Wet Method Research Articles

SHAPEv1.0 Scoring curves and peer group benchmarks for dynamic soil health indicators

AbstractThe soil health concept has evolved over the past several decades, recognizing that the response of dynamic soil properties to management is dependent on site‐specific factors. The Soil Health Assessment Protocol and Evaluation (SHAPE) tool provides scores and benchmark values by forming soil peer groups based on site‐specific, climate‐edaphic characteristics. Data for model development were compiled from the Cornell Soil Health Laboratory and the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory databases. The SHAPEv1.0 interpretation curves produce scores between 0% and 100% for measured laboratory values that reflect the quantile within a population conditional cumulative distribution function along with measures of uncertainty. The original SHAPE tool was developed for soil organic carbon and has been expanded to include two wet aggregate stability methods, permanganate oxidizable organic carbon, autoclaved citrate extractable protein, and 4‐day microbial respiration. In addition, SHAPE provides site‐specific benchmark values at user‐defined percentiles within a given soil peer group. The difference between the actual measured value and the selected benchmark value represents the soil health opportunity gap. Case studies in Missouri and Texas show that the SHAPE scoring curves are sensitive to land‐use and management practices across multiple soil types and provide a regionally relevant interpretation of key soil health indicators.

IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITES FROM POULTRY FAECES BY WET MOUNT METHOD AND CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUES

Background: Poultry faeces may contain many harmful parasites, which may pose significant health risks to the consumer. These parasites may then be transmitted to man by contaminated soil, drinking water supply or by mechanical vectors like flies and rodents. This is a neglected area of public health and deserves more scientific attention. We explored Scientific literature and also assessed our findings. Methods: One hundred (100) poultry faeces samples were assessed for viewing parasites by wet mount method. A concentration technique was performed in saturated saline solution, followed by slide preparation and microscopic identification. Results: In our experiment, coccidian oocysts, Entamoeba oocysts and rarely some Giardia oocysts, larvae of Strongyloides spp. and trematode eggs were found. Conclusion: Keeping in view the public health importance of parasites in poultry faeces, open poultry shops should be cleaned and properly sanitized to mitigate health risks to humans and also the environment.

Enhancing interface adhesion between waterjet‐produced rubber powders and natural rubber by wet‐mixing method

AbstractThe addition of rubber powder (RP) to natural rubber (NR) matrix using the dry mixing method leads to uneven distribution and poor interface bonding while the wet mixing method is not feasible due to the hydrophobic nature of the RP surface. To address this issue, we developed a method for producing RP with weakened hydrophobicity on the surface by high‐pressure waterjet and successfully achieved even distribution of the waterjet‐produced rubber powders (WPRPs) in NR and strong interface adhesion between WPRPs and NR by the wet mixing method. The properties of NR/WPRP composites were tested and characterized carefully. When adding 6 phr of 140‐mesh WPRPs in the NR matrix, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the NR/WPRP composites were 30.2 MPa and 627.2%, respectively, which were 4% and 7% higher than NR without WPRPs. Moreover, the anti‐abrasion property of the NR/WPRP composite was also strengthened by the addition of WPRPs. Our findings demonstrate that recycling waste rubber through a reasonable recycling method can not only reduce material waste and alleviate environmental pollution but also enhance the performance of the raw rubber, which offers significant economic benefits.

A Clinico-epidemiological Study to Evaluate the Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder in North 24 Pargana District of West Bengal

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) being major public health problems in India, including WestBengal needs to be continuously monitored through recommended methods and indicators.Present study is aiming to assess the total goiter rate, urinary iodine excretion, iodine content of salts at households’ level among primary school children and to find association with the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population.Method: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2019 to August 2019 among 540schoolchildren of class three and four. Goiter was assessed by standard palpation technique, urinary iodineexcretion (UIE) was analyzed by wet digestion method and salt samples were tested by spot iodine testing kits.The total goiter rate (TGR) was 10.56 %. About 97.22 % of the salt samples tested were adequately iodized. Though consumption of iodized salt was adequate irrespective of socio demographic characteristics; goiter prevalence was significantly different with respect to mother’s education level. Median urinary iodine excretion was found to be with in normal range. Lastly, a comparison is made between indicators of IDD over years which showed significant fall of TGR % of North 24 Pgs and a significant increase of adequately iodized salt consumption from 2004 to 2019.Conclucion: 2019 resurvey of North 24 parganas indicates that the district achieved close to the goal of NIDDCP i.e. prevalence of IDD should be below 10%. It also proved that universal salt iodinization program has increased the household’s iodine consumption above national goal of 91.2%. Goiter prevalence is found to be less in children whose mother attend the education up to 12th standard and beyond.

