (195 ± 29 pg 100 mg −1) and squid (61 ± 10.69 pg 100 mg−1). The study indicated mixotrophic system with 300 no L−1 density at 40 ppt can yield the optimal highest production with a better nutritional profile and higher matured population. This strongly suggests the flexibility of mixotrophic-based culture units compared with a single food source system. The presence of sex steroids in adult Artemia provides its scope as a quality fresh maturation diet and can open new vistas for its wide acceptability as SPF live maturation diet for commercial shrimp hatcheries.

PvGeneExpDB: An integrative gene expression database for in-depth understanding on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a high-valued economic farming species. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, cumulative large-scale transcriptomic studies have been revealing molecular landscape of various biological conditions including genetic selection, breeding, evolution, disease landscape, etc. However, no single experiment or databases allow thorough investigations of transcriptomic dynamics for these progressions. Meanwhile, the available datasets are often scattered and lack management. Here, we have established PvGeneExpDB, the first gene expression database for L. vannamei (www.bio-marine-scau.com/pv_ex/), which encompasses gene expression profiles, differential expression, and co-expression analyses under various biological conditions. Based on the analyses of 7 datasets, which include 53 samples with accurate and detailed records, PvGeneExpDB identifies 20,599 novel transcripts, shows expression profiles of a total of 20,817 genes, and implements Gene Ontology (GO) reconstruction of 76.7 % of these genes. Besides, 26 co-expressed groups were first identified by large-scale, cross-sample Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). By integrating the gene expression data in the database, our goal is to deepen the biological understanding of L. vannamei.

Draft genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis strain 3TSA-3, a potential probiotic for Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei postlarvae isolated from commercial hatchery tanks.

We report the draft genome of Bacillus velezensis strain 3TSA-3, isolated from Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei postlarvae collected from a hatchery tank with high survival despite the presence of pathogenic Vibrio. The strain possesses genes encoding bacteriocins and lacks virulence factor genes, characteristics for a potential aquaculture probiotic.

Aurantiochytrium sp. Meal as Feed Additive for Pacific White Shrimp Reared under Low Temperature and Challenged by WSSV in Association with Thermal Stress

A study was conducted to test the inclusion of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal in the rearing of Penaeus vannamei grown in a clear water system and at a suboptimal temperature of 22 °C. The doses tested were 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and 4% at a stocking density of 100 shrimp/m3. Rearing was carried out with aeration and individual heaters, and seawater temperature was controlled with a chiller. After nine weeks, shrimp were weighed and hemolymph was collected for hemato-immunological tests, and growth performance were calculated. Shrimp raised at 22 °C and fed a 1% of dietary supplementation of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal were superior in immunological parameters. After the dietary assay, a total of 42 shrimps (10.9 ± 0.06 g) per treatment were infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). They were orally infected with 2.6 ± 106 virus particles per g of the animal, maintained at a suboptimal temperature of 22 °C for 108 h, and acclimated to an optimal temperature of 28 °C for an additional 48 h. At 7 days post infection, surviving shrimp were collected for hemato-immunological analysis. Cumulative mortality results showed that shrimp fed diets containing 3% and 4% Aurantiochytrium sp. meal had higher survival than other treatments when challenged with WSSV.

Stock assessment of white shrimp &lt;i&gt;Pasiphaea japonica&lt;/i&gt; in Toyama Bay using a continuous recruitment model

Stock assessment of white shrimp &lt;i&gt;Pasiphaea japonica&lt;/i&gt; in Toyama Bay using a continuous recruitment model

Rapidly increased greenhouse gas emissions by Pacific white shrimp aquacultural intensification and potential solutions for mitigation in China

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) plays a crucial role in global aquaculture, contributing significantly to farmed shrimp production, with China being a major contributor. In the last two decades, China's production of farmed L. vannamei experienced substantial growth due to expanded aquaculture areas and intensification. These processes can lead to increases in greenhouse gas emissions. However, the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions from L. vannamei aquaculture systems remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we systematically quantified greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) emissions in L. vannamei farming systems with different levels of intensification. Various emission sources were assessed, including infrastructure, energy use, feed production, and pond aquatic emissions. The estimates indicate that greenhouse gas emissions increased from 6159.35 ± 475.24 kg CO2e/t of L. vannamei in semi-intensive systems to 24,059.81 ± 3846.31 kg CO2e/t of L. vannamei in super-intensive systems. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions was primarily due to energy use (2395% increase) and infrastructure (15,939% increase). As a result, the greenhouse gas emissions from China's shrimp farming industry increased three-fold (from 5633.37 ± 177.40 to 19,730.68 ± 635.52 million kg CO2e) from 2003 to 2022, mainly contributed by coastal provinces. As the demand for high-quality aquatic products continues to increase, coupled with the urgent necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, there is a crucial requirement to lower the emissions associated with each unit of L. vannamei production. The results of this study suggest that reducing fossil fuel use, improving feed efficiency, promoting biofloc technology, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems may help to build climate-resilient sustainable aquaculture.

