Wet Markets Research Articles

Consumers' willingness to pay for food safety attributes of tomato

PurposeConsumers are giving greater attention to the selection of food due to the improvement in income and urbanization. Meanwhile, in recent years, the vegetables' farmers in Malaysia have been reported using an excessive quantity of pesticides. The vegetables exported to Singapore and China have been rejected in 2018 and 2017 due to the presence of excessive levels of pesticides. Such incidences have created massive concern to improve the safety standard of the vegetable industry. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate consumers' willingness to pay for food safety attributes of tomato.Design/methodology/approachDiscrete choice experiments has been used, and 490 respondents have completed the survey.FindingsResults suggested that consumers were willing to pay RM4.18 more for wholesome tomato relative to slightly damage tomato. Consumers also were willing to pay RM2.75 more for organic tomato relative to inorganic tomato. They were also willing to pay RM2.30 and RM1.29 more for certified and tomato sold at supermarket relative to uncertified and tomato sold at the wet market, respectively. The willingness to pay for safety attributes of tomato also varied according to the income, age and education level of the consumers.Research limitations/implicationsIf the farmers can respond effectively to the changes in consumers demand, it can be translated into business opportunities.Originality/valueThis research able to provide relevant information related to the consumers' willingness to pay for food safety attributes of tomato in Malaysia.

Overview of COVID-19 Pandemic: Transmission, Epidemiology and Diagnosis

In the early part of the last month of the year 2019, suddenly many people started suffering from a new respiratory disease in the city of Wuhan in China. At that time the cause of the disease was not known. The disease was caused by a new coronavirus which was never detected in the past. WHO called it the novel coronavirus 2019. Later the virus was named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The disease is considered to have originated from the wet market located in the city of Wuhan in China. It came from the bats and infected the humans and possibly with an intermediate host like the pangolins. From the place it originated the disease spread to other places within China and to other countries outside China. WHO recognised the disease as a pandemic, as the disease spread to other parts of the world in Europe and Asia. This pandemic has affected the mankind as never before. More than 110 million people are confirmed infected with this disease. More than 2.5 million people have succumbed to this devastating disease. The pandemic has affected almost all the countries in the world. At a time when many countries were in lockdown mode, it seemed the world had come to a standstill. Individuals of both sexes belonging to all age groups can get infected, although old persons and persons with co-morbid conditions are more prone to get infected and also has more chance to develop severe form of this disease carrying high morbidity and mortality. In this review, the literature of the causative agent, epidemiology, mode of transmission, diagnosis and treatment and preventive strategies are reviewed, so that the reader is provided with sufficient current knowledge about this disease.

Mammals, wildlife trade, and the next global pandemic

Most new infectious diseases emerge when pathogens transfer from animals to humans.1,2 The suspected origin of the COVID pandemic in a wildlife wet market has resurfaced debates on the role of wildlife trade as a potential source of emerging zoonotic diseases.3-5 Yet there are no studies quantitatively assessing zoonotic disease risk associated with wildlife trade. Combining data on mammal species hosting zoonotic viruses and mammals known to be in current and future wildlife trade,6 we found that one-quarter (26.5%) of the mammals in wildlife trade harbor 75% of known zoonotic viruses, a level much higher than domesticated and non-traded mammals. The traded mammals also harbor distinct compositions of zoonotic viruses and different host reservoirs from non-traded and domesticated mammals. Furthermore, we highlight that primates, ungulates, carnivores, and bats represent significant zoonotic disease risks as they host 132 (58%) of 226 known zoonotic viruses in present wildlife trade, whereas species of bats, rodents, and marsupials represent significant zoonotic disease risks in future wildlife trade. Thus, the risk of carrying zoonotic diseases is not equal for all mammal species in wildlife trade. Overall, our findings strengthen the evidence that wildlife trade and zoonotic disease risks are strongly associated, and that mitigation measures should prioritize species with the highest risk of carrying zoonotic viruses. Curbing the sales of wildlife products and developing principles that support the sustainable and healthy trade of wildlife could be cost-effective investments given the potential risk and consequences of zoonotic outbreaks.