Enhanced resistance to K poisoning and SO2 & H2O on Ce0.63TiOx catalyst by sulfation treatment

At present, alkali metal poisoning is still a problem should be solved for catalyst deactivation of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. In this work, the Ce0.63TiOx (CT) catalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal method and it was used the wet immersion method of H2SO4 treatment to obtain CT-xwt%S catalysts. The NH3-SCR denitrification (de-NOx) activity, resistance to SO2 & H2O and K-resistant properties of catalysts were studied, and the catalysts were characterized by N2 physical adsorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM images, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, NO-TPD, XPS, IR spectra of pyridine adsorption and in situ DRIFTS. The experimental results show that CT-0.5 wt%S catalyst has stronger resistance to K, H2O and SO2 than CT catalyst. Although the redox performance of the CT-0.5 wt%S catalyst is reduced, the sulfation treatment increased the surface acidity, which promoted the adsorption and activation of ammonia. This facilitates the high-temperature activity of CT-0.5 wt%S catalyst and enhances the K resistance of the catalyst. Satisfyingly, the strong interaction between K species and SO42− in the CT-0.5 wt%S catalyst protects the active sites to K poisoning. In addition, in situ DRIFTS results indicate that K poisoning depletes the acid sites, and the rich acid sites of CT-0.5 wt%S catalyst can be used as sacrifices site to coordinate with K, thus weakening the influence of K poisoning on catalyst. This work provides a new strategy for designing NH3-SCR catalysts with excellent resistance to K.

Effect of ferrous, nickel, and tungsten fillers reinforcement on glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester/polyester composites

AbstractThe present investigation targets the physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of glass fabric‐reinforced vinyl ester/polyester hybrid laminates filled with ferrous, nickel, and tungsten micro‐particles. The metal‐fillers‐glass fabric reinforced vinyl ester/polyester hybrid composites was produced by distributing 1 wt% ferrous, nickel, and tungsten with an ultrasonication probe‐assisted wet layup method. Polyester resin reinforced with glass fabrics and tungsten fillers (PRGT) presents improved mechanical characteristics compared with other hybrid laminates, with tensile, compression, and flexural strength values of 157.89 MPa, 163.74 MPa, and 167.29 MPa, respectively. The fractographic microstructure of tensile fracture PRGT laminates exhibits that glass fibers pull out, microcracks, and lower gaps, because of stronger filler‐fabric‐matrix adhesion when compared with other hybrid laminates. The artificial neural network modeling was conducted to choose the best composite among the various manufactured composites. Statistical analysis was observed from the one‐way ANOVA technique, substantiating that the physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of metal fillers‐reinforced hybrid composites were statistically significant.Highlights Metal‐fillers‐glass fabric reinforced vinyl ester/polyester hybrid composites. Selection of the best composite from developed composites by ANN. Tungsten fillers are a useful material for reinforcement.

Method for Calculating the Engineering Design of a Mobile Bioreactor for Organic Waste Processing

The article discusses the engineering calculation methodology for developing the design of a mobile bioreactor for processing organic waste. The calculations for processing organic waste were based on SNiP, instructions and methods of leading scientists. When calculating the mobile bioreactor, we took into account: the limit of decomposition of fats, proteins, carbohydrates and the formation of biogas with the density of the mixture. A diagram of the phase process of ongoing and sequential decomposition with the maximum possibility of fermentation for an organic mixture with activated sludge over time, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions during waste disposal, is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of dry and wet waste processing methods are analyzed. From the calculations obtained, we can draw the following conclusion: in a bioreactor with a volume of 7.5 liters, in thermophilic mode, and with a volume of 15 liters, in mesophilic mode, approximately 50% of the organic mixture is fermented, and with activated sludge with a wet substrate, about 95%.

