White Crystals Research Articles

Chenowethite, rare Mg-uranyl -sulphate, from the Jáchymov ore district, Krušné hory Mountains (Czech Republic) - description and Raman spectroscopy

We studied a rare magnesium uranyl sulphate mineral, chenowethite, from the Jáchymov ore district, Krušné hory Mountains (Czech Republic). It was confirmed from the two samples originating from the Svornost mine in Jáchymov. Chenowethite forms rich crystalline aggregates on supergene-altered rocks in association with dark yellow to orange mineral of the zippeite group and white acicular crystals of gypsum. Its randomly arranged aggregates are composed of elongated thin tabular crystals up to 100 μm in length. Chenowethite is pale or bright yellow with a pale yellow streak and fluoresces greenish yellow, weak or dull under 254 nm and 366 nm UV-radiation, respectively. Chenowethite crystals are transparent to translucent and have an intensive vitreous luster. It is very brittle, and at least one system of perfect cleavage (along {010}) was observed. The quantitative chemical analyses of chenowethite agree well with the proposed ideal composition and correspond to the following empirical formulae (on the basis of 2 U atoms pfu) (Mg1.02Fe0.03Mn0.03)Σ1.08[(UO2)2(SO4)2.06 (OH)2.04]·11H2O (sample A) and (Mg0.92Fe0.11Mn0.04Zn0.01)Σ1.08[(UO2)2(SO4)1.96(SiO4)0.01(OH)2.23]·11H2O (sample B). Chenowethite is orthorhombic, the space group Cmcm, with the unit-cell parameters refined from X-ray powder diffraction data: a 6.9329(8), b 19.0019(15), c 16.3298(15) Å and V 2151.2(3) Å3 (sample A) and a 6.937(3), b 19.019(5), c 16.348(6) Å and V 2156.8(1.1) Å3 (sample B). Vibrational (Raman and infrared) spectroscopy documents the presence of molecular water, uranyl and sulphate units in the crystal structure of chenowethite.

SOLVENT-FREE SYNTHESIS OF 4'-HYDROXY-4-HYDROXY CHALCONE AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN ANTIBACTERIAL

This study aimed to synthesize 4'-hydroxy-4-hydroxy chalcone from 4-hydroxy acetophenone and 4- hydroxybenzaldehyde by a solvent-free method using a grinding technique and determine its potential as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Synthesis of 4'-hydroxy-4-hydroxy chalcone was conducted using the Claisen-Schmidt method of grinding for 30 minutes. The grinding results were then extracted with chloroform. The formed crystals were tested for purity by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and recrystallization was carried out to purify the compound. FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR characterized the synthesized chalcone. The synthesized chalcone was determined for antibacterial activity using the disc method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results showed that 4'-hydroxy-4-hydroxy chalcone could be synthesized from 4-hydroxy acetophenone and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde by grinding technique in orangish white crystals form (yield of 66.67%) and a melting point of 85-88°C. The synthesized chalcone has low antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Process Design of Multifeed and Multiproduct Sugar Factories

Indonesia’s journey toward food self-sufficiency faces challenges with declining sugar production from seasonal sugarcane harvesting. To overcome this, alternative year-round and abundant sources like coconut sap and sorghum offer potential solutions. This study tackles the decreasing trend in sugar production through the optimization of a miniplant utilizing multifeed sources sugarcane, coconut sap, and sorghum to produce white crystal, brown sugar, and syrup. The objective is to ensure yearround plant operation. The process design focuses on maximizing profits, considering total sales and operational costs related to raw materials, water, and steam. Constraints are implemented to production capacities for sugarcane (15,000 kg/day), coconut sap (6,000 kg/day), and sorghum (9,000 kg/day). Maximizing the potential of alternative biomass materials involves a combined feed of coconut sap and sorghum raw material. The design process flow involves sugar production using only sugarcane feed for the first 4 months and, for the subsequent 8 months, transitioning to a combined feed of coconut sap and sorghum to create multiproduct sugar. From the design process achieved maximum profit of Rp7,096,618,000.00. This research provides valuable insights into diversifying sugar production, promoting sustainability and economic viability in Indonesian sugar industry.