Yarrowia lipolytica as a promising protein source for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diet: impact on growth performance, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and apparent digestibility

Exploring alternatives to fishmeal (FM) in aquaculture nutrition remains a hot topic in this area. Yarrowia lipolytica (YL), a promising single-cell protein source, has yet to be evaluated for its use on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diet. This investigation assessed the effects of YL on growth performance, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and nutrient digestibility in shrimp. Seven diets with equal protein and lipid contents were prepared, incorporating gradient YL (dry matter basis): 0% (control), 1.50%, 3.00%, 4.50%, 6.00%, 9.00%, and 12.00%. During a 56-day feeding trial involving shrimp, with an initial average weight of 0.32 ± 0.02 g, each kind of diet was randomly assigned to six tanks. It was observed that the growth performance improved initially but then exhibited a declining trend as the dietary inclusion of YL increased. Regression analysis indicated 2.68% as the optimal YL percentage for a specific growth rate (SGR), accounting for 10.54% of the dietary FM content. A higher YL (over 6.00%), which is equivalent to replacing over 23.6% of the FM, led to increased feed intake and conversion ratios, possibly correlating with decreased YL digestibility. However, YL inclusion across the studied range had no detrimental impact on intestinal or hepatopancreatic morphology. Notably, higher YL levels significantly enhanced hepatopancreatic trypsin activity and reduced serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The inclusion of YL notably augmented antioxidant defense mechanisms in shrimp, as evidenced by increased total antioxidant capacity and catalase activities, as well as reduced malondialdehyde levels in the hepatopancreas, possibly due to the presence of β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharides in YL. These findings support YL being viable as a protein source in shrimp feeds.

A Comparison of the Antioxidant Potential and Metabolite Analysis of Marine Fungi Associated with the Red Algae Pterocladiella capillacea from Northern Taiwan.

This study represents a primary investigation centered on screening six marine fungi, Emericellopsis maritima, Engyodontium album, Hypomontagnella monticulosa, Hortaea werneckii, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus sp.7, associated with the red algae Pterocladiella capillacea, which was collected from Chao-Jin Park in Keelung, Taiwan, as potential immunostimulants for shrimp aquaculture. Recognizing the imperative for novel strategies to combat pathogen resistance arising from the use of antibiotics and vaccines in aquaculture, this study aimed to evaluate the metabolomic profile, antioxidant capabilities, and antibacterial properties of marine fungi. The antibacterial activity of the fungal extract was evaluated against five major aquaculture pathogens: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The viability and cytotoxicity of marine fungal extracts were preliminarily evaluated using brine shrimps before assessing cytotoxicity, growth performance, immune efficacy, and disease resistance in white shrimp. The present study demonstrated that total phytochemical analysis correlated with antioxidant activity. Emericellopsis maritima and Trichoderma harzianum exhibited the strongest DPPH antioxidant scavenging activities of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 16.5 ± 1.2 and 12.2 ± 2.6, which are comparable to ascorbic acid. LC-HDMSE analysis of the marine fungal extracts identified more than 8000 metabolites mainly classified under the superclass level of organic oxygen compounds, Organoheterocyclic compounds, Phenylpropanoids and polyketides, alkaloid and derivatives, benzenoids, lignans and neolignans, lipid and lipid-like molecules, nucleotides and nucleosides, organic nitrogen compounds, and organic acids and derivatives. Overall, our study significantly contributes to the advancement of sustainable practices by exploring alternative antimicrobial solutions and harnessing the bioactive potential inherent in marine endophytic fungi. In conclusion, our study advances our comprehension of fungal communities and their applications and holds promise for the development of effective and environmentally friendly approaches for enhancing shrimp health and productivity.