Composites of Manganese oxide/Carbon aerogel from Water Hyacinth for supercapacitor application

This study describes the synthesis of cellulose aerogel using water hyacinth, glutaraldehyde (GA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The carbonization process of cellulose aerogel into carbon aerogel was investigated under N2 atmosphere at temperatures of 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C, using a heating rate of 10 °C/min and a fixed duration of 2 h. To enhance the properties of the carbon aerogel, Manganese oxide particles were attached to its surface through a metal wetting method utilizing Mn(NO3)2.4H2O at a concentration of 5 %. The results indicate that cellulose aerogel carbonized at 700 °C exhibits higher electrical storage capacity compared to the aerogels carbonized at the other two temperatures. The capacitance of the supercapacitor reaches its maximum value when the Mn content is 24.31 %. In galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) test, the maximum capacitance is achieved at a current density of 0.2 A/g.

워터젯 로봇의 가공 전용 치구 제작 공정 개선 및 평가에 관한 연구

Water-jet robots find application across various domains, including cutting, cleaning, and drilling diverse materials. Recently, they have been integrated into automated process lines for manufacturing automobile interior components. Consequently, with the advancement of water-jet robot processing technology, a dedicated fixture is required to support the product shape for processing complex-shaped automobile interiors. The existing water-jet processing fixtures were produced through a wet lay-up process using glass fiber to reduce manufacturing costs; however, recently, water-jet fixtures employed in automated lines have experienced deformation over prolonged usage, resulting in shape-processing errors and an increased the defect rate. Therefore, this study explores the use of carbon fiber and the VARTM vacuum bagging process to enhance the quality of water-jet dedicated fixtures, refine the manufacturing process, alleviate shape strain, and bolster the structural integrity of the fixtures compared to the conventional wet lay-up method typically employed for composite fixtures. A study was conducted on.

Assessment of two-phase dissolution system as a guide in drug formulation: The furosemide case

The performance and the quality control of a drug may be evaluated using different approaches. Dissolution test is a corner stone in these processes. However, many issues appeared when using monophasic dissolution system like keeping the sink condition and/or described the in-vivo performance for Class II and IV drugs. Therefore, this study was to evaluate the biphasic dissolution system as discriminatory tool to differentiate between manufacture process and different excipient use for Class IV drug. Furosemide was prepared by two different methods: direct compression and wet granulation. Different excipients (acid and base) were used for each method. Furthermore, two commercially available products (Lasix® and generic product FA) were used for comparison with the prepared formulation. All formulations were evaluated for physical properties like hardness, friability and disintegration. Monophasic and biphasic dissolution tests were carried out for all formulas. All physical properties of the prepared tablets were within acceptable values. The dissolution rates of all three types of formulas (brand, generic, and prepared formulation) were identical under monophasic conditions. The similarity factor was more than 50 and difference factor less than 15. On the other hand, the biphasic dissolution profiles (aqueous phase, organic phase and overall dissolution media) showed significant differences between all prepared formulations and the brand product. Moreover, the two phase system still had the ability to show the similarity between brand and generic product. Furthermore, the direct compression method showed lower release than wet granulation method. Similarly, the acid excipients showed higher release than the basic one. As a conclusion, the biphasic dissolution system showed an excellent discriminatory power. Moreover, this approach was superior over conventional dissolution system regarding identifying variations in production processes and excipients content.