Risk analysis and revenue distribution of cassava farming as an impact of climate change in Wonogiri Regency

The geographical condition of Wonogiri Regency is agro climatically suitable for the cultivation of cassava. The management of cassava cultivation certainly has risks that can occur from natural factors, such as climate, weather, floods, as well as pests and diseases, during the cultivation process, price risks, etc., and ultimately will have an impact on farmers’ income. Cassava risk analysis due to climate change is an interesting topic to research because it can cause huge losses that affect farmers’ incomes and income inequality of cassava farmers. The study aims to (1) identifies the impact of climate change on cassava farming, (2) analyze the income of cassava farmers as a result of climate change, (2) analyze the risks of cassava farming from the impacts of climate change. The research method used is a survey with purposive sampling in the determination of sub-districts and villages, selected Ngadirojo Subdistrict, cassava farmers took 60 farmers in simple random sampling. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, frequency analysis, revenue analysis, and risk analysis. The results showed that there was a 12.43% change in income due to climate change as measured by the delay in the growing season and product quality. There is a change in quality and quantity in three types of cassava market in Wonogiri Regency, namely (1) wet cassava market, (2) dry cassava market (gaplek), (3) industrial market that goes directly into the factory. Risk analysis obtained coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.503 which means that the average income risk faced by farmers is classified as risky in the low category (CV>0.5), with the lower limit value (La) showing Rp. 28,121.82 which means that in running a cassava cultivation business, farmers must dare to bear the risk of income of Rp. 28,121.82 (12.47%) in one period of cultivation.

Animal Agriculture, Wet Markets, and COVID-19: a Case Study in Indirect Activism.

There were excellent reasons to reform intensive animal agriculture prior to COVID-19. Unfortunately, though, intensive animal agriculture has grown rapidly over the last century. All signs indicate that it will continue to grow in the future. This is bad news for billions of animals. It’s also bad news for those who want an animal-friendly food system. Because the public isn’t very concerned about the plight of animals—or is concerned, but has a high tolerance for cognitive dissonance—animal activists regularly engage in indirect activism. Indirect activism involves arguing that some cause that’s indirectly related to the activist’s primary agenda provides reasons to act in ways that are congruent with that agenda. In this paper, we consider the two indirect arguments that animal activists advanced in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: first, some used COVID-19 to criticize intensive animal agriculture—many of these had US-based audiences as their target; second, and more modestly, some activists used COVID-19 to condemn wet markets specifically. We contend that both arguments had the risk of backfiring: they risked promoting the very systems that are worst for animals. We then assess the moral significance of this risk, concluding that while it may have been permissible to advance these arguments, there were some serious moral considerations against doing so—ones that weren’t addressed by flagging animal activists’ concern for animals or any other stakeholder in the discussion. In both cases, we think there are plausible precautionary arguments against the strategies that these activists pursued. Additionally, in the case of arguments against wet markets specifically, we contend that the precautionary argument can be supplemented with a side constraint condition that, arguably, activists violated insofar as they were acting in ways that maintain a racist and xenophobic system.

Exploring Cultural Tourism Products at Kampung Tanjung Api, Kuantan, Pahang

This purpose of the research was to determine if there were cultural tourism products in Tanjung Api in the district of Kuala Kuantan, in the state of Pahang. To that end, the research process would require the understanding of the community, an analysis of the site, and the availability and conditions of the natural resources of the area. This study was conducted via unstructured interview, observations, and the use of the ethnography approach in the research methodology. The data collection method was guided through the use of five resources measuring instruments: Site Analysis, Community Analysis, Cultural Resources Analysis, Natural Resources Analysis, and Environment Assessment. The findings indicated the availably of tourism products such as the martial art called silat cekak, fishing and crab catching activities, interesting sights at the village such as the wet market and night market, visiting the jetty area, the old British graveyard and the uniquely design mosque.

Updates of COVID-19

Causal OrganismCOVID-19 is a disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Positive-sense ssRNA viruses are about 30 kb long. Coronaviruses have a broad spectrum of action and affect multiple organisms.Origin of DiseaseThe disease outbreak has been initiated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease has been originated from the wet animal market of Wuhan City, where a large number of peoples have come in contact with animals. It is known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. SARSCoV-2 is highly infectious, and its outbreak is worldwide (national and international level) and becomes pandemic.ControlPresently, the number of cases continues to rise at a global level, and it is clear that these viruses pose a significant threat to public health. Consequently, extensive treatments, vaccines, and drugs have been developed by researchers to control the transmission of infection. This led to the isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments. Special attention and guidelines have been given by various government organizations to protect or reduce transmission between children, healthcare providers, and old-aged peoples.