Synergistic effects of combined probiotics Bacillus pumilis D5 and Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 on immune enhancement and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei

This study investigated the effects of two distinct probiotics, Leuconostoc mesenteroides B4 (B4) and Bacillus pumilus D5 (D5), along with their combination, on the diet of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during an eight-week feeding trial. The diets tested included B4 + dextran at 107 CFU/g feed (the B4 group), D5 alone at 107 CFU/g feed (the D5 group), and a combination of B4 + dextran and D5 at 5 × 106 CFU/g feed each (the B4+dextran + D5 group). Relative to the control group, those administered probiotics exhibited moderate enhancements in growth. By the eighth week, the weight gain for the B4, D5, and B4+D5 groups was 696.50 ± 78.15%, 718.53 ± 130.73%, and 693.05 ± 93.79%, respectively, outperforming the control group's 691.66 ± 31.10% gain. The feed conversion ratio was most efficient in the B4 group (2.16 ± 0.06), closely followed by B4+D5 (2.21 ± 0.03) and D5 (2.22 ± 0.06), with the control group having the highest ratio (2.27 ± 0.03). While phenoloxidase activity was somewhat elevated in the B4 and D5 groups, no significant differences were noted in respiratory burst activity or total hemocyte count across all groups. Challenge tests at weeks 4 and 8 showed that the B4 + D5 combination offered superior protection against AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The 4-week cumulative survival rate was highest in shrimp treated with B4 + dextran + D5 (56.25%), followed by B4 + dextran (31.25%), control (18.75%), and lowest in D5 (12.5%). By week 8, the B4 + dextran + D5 (43.75%) and B4 + dextran (37.5%) groups significantly outperformed the control group (6.25%, p < 0.05), with no significant difference observed between the D5 group (37.5%) and the control group at day 56. Analysis of the shrimp's foregut microbiota revealed an increase in unique OTUs in the B4 and B4 + D5 groups. Compared to the control, Proteobacteria abundance was reduced in all probiotic groups. Potential pathogens like Vibrio, Bacteroides, Neisseria, Botrytis, Clostridioides, and Deltaentomopoxvirus were detected in the control but were reduced or absent in probiotic groups. Beneficial microbes such as Methanobrevibacter and Dictyostelium in the B4+D5 group, and Sugiyamaella in the B4 group, showed significant increases.Probiotics also led to higher transcript levels of nitric oxide synthase in the hemocytes, and lysozyme and transglutaminase in the midgut, along with lysozyme and α2-macroglobulin in the foregut. Notably, the combined B4 + D5 probiotics synergistically enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase and prophenoloxidase in the foregut, indicating an improved immune response. In summary, this study demonstrates that the probiotics evaluated, especially when used in combination, significantly boost the expression of specific immune-related genes, enhance the bacterial diversity and richness of the intestine, and thus prevent the colonization and proliferation of Vibrio spp. in L. vannamei.

Dietary Galla chinensis on white shrimp Penaeus vannamei: Promotes growth, nonspecific immunity, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

This study investigated the impact of Galla chinensis (GC) powder as a dietary supplement on the immunity, growth, and pathogen resistance of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. An in vitro analysis demonstrated that GC inhibited Vibrio with no discernible impact on Lactobacillus. Following this, GC was tested for toxicity on white shrimp hemocytes. GC showed harmlessness to white shrimp hemocytes since cell viability was over 80% at all dosages. The immune response of hemocytes in white shrimp to diets containing varying concentrations of GC was evaluated in an in vivo experiment. Five feeding regimens were trialed for 28 days, which were designated as GC0.5, GC1, GC2.5, and GC5 (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 g/kg, respectively). The enhanced total hemocytes, phenoloxidase, phagocytic activity, and production of superoxide anion in white shrimp on day 7 of the feeding trial by administering a supplementary GC diet significantly stimulated the nonspecific immunity of white shrimp. Additionally, dietary GC substantially increased the expression of related genes in white shrimp hemocytes in vivo, including Toll, Imd, antimicrobial peptides, antioxidant defenses, clotting protein, and heat shock protein. The challenge experiment was conducted to assess the disease resistance of white shrimp fed with GC. The shrimps were fed dietary GC for 7 days while being challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The shrimp exhibited a substantial variation in survival rate during the bacteria challenge experiment due to the activation of related genes and the enhancement of non-specific immunity. The mortality of white shrimp was substantially reduced by the supplementary GC at a concentration of 1 g/kg during the bacteria challenge. A final feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary GC on the growth performance of white shrimp. The continuous administration of dietary GC at a dose of 1 g/kg to shrimp for 56 days resulted in the highest enhancement in shrimp growth among all treatments. This was evidenced by significantly increased final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and decreased feed conversion ratios. Dietary GC at a dosage of 1 g/kg has been suggested for use to enhance the growth performance of white shrimp and improve immunological responses, particularly nonspecific immunity and related gene expression, as well as resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Toll-like receptor expression in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reveals differential responses after fungal (Fusarium solani) infection