Multifunctional Sr, Mg, Ag-substituted octacalcium phosphate/carboxymethyl chitosan scaffolds: Antibacterial activity and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells

Numerous studies indicate that octacalcium phosphate (OCP) possesses promising bone regenerative properties. To further improve the regenerative properties of OCP, several ionic substitutions have been proposed. However, knowledge regarding the synergic effect of multiple ions substituted in OCP crystals and fabricated scaffolds is lacking. In this work, plate-like OCP crystals substituted with 1 and 2.5 mol.% of Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ag+ were prepared by the wet precipitation method. Rietveld refinement analysis indicated a successful substitution of Ca2+ by Mg2+, Sr2+and Ag+ ions. The prepared substituted OCP powders showed a high antibacterial effect towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Further, composite scaffolds based on substituted OCP and carboxymethyl chitosan were prepared by the freeze-crosslinking method. The scaffolds had a highly porous structure, with interconnected pores and homogeneously dispersed OCP within the polymer matrix, and high stability in simulated physiological conditions during 28 days. Good viability and proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were confirmed by Live/Dead and CyQUANT assays. Additionally, successful osteogenic differentiation was confirmed by quantification of alkaline phosphatase activity and immunocytochemical staining for type I collagen. Results indicate that ionic substitutions with 1.0 mol.% have the most beneficial effect on stem cell differentiation towards osteoblast phenotype.

The effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic addition to AC-WC in a wet mixture on increase of asphalt stability

PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) plastic is one of the most common types of plastic used in Indonesia. Its existence has contributed significantly to various sectors, including the food and beverage, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and other consumer product packaging industries. However, the use of PET plastic also creates a number of impacts that need to be considered. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) plastic has become an attractive alternative in the construction industry in Indonesia, particularly in its use as an asphalt mixture in road construction. This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of PET waste to the asphalt on the value of Marshall characteristics as well as the optimum asphalt content and plastic content in the AC - WC mixture. Basic testing of 4 %, 5 %, and 6 % (by weight of asphalt) PET plastic mixture with wet mixing method where PET plastic is put into hot asphalt and stirred until homogeneous. Marshall test data will go through Formality Test, Homogeneity Test, Two-Way ANOVA, Duncan Test, and Correlation Regression Analysis to get the 3D graph equation. The result is that PET plastic affects the asphalt mixture by increasing the stability value and MQ value, for flow, VFB, and VMA values have decreased. VIM value increased at 4 % level and decreased at 6 % level. From the ribbon graph, the optimum asphalt content for each percentage of PET content is obtained, namely 4 % PET KAO value of 6.2 %, 5 % PET KAO 6.25 %, and 6 % KAO 6.28 %. It can be concluded that the mixing of PET with asphalt in AC-WC mixtures can be maximum if the right percentage combination of asphalt and PET content. From the 3D Graphic Method, it results that the maximum use of plastic PET is at a content of 5.40 %, and an asphalt content of 6.35 %, will produce an asphalt stability of 1714.232 kN

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METFORMIN TABLETS: EFFECT OF SUPERDISINTEGRANTS

Metformin is an oral antihyperglycemic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. BCS-III classification of medications includes metformin hydrochloride, which has a high solubility and a low permeability. This study’s objective was to develop wet granulated metformin hydrochloride tablets using various synthetic superdisintegrants. On disintegration and dissolution, the effects of different superdisintegrants have been studied. After evaluation, it were observed that post-compression properties such as weight variability, thickness, hardness, and friability were within the IP ranges. The formulation F4 with Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) in low concentration was chosen as the best formulation. By increasing the quantity of Croscarmellose sodium (CCS), the in vitro dissolution profile increased, and in vitro disintegration time also increased in the formulated tablets using wet granulation method. The statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA, and there is no significant difference between formulations.

Synthesis and Sensing Response of Magnesium Antimoniate Oxide (MgSb2O6) in the Presence of Propane Atmospheres at Different Operating Voltages.

Nanoparticles of MgSb2O6 were synthesized using a microwave-assisted wet chemistry method, followed by calcination at 700 °C. Their ability to detect different concentrations of propane gas (C3H8) at various operating voltages was evaluated. The material's crystalline phase was identified using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), finding bar- and polyhedron-type geometries. Through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found particle sizes of 8.87-99.85 nm with an average of ~27.63 nm. Employing ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, we found a band gap value of ~3.86 eV. Thick films made with MgSb2O6 powders were exposed to atmospheres containing 150, 300, 400, and 600 ppm of propane gas for dynamic testing. The time-dependent sensitivities were ~61.09, ~88.80, ~97.65, and ~112.81%. In addition, tests were carried out at different operating voltages (5-50 V), finding very short response and recovery times (~57.25 and ~18.45 s, respectively) at 50 V. The excellent dynamic response of the MgSb2O6 is attributed mainly to the synthesis method because it was possible to obtain nanometric-sized particles. Our results show that the trirutile-type oxide MgSb2O6 possesses the ability, efficiency, and thermal stability to be applied as a gas sensor for propane.