Primary Pandemic Prevention.

Over the last few decades, hundreds of human pathogens have emerged at a rate unprecedented in human history. Emerged from where? Mostly from animals. The AIDS virus is blamed on the butchering of primates in the African bushmeat trade, we created mad cow disease when we turned cows into carnivores and cannibals, and SARS and COVID-19 have been traced back to the exotic wild animal trade. Our last pandemic, swine flu in 2009, arose not from some backwater wet market in Asia, however. It was largely made-in-the-USA on pig production operations in the United States. In this new Age of Emerging Diseases, there are now billions of animals overcrowded and intensively confined in filthy factory farms for viruses to incubate and mutate within. Today's industrial farming practices have given viruses billions more spins at pandemic roulette. How can we stop the emergence of pandemic viruses in the first place? Whenever possible, treat the cause. The largest and oldest association of public health professionals in the world, the American Public Health Association, has called for a moratorium on factory farming for nearly two decades. Indeed, factory farms are a public health menace. In addition to discontinuing the intensive confinement practices of animal agriculture, we should continue to research, develop, and invest in innovative plant-based and cultivated meat technologies to move away from raising billions of feathered and curly-tailed test tubes for viruses with pandemic potential to mutate within.

The Emergence of Novel Coronavirus Disease, Global Treatment Update and its Containment Strategies in Overpopulated Countries: A Review

: The ongoing pandemic of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has created a major challenge for the public health worldwide. The reported cases indicate that the outbreak is more widespread than initially assumed. Around 18 million people have been infected with 689,000 reported deaths (August 2020; the number is increasing daily); with a high mutation rate, this virus poses an even more serious threat worldwide. The actual source of COVID-19 is still unclear; even if the initial reports link it to the Chinese seafood wet market in Wuhan, other animals such as birds, snakes, and many small mammals including bats are also linked with this novel coronavirus. The structure of the COVID-19 shows distinctive proteins among which spike proteins have a pivotal role in host cell attachment and virus-cell membrane fusion in order to facilitate virus infection. Currently, no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is available. Various drug candidates, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV protease inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, ACE2 inhibitors and lungs supportive therapy, are under trials. Cell-based therapy also appeared with remarkable treatment possibilities. In this article, we endeavored to succinctly cover the current and available treatment options, including pharmaceuticals, cell-based therapy, and traditional medicine. We also focused on the extent of damages by this novel coronavirus in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh; the strategies adopted and the research activities initiated so far by these densely populated countries (neighboring China) are explained in this review.

Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella enterica Serovars Isolated from Chicken at Wet Markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Virulent and multi drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica is a foremost cause of foodborne diseases and had serious public health concern globally. The present study was undertaken to identify the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from chicken at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 870 cecal contents of broiler, sonali, and native chickens were collected from 29 wet markets. The overall prevalence of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and untyped Salmonella spp., were found to be 3.67%, 0.57%, and 1.95% respectively. All isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for eight virulence genes, namely invA, agfA, IpfA, hilA, sivH, sefA, sopE, and spvC. S. Enteritidis isolates carried all virulence genes whilst S. Typhimurium isolates carried six virulence genes except sefA and spvC. A diverse phenotypic and genotypic AMR pattern was found. Harmonic descending trends of resistance patterns were observed among the broiler, sonali, and native chickens. Interestingly, virulent and MDR Salmonella enterica serovars were found in native chicken, although antimicrobials were not used in their production cycle. The research findings anticipate that virulent and MDR Salmonella enterica are roaming in the wet markets which can easily anchor to the vendor, consumers, and in the food chain.

Beyond Exotic Wet Markets: COVID-19 Ecologies in the Global Meat-Processing Industry in Brazil

In this article we argue that the overvaluation of exotic narratives about wild animal consumption and wet markets conceals how the global agribusiness establishes unhealthy ecologies. Increasing infection rates from the new coronavirus registered among meat industry workers, their families, and the community, resulted in the suspension of several establishments in this sector in Brazil. If the meat processing industry cannot be considered entirely safe, why are risks to health, morality, and civility often represented by the unregulated practices of wet markets considered exotic? This paper shows that the global meat processing industry weaves a myriad of intimate encounters between humans, animals, highly toxic chemicals, organic waste, and precarious work relationships. They are unhealthy ecologies where coexistence, infection, risk, and death are always involved. We suggest a multispecies approach to analyse and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic; instead of the exaltation of contagion and the boundaries of contention, there needs to be an effort to establish integrated policies for the health and joint care of humans, animals, and environments.