Toll-like receptor expression in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reveals differential responses after fungal (Fusarium solani) infection

Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression of a Receptor for Activated Protein Kinase C1 (RACK1) Gene in Exopalaemon carinicauda Zoea Larvae under Aroclor 1254 Stress.

The receptor for activated protein kinase C1 (RACK1) belongs to the typical WD repeat family, which is extremely conservative and important in multiple signal transduction pathways related to growth and development that coordinate the intracellular role of various life activities. As a novel protein with versatile functions, it was found in a variety of organisms. In a previous study, we identified the RACK1 sequence of white shrimp from transcriptome data. In this study, we employed specialized bioinformatics software to conduct an in-depth analysis of EcRACK1 and compare its amino acid sequence homology with other crustaceans. Furthermore, we investigated the expression patterns of RACK1 at different developmental stages and tissues, as well as at various time points after exposure to Aroclor 1245, aiming to elucidate its function and potential response towards Aroclor 1245 exposure. The length of EcRACK1 is 957 nucleotides, which encodes 318 amino acids. Moreover, there were seven typical WD repeats in EcRACK1, which have more than a 96% sequence identity with the RACK1 proteins of Penaeus. The results of tissue expression and spatiotemporal expression showed that it was significantly increased in the II and IV stages, but had a significant tissue specificity in the hepatopancreas, spermary, and muscle tissues of E. carinicauda, adult stage. Compared to the control, EcRACK1 was significantly induced in E. carinicauda zoea larvae exposed to Aroclor 1254 for 6, 10, 20, and 30 d (p < 0.05). These results suggested that EcRACK1 may play an important role in the larval development and environmental defense of E. carinicauda.

Shelf-life extension of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using sodium alginate/chitosan incorporated with cell-free supernatant of Streptococcus thermophilus FUA 329 during cold storage.

Seafood is highly perishable and has a short shelf-life. This study investigated the effect of chitosan and alginate (CH-SA) coating combined with the cell-free supernatant of Streptococcus thermophilus FUA329 (CFS) as a preservative on the quailty of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) refrigerated at 4° for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days. Freshly shrimps were randomly divided into four groups: the CFS group (400 mL); the CH-SA group (1% chitosan/1% alginate); the CFS-CH-SA group (1% chitosan/1% alginate with 400 mL CFS) are treatment groups, and the control group (400 mL sterile water). The CFS-CH-SA coating effectively suppressed microbial growth total viable count and chemical accumulation (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) compared with the control. Additionally, the CFS-CH-SA coating improved the texture and sensory characteristics of shrimp during storage. The coated shrimp exhibited significantly reduced water loss (p<0.05). The combination of CH-SA coating with CFS treatment can extend the shelf life of shrimp. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Recently, edible films have received more consideration as a promising method to enhance the shelf life of seafood. The presence of Lactic acid bacteria metabolites in edible films reduces spoilage and improves consumer health. Our findings encourage the application of edible coating incorporated with cell-free supernatant of Streptococcus thermophilus FUA 329 to design multifubctional foods and preserve the qualities of shrimp.