Fabrication of Al@AIH@PVDF metastable composite film with enhanced laser ignition ability and combustion performance

Laser ignition technology has garnered significant attention for energetic materials in recent years, offering advantages over traditional electrical initiation methods, notably in mitigating issues related to stray currents and electromagnetic interference. Moreover, it can facilitate multi-point synchronous ignition. However, the persistent challenges of high ignition thresholds and delays in energetic materials necessitate effective resolutions. In this study, we address these challenges by converting the inert Al2O3 layer on the surface of aluminum powder into the active compound Aluminum Iodate Hexahydrate ([Al(H2O)6](IO3)3(HIO3)2, AIH) to prepare an Al@AIH@PVDF energetic composite film (ECF) with the aim of reducing the laser ignition threshold and delay of Al@PVDF ECF. The Al@AIH@PVDF ECF was synthesized through a simple wet chemistry method and a rapid evaporation process suing a simple, environmental-friendly, and cost-effective way. Differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TG) results demonstrate a lower exothermic reaction temperature (161 °C) and higher heat release (2900 J g−1) for Al@AIH@PVDF ECF. Laser ignition tests reveal a reduced laser ignition delay (11 ms) and threshold (1.59 J cm−2) for Al@AIH@PVDF ECF. Combustion experiments showcase elevated combustion flame temperature (3090 K), burning rate (4.11 cm s−1), and smaller condensed combustion products, while effectively igniting CL-20. Pressure tests indicate higher maximum combustion pressure (3.24 MPa) and pressure rise rate (4.05 GPa s−1) for Al@AIH@PVDF ECF. Finally, the reaction process and mechanism of Al@AIH@PVDF ECF was also investigated and proposed.

Atomically Dispersed Metal‐Nitrogen‐Carbon Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

AbstractThe quest for alternatives to Pt as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst, possessing high activity, stability, and abundant reserves, holds great significance for H2/O2 fuel cells. Recently, metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M‐N‐C) electrocatalysts have garnered substantial attention as promising substitutes. These electrocatalysts not only exhibit well‐defined structures but also offer the flexibility to adjust the central metal atoms and coordination atoms. It is beneficial in elucidating the active sites during the catalytic process and in the design of highly active electrocatalysts. In this review, the real active site of M‐N‐C electrocatalyst‐driven ORR is investigated in depth by in situ characterization techniques such as X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. It′s worth noting that the catalytic activity of M‐N‐C electrocatalysts originates from the dynamic evolution of electrocatalyst structure. Subsequently, we review various synthetic strategies, including the wet chemistry method, spatial confinement, and template‐assisted method, aimed at the rational design of M‐N‐C electrocatalysts. Moreover, recent progresses of M‐N‐C electrocatalysts with varying configurations, encompassing single‐atom, and double‐atom electrocatalysts are discussed, Finally, summary and perspectives on the development of M‐N‐C are provided.

Converting sintering red mud to valuable calcium carbonate whiskers via an innovative magnesium-modified wet carbonation

Sintering red mud (SRM) is an industrial alkaline waste residue generated from the sintering process in alumina production, which is often directly discarded and causes environmental issues. In this study, an innovative magnesium-modified wet carbonation method was proposed to convert sintering red mud to valuable calcium carbonate whiskers using CO2-containing flue gas. The effects of carbonation conditions including temperature, MgCl2 concentration, and duration on the composition, microstructure, and morphology of carbonated products were systematically investigated. It was found that a high whisker content of 60% with an aspect ratio of ∼6 could be obtained under the optimal conditions of 80 °C, 0.4 M MgCl2, and 2 h reaction time. Besides the formation of whiskers, amorphous aluminosilicate gel was also generated during SRM carbonation. The effects of the as-prepared whisker-rich materials as partial cement replacement on the mechanical properties of cement paste were evaluated with 5 wt% replacement, the 28 d compressive strength was significantly improved by 20.5% compared to the control specimen. The effective reinforcement was ascribed to the fibrous whiskers and enhanced interfacial bonding. This method enables high-value utilization of SRM waste and CO2 fixation, providing a green and low-cost approach to producing high-performance cementitious materials.