Rhizospheric Precipitation of Manganese by Phosphate: A Novel Strategy to Enhance Mn Tolerance in the Hyperaccumulator Phytolacca americana.

Manganese (Mn) exclusion in the Mn hyperaccumulator pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) was investigated. Hydroponic experiments were carried out to observe the responses of pokeweeds continually exposed to high levels of Mn. In this study, crystals were observed to appear firstly on the root hair, and soon after, more crystals appeared on the root surface, and crystals of Mn phosphate were observed to appear on the root surface in a time sequence negatively correlated with the number of leaves treated with 5 mM Mn. Crystals were identified via phase analysis of X-ray diffraction and element analysis, and these white insoluble crystals were identified using XRD to be Mn phosphate, with the molecular formula (Mn,Fe)3(PO4)2·4H2O. The nutrient solution pH increased from 4.5 to about 5.6 before the crystals appeared. Mn phosphate crystals appeared in all solutions except those without phosphate and emerged earlier in the solutions containing no Fe. Compared with control group, pokeweed accumulated much more Mn in the leaves when treated without phosphate or Fe. The present study suggests that pokeweed can exclude Mn by means of rhizosphere precipitation by phosphate to form Mn phosphate crystals that accumulate on the root surface. Although the detailed mechanism requires further investigation, this study provides the first direct evidence of a novel strategy to inhibit Mn uptake in the roots of a hyperaccumulator in a P-enriched environment.

Quantitative analysis of borax in sape crackers in Soro Village, Lambu District, Bima Regency

Crackers are a popular snack product and have long been known by the people of Indonesia as a complement to meals that are often not left behind; without these snacks, people often feel something is missing in their diet. Manufacturers often misuse sodium tetraborate as white crystals with the chemical formula Na2B4O7. This quantitative research uses an experimental method using four samples of sape crackers. This research aims to determine the sape crackers in Soro village, Lambu subdistrict, Bima regency. Quantitative analysis of borax in the sape cracker sample was 9.67 µg/mL in sample A, 12.17 µg/mL in B sample, 13.89 µg/mL in the C sample, and 62.01 µg/mL in the D sample. This study concludes that the sape crackers produced in Soro Village, Lambu District, Bima Regency, from the four samples studied, were all positive for containing borax. It is hoped that producers can use permitted food additives such as Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP).

METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI FRAKSI AKTIF AKAR PANDAN (Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb.) YANG BERSIFAT ANTIFEEDANT TERHADAP Epilachna sparsa (SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE ACTIVE FRACTION OF PANDAN ROOT (Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb.) AS ANTIFEEDANT AGAINST Epilachna sparsa)

Pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) contains flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins which can be used as antifeedant compounds. This study aims to determine the antifeedant activity and to identify of secondary metabolites from pandan roots extract against Epilachna sparsa. The antifeedant activity test was carried out on the methanol extract and the partition yeild fraction. The research was carried out by maceration of pandan root which had been mashed into powder with methanol solution to obtain a methanol extract of 86.51 g. The extract was then separated by partitioning to obtain methanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, dichloromethane fraction and n-hexane fraction. The methanol extract and fraction from partition results were then tested for antifeedant activity against Epilachna sparsa. The results showed that at a concentration of 6% the methanol extract had an antifeedant activity of 59.37 ± 2.11 % against Epilachna sparsa. The fractions resulting from the partition included methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions at a concentration of 6% respectively showing antifeedant activity of 81.25 ± 3.56 %; 75.00 ± 2.99 %; 37.50 ± 3.77 % and 21.18 ±1.23 %. Based on the antifeedant activity test results, the methanol fraction showed the best activity. Furthermore, the methanol fraction was separated and purified by chromatographic techniques. The isolate obtained was 53.11 mg in the form of white needle crystals and had a melting point of 135-138oC. The isolate based on the phytochemical test showed positive for flavonoid

Struvite Mineral Synthesis from Laundry Waste Water

Struvite is a white crystal chemically known as magnesium ammonium phosphorus hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). This mineral has a hardness of 1.5 to 2 Mohs. Struvite is easily soluble under acidic conditions and slightly soluble under neutral and alkaline conditions. In industry, struvite is found in the crust of pipes through which hot fluids pass. Struvite is often used as fertilizer because of its phosphate content. The formation of struvite minerals (hereinafter MAP) from laundry waste water is carried out using an aeration tank. MAP solution is made by reacting laundry waste water with Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) and Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH). The MAP ratio was set at 1:1:1 with a temperature of 20 - 40 oC and an air flow rate of 0.5 - 1.5 liters per minute. The best results were at a temperature of 25oC with an air flow rate of 1 (Liter / minute) with a magnesium content of 10% and phosphorus of 42%.