Effect of dietary phytase and protease supplementation on the growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed fish meal–free and phosphorus limiting diets

Effect of dietary phytase and protease supplementation on the growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed fish meal–free and phosphorus limiting diets

Acute stress response in gill of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to high alkalinity

As a multifunctional organ, the gill plays a key role in the regulation of homeostasis. Excessive alkalinity in water can seriously threaten the survival of aquatic animals, however, the studies on the mechanism of alkalinity stress and adaption of crustacea are still limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of acute alkalinity stress in the gill of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by integrating physiological, histological, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses, which is an important aquaculture species of crustaceans. The physiological parameters related to homeostasis regulation, oxidative stress, material metabolism, and ammonia detoxification were significantly changed under acute alkalinity stress. There were a considerable number of genes and metabolites that were significantly changed in expression and level, which related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, antioxidation, ammonia metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, In addition, the local structure of the gill was damaged and accompanied by cell apoptosis. The above results indicate that acute alkalinity stress can lead to damage to the gill structure, and affect its ion transport function, and the genes related to ion transport protein were upregulated. The antioxidant capacity in the gill was strengthened under acute alkalinity stress, at the same time, acute alkalinity stress would induce apoptosis in the gill. The glycogen catabolism in gill was significantly enhanced under acute alkalinity stress, while the lipid anabolism was inhibited, and the mechanism of the ornithine-urea cycle has been further mobilized to alleviate the inhibition of ammonia excretion and the accumulation of metabolic ammonia in the internal environment. In addition, the glycerophospholipid metabolism in the gill was disturbed under acute alkalinity stress. The current study will provide important clues for understanding the alkalinity stress mechanism of crustaceans, and provide an important theoretical basis for the optimization of shrimp aquaculture in saline-alkaline waters.

Optimal open nucleus breeding system for long-term genetic gain in the Pacific white shrimp using genomic selection

The open nucleus breeding system (ONBS) has been widely employed in livestock breeding and has demonstrated a desirable genetic gain compared to the traditional closed nucleus breeding system (CNBS). However, no related study and application for ONBS exist on aquatic animal breeding. The present investigation simulates the family-based ONBS with different proportions of introduced multiplier individuals used as parents of the nucleus population (NP) and CNBS schemes for the harvest body weight of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The multiplier population (MP) comprised progenies from eight families with high estimated breeding value (EBV) or genomic EBV (GEBV) of NP of the previous generation. ONBS was assigned three proportions (10%, 30%, and 50%) of the introduced MP individuals. The short-term selection (G0 to G10) and long-term selection (G0 to G20) were performed for CNBS and ONBS schemes using pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) with the A relationship matrix from the pedigree or single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) with the H relationship matrix integrating SNP markers and pedigree. The genetic gain of body weight and inbreeding coefficient of NP for eight breeding schemes with CNBS_PBLUP (CP), CNBS_ssGLUP (CS), ONBS_PBLUP (OP10, OP30, OP50), and ONBS_ssGBLUP (OS10, OS30, OS50) with three proportions of the introduced MP individuals were calculated. Compared to CP, genetic gains for the three OP schemes increased by 7.68 to 11.27% after short-term selection, and by 2.51 to 5.79% after long-term selection. In comparison to CS, genetic gains for the three OS schemes increased by 8.21 to 8.96% after short-term selection, and from 4.46 to 5.87% after long-term selection. The ONBS schemes achieved higher genetic gains than the corresponding CNBS schemes whether using genomic or pedigree information. The advantage of ONBS over CNBS is reduced after long-term selection. Genetic gains for the three OS schemes increased by 9.77 to 14.06% after long-term selection compared with the corresponding OP schemes. Furthermore, no significant difference (P > 0.05) in genetic gain was revealed among the ONBS schemes after either pedigree-based or genomic selection. Inbreeding coefficients for the three OP schemes increased from 59.45 to 70.98% compared with CP, whereas inbreeding coefficients for the three OS schemes increased from 24.72 to 32.22% compared with CS. Besides, after long-term selection, inbreeding coefficients for the three OS schemes decreased from 13.13 to 14.79% compared with the corresponding OP schemes. In a nutshell, ONBS using introduced MP individuals has great promise in the selective breeding program of L. vannamei. Genomic information has more potential to improve selection response and control inbreeding level than pedigree information when applying ONBS.