Formulation and Evaluation of Natural Excipient-based Mucoadhesive Salbutamol Sulphate Tablets

When creating a mucoadhesive sustained-release formulation for oral consumption, aquaphilic matrices are a captivating option to consider. These aquaphilic matrices are used to release water-soluble and water-insoluble drugs. Gums and mucilages used in the current study are linseed mucilage (LM) and tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP). The present work aims to focus on the possibilities of using these polysaccharides to prepare a new medication delivery system. The aim of the research was to make a salbutamol sulfate mucoadhesive tablet for the treatment of asthma. The wet granulation method was adopted for the formulation of the salbutamol sulfate mucosal adhesive tablet. Mucosal adhesive tablets were assessed for multiple parameters. The drug release is low as the amount of gums and mucilages is high. A mucoadhesive tablet containing linseed mucilage and chitosan exhibits good mucoadhesive performance and in-vitro drug release. Optimized formulation FM1 fits the Higuchi plot of release kinetics

Sustainable water solutions:a Six Sigma approach to membrane-based filtration system design

Water contamination is a major problem nowadays which can not only be solved through technological innovations but also requires educational innovation. The contamination of water is caused by discharging harmful pollutants into the water. These harmful contaminants cause different diseases. The significance of water filtration has grown in recent years. The quality of water is affected majorly by residual waste, bacteria, and so on. Based upon these issues, the Six Sigma methodology is used in this research for the design of a portable filtration system. This methodology is based on five steps that align with the computational competencies involving abstraction, decomposition of problem, and algorithmic thinking. Initially, a questionnaire approach is used to identify the need for a portable water filter for potential users. The Quality Function Development (QFD) matrix is used to measure the user’s needs. Based on the user’s information, a decision matrix tool is being used in the Analyze stage. After this theoretical concept is generated, and selection is made among various options. The complete drawing was made in the design stage after several stages of concept generation and selection. Then a prototype is developed to conduct proof of concept testing. The hollow fiber membrane (HFM) that is being used is manufactured usually by melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. But usually, a wet spinning method is predominantly used for manufacturing hollow fiber membranes. Polymer liquid like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used for the manufacturing of membranes with other liquids in different ratios. The size of pores varies from 0.01 to 0.1 microns. The flux rate usually depends upon the volume, length, and size of the cartridge. Backwashing at regular intervals is done for the presentation of fooling due to the accumulation of solutes. This filtration system is also proficient in rejecting bacteria that are being found in water and soil. This is done by a coliform test that is being performed for bacteria. The porosity of the membrane is also affected by the concertation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the concentration of polyethylene glycol increases the porosity of the membrane decreases. A Chemical Oxygen Demand test is also performed to check the presence of organic matter in water. After filtration, no organic matter was manifested in the water. Design for Six Sigma in a portable filtration system that uses membrane for filtration is a good start in looking for a new alternative concept. The implication of this research presents a multifaceted solution to water contamination issues, offering educational outreach programs, STEM education integration, community engagement, and innovative competitions as integral components for fostering awareness, sustainable practices, and creative solutions in the pursuit of clean water.

Revolutionizing Apixaban Release: Exploring Wet Granulation and Superdisintegrant Synergy for Improved Delivery Profiles

The aim of the present research was to formulate and evaluate immediate release tablet of apixaban. In this research study, we are formulating apixaban by wet granulation method. Previously research has been conducted based on dry granulation and direct compression methods.
 The proposed wet granulation method has several advantages in terms of feasibility and cost effectiveness. The present formulation comprises of comparative evaluation between disintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and croscarmellose sodium (CCS), among which CCS was found to have optimum results. Superdisintegrants, are compounds that, as their name implies, are superior to disintegrants and that facilitate or enhance the disintegration time even at low levels, usually 1-10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dosage unit. These are used to boost the potency of the solid dosage form.