Na6Ge2S6O-ionic conductor: Synthesis, structure and ionic transportation

White opaque single crystals of Na6Ge2S6O were obtained serendipitously during the preparation of Na4GeS4. Then, pure glass and ceramic Na6Ge2S6O samples were synthesized from Na2S, GeS2, and GeO2 reagents. The crystal structure was determined from powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The physical properties were characterized by TG-DTA, SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Na6Ge2S6O crystallizes with a new type of structure in the non-centro-symmetric space group P212121, a = 6.96882 (6) Å, b = 7.04159 (6) Å, c = 26.7069 (2) Å, V = 1310.55 (2) Å3 and Z = 4. The asymmetric unit is built up of six Na+ cations surrounding a bi-tetrahedral complex anion, [S3GeOGeS3]6−, which adopts a staggered conformation. The strongly distorted sodium polyhedra share edges and/or faces. The electrical conductivities of Na6Ge2S6O glass and ceramic at 25 °C are 2.9 × 10−5 S cm−1 (Ea = 0.47 eV) and 1.8 × 10−7 S cm−1 (Ea = 0.43 eV), respectively.

Process engineering of semi-continuous boiling of massecuites based on Digital Twin of sucrose crystallization

The purpose of the study is to simulate the process of isobaric evaporative crystallization of sucrose to substantiate new ways of its industrial implementation. Using computer simulation, a three-stage crystallization technology for semi-continuous boiling of massecuites on a prepared crystalline base of a seed suspension (first stage) and a crystalline base of the preceding massecuite (second and third stages) was designed. A computer computational model of the express method for determining the molasses saturation coefficient has been created. By heating to a temperature of 50–55 °C, the molasses is transferred to an unsaturated state, then oscillating white sugar crystals are partially dissolved until saturation is reached while under conductometric control. The method makes it possible to determine the optimal parameters of standard molasses, taking into account the technical characteristics of crystallization equipment and centrifuges. On the basis of simulation modeling in the VisSim software environment, tests were carried out, and a justification was given for the technology of semi-continuous boiling of massecuite massecuites to increase the efficiency of crystallization in batch vacuum pans.

Head Regional Differences in Thermal Comfort: Evaluating a Novel Surgical Helmet Cooling Method with Phase Change Material

Thermal comfort is a significant factor in maintaining a satisfactory perception of the body temperature and influences behavioral thermoregulation. This pilot study aimed to investigate regional differences in thermal comfort in the head and neck areas by applying a surgical helmet equipped with cooling pads containing octadecane (CAS 593-45-3) as a phase change material (PCM) in healthy volunteers. Forty-three surgeons and nurses were enrolled. Octadecane is an odorless alkane hydrocarbon with an appearance of white crystal and a melting point of 28 °C. The PCM pads, each with a diameter of 5 cm and containing 7 g of octadecane, were placed between the helmet and the wearer’s head directly in contact with the skin. To identify the areas of the head and neck investigated, the surface was sampled and numbered, with the identification of a total of 38 different locations. A climate chamber maintained at 23–26 °C was used for the experiment. Thermal comfort of the stimulated area was reported by the subjects in an evaluation questionnaire at the end of the local stimulation conducted for 1 h. The sensations were reported as 1 (maximum uncomfortable) to 7 (maximum cold comfort), with 4 indicating a neutral sensation. The duration of the thermal comfort effect was also recorded. The highest mean value reported was 6 in five areas. The frontal region, the frontotemporal region, and the neck region were the areas sensitive to thermal comfort. A neutral sensation was reported in 13 areas. No uncomfortable sensation was reported in any area. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence of the feasibility and potential benefits of integrating PCM cooling pads into surgical helmets to enhance thermal comfort.

Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Metabolic Profiling of Ammi majus Roots as Waste Product with Isolation and Assessment of Oral Mucosal Toxicity of Its Psoralen Component Xanthotoxin.