Salt type, sugar addition, and system type in intensive RAS for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production

The use of a low-cost, homemade salt mixture in hybrid RAS may reduce operational costs for inland marine aquaculture producers. The addition of sugar in RAS may benefit shrimp growth by making suspended microbes richer in protein, which shrimp can then consume. Increased digestive enzyme activity has been noted in shrimp raised in systems with a substantial abundance of biofloc particles. However, there is still debate over whether clear-water RAS may be superior to particulate-rich systems. This study examined the effects of system type, low-cost salt, and sugar addition on the production, water quality, and digestive enzyme activity of L. vannamei. In the study, two levels of each experimental factor were used. The factors used were system type (clear water-CW vs hybrid-HY), salt type (Least Cost-L vs Commercial-C), and sugar (presence or absence of sugar addition: S vs. N). There was a total of eight treatments: HY-L-S, HY-L-N, HY-C-S, HY-C-N, CW-L-S, CW-L-N, CW-C-S, and CW-C-N, each of which had three randomly assigned, replicate, 1 m3 tanks. All tanks were stocked with 250 shrimp per m3 (3.1 g average weight), extra filtration was used in CW tanks, and sugar (sucrose) was added at a targeted C:N ratio of 14:1 in the sugar tanks. At the end of the experiment, the hepatopancreas was removed from shrimp for digestive enzyme analyses. Results from the experiment showed no significant differences in the average weight, total harvest, FCR, and growth rate between system types and salt types. However, the use of sugar resulted in significantly reduced mean individual weight of shrimp. Nitrate concentration was significantly lower and solids concentrations were higher in the tanks receiving sugar compared to those with no sugar addition. There were no significant differences in amylase activity between treatments, but trypsin activity was higher in the HY systems than the CW systems. The results of this study indicate that this particular low-cost salt mixture had no adverse effects on the water quality, production, or enzyme metrics tested. Biofloc particles seem to have enhanced trypsin activity in the HY system shrimp. Lastly, the addition of sugar had some substantial impacts on solids and nitrate concentrations, as well as negative effects on shrimp growth. Both independently and in combination, the factors examined in this project may have important implications for the management of intensive shrimp aquaculture operations.

Dinotefuran exposure alters biochemical, metabolomic, gut microbiome, and growth responses in decapoda pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Dinotefuran, a neonicotinoid insecticide, may impact nontarget organisms such as Decapoda P. vannamei shrimp with nervous systems similar to insects. Exposing shrimp to low dinotefuran concentrations (6, 60, and 600 μg/L) for 21 days affected growth, hepatosomatic index, and survival. Biomarkers erythromycin-N-demethylase, alanine aminotransferase, and catalase increased in all exposed groups, while glutathione S-transferase is the opposite; aminopyrin-N-demethylase, malondialdehyde, and aspartate aminotransferase increased at 60 and 600 μg/L. Concentration-dependent effects on gut microbiota altered the abundance of bacterial groups, increased potentially pathogenic and oxidative stress-resistant phenotypes, and decreased biofilm formation. Gram-positive/negative microbiota changed significantly. Metabolite differences between the exposed and control groups were identified using mass spectrometry and KEGG pathway enrichment. N-acetylcystathionine showed potential as a reliable dinotefuran metabolic marker. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) results indicated high connectivity of cruecdysone in the metabolite network and significant enrichment at 600 μg/L dinotefuran. The WGCNA results revealed a highly significant negative correlation between two key metabolites, caldine and indican, and the gut microbiota within co-expression modules. Overall, the risk of dinotefuran exposure to non-target organisms in aquatic environments still requires further attention.

Determination of optimal dietary valine concentrations for improved growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Determination of optimal dietary valine concentrations for improved growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Identifikasi dan penentuan kadar chloramphenicol pada udang vannamei (litopenaeus vanname) di PT K&amp;Q Indolab

Background: White shrimp (L. vannamei) is an introduction species that is widely cultivated in Indonesia and is the highest export commodity of other types of shrimp. The presence of the residual antibiotic chloramphenicol in some shrimp products exported from Indonesia is prohibited. The shrimp's intensive maintenance system leads to a high use of antibiotics in shrimp cultivation. Chlorampenicol is added to disinfectant and shrimp feed. When these shrimp are consumed, residues of antibiotics can cause a variety of dangers. As a result, research that can guarantee sustainable food security is needed. This study was conducted to determine the level of chloramphenicol residues in the Vanamei shrimp. The research was conducted at K&amp;Q Indolab. Methods: The method used in this study is ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay). ELISA is a detection technique with a serological method that is based on specific reactions between antigens and antibodies and has high sensitivity and specificity using enzymes as indicators. Findings: Test results of chloramphenicol residues on frozen white shrimp products on two different samples of Vandamei shrimp. Conclusion: The results indicate that the level of chloramphenicol in Vannamei shrimp is still below the International Standard in accordance with Commission Decision 2003/181/EC, which is 0.3 ppb.