On-site hygiene and biosecurity assessment: A new tool to assess live bird stalls in wet markets

Wet markets play an important role in food security and consumers often view the produce as fresher and cheaper. It is highly prevalent in Asia and a source of livelihood for many small and medium businesses. Studies have revealed that highly unsanitary markets, especially those with live bird stalls operating within the wet market could pose a threat to consumer food safety and public health. This study proposed a new, rapid assessment tool for monitoring hygiene and biosecurity measures of live bird stalls. The design of Hygiene and Biosecurity Assessment Tool (HBAT) was supported by the identification of critical hygiene and biosecurity practices based on empirical evidence that suggests such control measures can prevent or reduce the cross contamination or transmission of zoonoses. An observational, cross sectional study of wet markets selling live birds and/or slaughtered birds was conducted to test the tool. Most wet market stalls slaughter and/or sell chicken, followed by quail, duck and amphibians. 50% of the wet market stalls were rated as moderate, 43.2% as poor and require major improvement, 2.3% as good and 4.5% as excellent. Stalls are in general kept in clean condition and no mixing of species or presence of pests or strays were observed. The cleaning and disinfection practices of slaughter area (after each slaughter) and tools require urgent improvement as majority of stalls cleaned the surfaces with water only. Customers have direct access to live bird stalls and should be reminded (with visible signs) to wash their hands before entering other zones. Toilet and handwashing facilities are highly inadequate and improved physical infrastructure and the provision of sufficient hygiene and handwashing facilities are required to facilitate hand hygiene. This study is highly relevant to countries where wet markets and live bird stalls play a crucial food security role to the local communities. The tool could be used to aid policymakers design evidence-based assessments to monitor on-site hygiene and biosecurity measures of live bird/animal stalls in wet markets. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to propose an on-site hygiene and biosecurity assessment tool to monitor live bird stalls in wet market.

Comparative Study on Nutritional Compositions and Pathogenic Microorganism Isolated from Green Turtle Egg and Chicken Egg

Exploitation of marine turtles is getting more severe as their population is starting to decline by years. The consumption of their eggs by the public is one of the factors that lead to this matter. However, there is not much research done so far on its nutritional composition and how it affects public health. A comparative study between turtle egg and chicken egg was done to evaluate the egg’s nutrient content and pathogenic microorganism. A total of 30 turtle eggs were purchased from the wet market located in Terengganu to determine the percentage of fatty acid and crude protein within the eggs. There was no significant difference between the crude protein percentage in chicken and turtle eggs; 11.99% and 11.58%. In this study, the composition of fatty acids, Omega-3 (N3PUFA) and Omega-6 polyunsaturated (N6PUFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were determined. From the findings, there was a significant difference in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids where the composition was higher in turtle eggs (35.27% and 48.79%, respectively) as compared to chicken eggs (31.99% and 45.3%, respectively). On the other hand, turtle eggs were higher in Omega-3 but lower in Omega-6 FAs (13.35%, 2.58%), which contrary to the chicken eggs (6.44%, 16.27%). In bacterial isolation, none of the isolates were positive for Salmonella sp. and the majority of the isolates were positive with Proteus mirabilis in both chicken and turtle eggs. The presence of this bacteria in turtle eggs might pose certain health risks as they are commonly consumed raw by the public. In conclusion, these findings related to the composition of fatty acid, protein and the existence of bacteria in the turtle egg would allow us to increase the conservation effort to keep the population from extinction.

An Investigation of Airborne Bioaerosols and Endotoxins Present in Indoor Traditional Wet Markets before and after Operation in Taiwan: A Case Study.