Ammi majus, a well-established member of the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family, is endogenous to Egypt. The main parts of this plant that are used are the fruits, which contain coumarins and flavonoids as major active constituents. The roots are usually considered by-products that are discarded and not fed to cattle because of coumarins' potential toxicity. The goal of this study was to ensure the sustainability of the plant, investigate the active metabolites present in the roots using UPLC/MS-MS, isolate and elucidate the major coumarin Xanthotoxin, and predict its oral bioavailability and its potential biological impact on tongue papillae. The results revealed coumarins as the dominant chemical class in a positive acquisition mode, with bergaptol-O-hexoside 5%, Xanthotoxin 5.5%, and isoarnoittinin 6% being the major compounds. However, phenolics ruled in the negative mode, with p-coumaroyl tartaric acid 7%, 3,7-dimethyl quercetin 6%, and hesperidin 5% being the most prominent metabolites. Fractionation and purification of the chloroform fraction yielded Xanthotoxin as one of the main compounds, which appeared as white needle crystals (20 mg). ADME studies for oral bioavailability were performed to predict the potential properties of the compound if used orally. It was noted that it followed Lipinski's rule of five, had just one parameter outside of the pink area in the radar plot, and was detected inside the threshold area using the boiled egg approach. In vivo, histopathological studies performed on rats showed a notable decrease in the tongue's keratin thickness from an average of 51.1 µm to 9.1 µm and an average of 51.8 µm to 9.8 µm in fungiform and filiform cells, respectively. The results indicated that although Xanthotoxin is a well-known medical agent with several potential therapeutic activities in oral therapy, it may cause a destructive effect on the structure of the specialized mucosa of the tongue.

Advances in white light-emitting organic crystals.

In past decades, organic crystals have presented considerable potential in the field of optoelectronics due to their rich tunable physical and chemical properties and excellent optoelectronic characteristics. White-light emission, as a special application, has received widespread attention and has been applied in various fields, generating significant interest in the scientific community. By preparing white light-emitting organic crystals, a series of applications for future white-light sources can be realized. This article reviews the research progress on the molecular design and synthesis, preparation, and application of white light-emitting organic crystals in recent years. We hope that this review will help to understand and facilitate the development of white light-emitting organic crystals.

Synthesis of 3-(3,4-diacetoxyphenyl)acrylic acid and 4-(oxo-3-(piperidin-1-yl)pro-1-en-1-yl)-1,2-phenylendiacetate from 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid and their toxicity test by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method

Derivatization 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid to 3-(3,4-diacetoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (1) and 4-(oxo-3-(piperidin-1-yl)pro-1-en-1-yl)-1,2-phenylendiacetate (3) and its toxicity test has been successfully carried out. Derivatization was carried out through acetylation, chlorination, and amidation reactions. The acetylation reaction was carried out using acetic anhydride in pyridine solvent at room temperature for 4 hours to produce compound 1 as a white amorphous solid with m.p. 181-183oC and yield of 85.68%. The chlorination reaction was carried out using thionyl chloride in toluene solvent at the reflux temperature of 79°C for 4 hours and continued with in situ amidation using piperidine in dichloromethane solvent at room temperature to produce compound 3 as a white crystal with m.p. 139-141oC and yield of 39.45%. The toxicity test of the two compounds against Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae using probit analysis showed that compounds 1 and 3 were toxic with LC50 values ​​of 8.919 μg/mL and 84.511 μg/mL, respectively. This data shows that the acetylation of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid compound (LC50 = 46.50 μg/mL) increases the toxicity to larvae of Artemia salina Leach shrimp.
 
 Keywords: 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid, 3-(3,4-diacetoxyphenyl)acrylic acid, 4-(oxo-3-(piperidin-1-yl)pro-1-en-1-yl)-1,2-phenylendiacetate, Artemia salina Leach.

High pressure freezing and cryo-sectioning can be used for protein structure determination by electron diffraction

Electron diffraction of three-dimensional nanometer sized crystals has emerged since 2013 as an efficient technique to solve the structure of both small organic molecules and model proteins. However, the major bottleneck of the technique when applied to protein samples is to produce nano-crystals that do not exceed 200 to 300 nm in at least one dimension and to deposit them on a grid while keeping the minimum amount of solvent around them. Since the presence of amorphous solvent around the crystal, necessary to preserve its integrity, increases the amount of diffuse scattering, thus degrading the signal-to noise ratio of the diffraction signal, other sample preparation strategies have been developed. One of them is the milling of thin crystal lamella using focused ion beam (FIB), which was successfully applied to several protein crystals. Here, we present a new approach that uses cryo-sectioning after high pressure freezing of dextran embedded protein crystals. 150 to 200 nm thick cryo-sections of hen egg white lysozyme tetragonal crystals where used for electron diffraction experiments. Complete diffraction data up to 2.9 Å resolution have been collected and the lysozyme structure has been solved by molecular replacement and refined against these data. Our data demonstrate that cryo-sectioning can preserve protein structure at high resolution and can be used as a new sample preparation technique for 3D electron diffraction experiments of protein crystals. The different orientations found in the crystal chips and their large number resulting from the cryo-sectioning make the latter an attractive approach as it combines advantages from both blotting approaches (number of crystals) and FIB-milling (controlled thickness and absence of solvent around the crystal).

Isolation and Characterization of Curcumenotone, a Sesquiterpene from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb as Antioxidant

Antioxidant compounds are necessary to block the initiation of oxidation chain reactions and inhibit the formation of ROS which are the cause of various diseases. Natural antioxidants can be isolated from various sources, one of them from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb Rhizome. This study was aimed to isolate and identify antioxidant compounds from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome. To isolate the active compound, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity guide was used. Initially the Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome powdered material macerated with ethanol 70% to give ethanol extract (EE). The EE was then fractionated gradually with increasing polarity solvents to give n-hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF), ethanol (EF) and insoluble (IF) fractions. The EF was the active fraction, was fractionated into 6 fractions (EE.a-f) based on their TLC picture. Two compounds (EF.a1 and EF.a2) were isolated from active fraction (EF.a) by preparative TLC. The EF.a2 appeared as white crystals demonstrates better activity as anti radical DPPH, having 96.24% purity (HPLC). EF.a2 appeared as a single peak in GC (Rt 12,78), and having molecular weight at m/z 234. There were 2 absorbtion peaks at 226 nm and 260 nm in Uv-Vis spectrophotometer and absorption bands at 3364, 3314, 2905 and 1653 cm-1 on the FT-IR spectrum. Based on spectroscopic data (1H-,13C-NMR) and comparison with reported data, the EF.a2 was identified as sesquiterpene, curcumenotone (C15H22O2). The curcumenotone was shown potent antioxidant in DPPH radical scavenging assay had an IC50 53.24±1.51 µg/mL, ABTS radical scavenging assay had an IC50 41.33±3.15 µg/mL, and FRAP assay had an IC50 37,82±2.02 µg/mL.

All-Inorganic Lead-Free Doped-Metal Halides for Bright Solid-State Emission from Primary Colors to White Light.

Metal halides have been explored with the aid of strong photoluminescence for optical and optoelectronic applications. However, the preparation of lead (Pb)-free solid-state emitters with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and tunable emission remains exceptionally challenging. Herein, we report metal ion (Cu(I), Mn(II), and Sn(II))-doped Cs3ZnI5 single crystals that are primary color (violet, green, and orange/red) emitters with extremely high PLQYs. Whereas the Mn-doping leads to bright green emissions with 100% PLQY, the Cu- and Sn-doping give rise to blue and red emissions with PLQYs of 57 and 64%, respectively. Interestingly, higher Mn doping results in white light emissive crystals as a side product, which are found to be Mn-doped CsI single crystals. The bright white light emissive crystals can be synthesized in a pure form in large quantities and exhibit a high color rendering index (CRI) of 78 and CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.38), which are close to daylight conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of white light emission from a complete inorganic system. Importantly, the single crystals of all colors exhibit high long-term stability as their PLQY remains unchanged even after 2 months of preparation, and are thermally stable up to 600 °C.

Synthesis, X-ray Crystal Structure, and Computational Characterization of Tetraphenylborate, 3-(5H-Dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N, N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine

A cyclobenzaprine-tetraphenylborate (CBP-TPB) complex was synthesized, achieving a 78% yield through an anion exchange reaction. The white crystals of the complex were formed in acetonitrile and characterized using a variety of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including ultraviolet, infrared, mass, elemental, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography. The study employed a comprehensive approach to investigate the structural properties, stability, and behavior of the CBP-TPB complex. The use of crystallographic analysis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, noncovalent interaction reduced density gradient, global reactivity descriptors, frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic potential, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy provided valuable insights into the complex’s molecular geometries, supramolecular features, and intermolecular interactions. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the CBP-TPB complex’s potential applications in fields such as pharmaceuticals and materials science and emphasize the importance of combining theoretical predictions and experimental measurements in understanding molecular properties. The study also demonstrated the potential of density functional theory-based computational methods for predicting NMR spectroscopic parameters.

A crystallizing white dwarf in a sirius-like quadruple system

ABSTRACT The observational signature of core crystallization of white dwarfs has recently been discovered. However, the magnitude of the crystallization-powered cooling delay required to match observed white dwarfs is larger than predicted by conventional models, requiring additional mechanisms of energy release in white dwarf interiors. The most ideal benchmarks for understanding this discrepancy would be bright and nearby crystallizing white dwarfs with total ages that can be externally constrained. In this work, we report that a recently discovered white dwarf is a bound companion to the triple star HD 190412, forming a new Sirius-like system in the solar neighbourhood. The location of HD 190412 C on the Teff − mass diagram implies it is undergoing crystallization, making this the first confirmed crystallizing white dwarf whose total age can be externally constrained. Motivated by the possibility that a cooling delay caused by crystallization can be directly detected for this white dwarf we employ a variety of methods to constrain the age of the system; however, our empirical age anomaly of +3.1 ± 1.9 Gyr is ultimately too imprecise to reach statistical significance, preventing us from making strong constraints to models of white dwarf crystallization. Our results are none the less compatible with the recent hypothesis that 22Ne phase separation is responsible for the excess cooling delay of crystallizing white dwarfs. The discovery of this system at only 32 parsecs suggests that similar benchmark systems are likely to be common; future discoveries may therefore provide powerful tests for models of white dwarf crystallization.

Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Triterpenoid dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.) serta Uji Sitotoksik Menggunakan Metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

The bay plant (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.) is a member of the myrtaceae family. The most widely used part of the bay plant is the bay leaf. The leaves of this plant are often used as traditional medicine to treat gout, diarrhea, diabetes, and high blood pressure. This study aims to isolate and determine the characteristics of triterpenoid compounds from ethyl acetate extract of bay leaves. Isolation was carried out by column chromatography method with SGP (Step Gradient Polarity) elution system, then the isolated compound was purified by recrystallization method and obtained in the form of white crystals weighing 0.0188 g. TLC results showed a single purple spot after being treated with Liebermann Buschard reagent with a melting point range of 137-139 oC. The results of the UV spectrum data showed no conjugated double bonds and the results of the FTIR spectrum data showed the presence of hydroxyl groups, C-O alcohols, C-H alkanes, C=C alkenes, geminal dimethyl which are characteristic of triterpenoid compounds. Cytotoxic activity testing was carried out using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Ethyl acetate extract and methanol extract had strong cytotoxic activity with LC50 values 316.23 mg/L and 234.42 mg/L respectively, while the hexane extract was weak with an LC50 value of 1148.15 mg/L.

Precipitation of sugammadex with nicardipine and labetalol: A laboratory research.

There is a paucity of clinical data about whether sugammadex forms precipitates with other medications. This laboratory experimental study was performed to determine the drugs that produce precipitates with sugammadex. Samples of 1ml of sugammadex were prepared in transparent cylinders, to which 1ml of test drugs (rocuronium, neostigmine, glycopyrrolate, atropine, nitroglycerin, dobutamine, dopamine, epinephrine, vasopressin, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, esmolol, nicardipine, and labetalol) was added. The precipitation reaction was observed visually and via light microscope. The pH of each drugs before and after mixing with sugammadex was measured. White crystals were formed when sugammadex was mixed with nicardipine or labetalol. Sugammadex formed precipitate when mixed with nicardipine or labetalol. Sufficient fluid flushing is required between injections of each drug to prevent these reactions.