Customers in Taiwan prefer to purchase fresh foods and household supplies at indoor traditional wet markets (TWMs). The health risk to indoor TWM staff exposed to bioaerosols needs to be evaluated, since these workers spend long periods of time in the market for stall preparation, selling, and stall cleaning. This study investigated the bioaerosols present in two indoor TWMs. The results showed that the cleaning process at Market A after operations, involving the use of an agitated waterspout, was able to decrease the concentration of bacterial bioaerosols (BBs) by an average of 64%, while at the same time increasing the concentration of fungal bioaerosols (FBs) by about 2.4 fold. The chemical sanitization process at Market B after operations was able to bring about average decreases of 30.8% in BBs and 19.2% in FBs, but the endotoxin concentration increased. Hotspots were found to be associated with vendors of fresh, live poultry and fresh, raw meat/seafood. Pseudomonas spp. and Clostridium perfringens, both of which can be pathogenic, were found to be the dominant species present in these markets, making up 35.18% to 48.74% and 9.64% to 11.72% of the bacteria present, respectively. Our results provide fundamental information on the distributions of bioaerosols and endotoxins within indoor TWMs both before and after operation.

Live and Wet Markets: Food Access versus the Risk of Disease Emergence.

Emerging zoonotic diseases exert a significant burden on human health and have considerable socioeconomic impact worldwide. In Asia, live animals as well as animal products are commonly sold in informal markets. The interaction of humans, live domestic animals for sale, food products, and wild and scavenging animals, creates a risk for emerging infectious diseases. Such markets have been in the spotlight as sources of zoonotic viruses, for example, avian influenza viruses and coronaviruses, Here, we bring data together on the global impact of live and wet markets on the emergence of zoonotic diseases. We discuss how benefits can be maximized and risks minimized and conclude that current regulations should be implemented or revised, to mitigate the risk of new diseases emerging in the future.

The use of multi-pronged screening strategy to understand the epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Hong Kong: transition from epidemic to endemic setting.

A multi-pronged carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) screening strategy was implemented in Hong Kong West healthcare network. Of 199,192 fecal specimens from 77,194 patients screening from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2019, the incidence of CPE per 1000 patient admission significantly increased from 0.01 (2012) to 1.9 (2018) (p<0.01). With appropriate infection control measures, the incidence of nosocomial CPE per 1000 CPE colonization day decreased from 22.34 (2014) to 10.65 (2018) (p=0.0094). Exposure to wet market for purchasing raw pork (p=0.007), beef (p=0.017), chicken (p=0.026), and vegetable (p=0.034) for >3 times per week significantly associated with community acquisition of CPE. Strategic CPE control measures should be implemented in both the hospital and the community.

Evaluation of existing poultry processing and marketing in the wet market of Gazipur city in Bangladesh

The poultry selling and processing practices followed in the poultry wet markets of Bangladesh are always being overlooked unknowingly. The research was conducted to observe the existing scenario of poultry selling and processing practices at the selected wet markets located in the Gazipur City Corporation of Bangladesh. A total of 43 poultry selling shops were randomly selected and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. It was surprising to observe the absence of female personnel and involvement of few (6.9%) people over the age of 50 years in the wet markets. All the persons engaged in poultry selling and processing had no institutional training. The shops found to be abstained from following some important practices such as feed withdrawal period, isolation of diseased birds, ante and post mortem inspection. The proper bleeding time (1-2) min was recorded in 58.2% cases. The killing cone was recognized as the best device in terms bleeding time. The 72.1% of the outlets never cleaned the carcass prior to deliver the customers. The absence of ante- and post-mortem inspections may cause a great threat of disease outbreak. Taken together, the poultry selling and processing practices followed in the wet market needs to be assessed carefully to deliver safe and quality meat to the customers. In addition, organizing basic training on pre-slaughter management and processing for both seller and processor and also ensuring the regular ante- and post- mortem inspection could improve the present situation in order to produce quality poultry meat.&#x0D; Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 205-217, 2020

World Wide Uncharted Trajectory Outbreak Initiator: Coronavirus [COVID-19] Pathogenesis

Abstract: The Coronavirus (CoV) belongs to family of Coronaviridae, suborder Coronavirinae and Nidovirales order. CoV causes diseases in human with a just cold, cough and high fever symptoms simultaneously develops in to severe respiratory syndrome and ceases fatal. The source of virus is believed to be “Wet Market” in Wuhan, China. The source of the latest pandemic has not yet been identified exactly but the original host is expected to be bats and mammals, which are host of wide range of Zoonotic viruses. The current trajectory state defines the virus is climbing rest of the world. The article is a descriptive study of CoV types, origin, transmission of virus from bats, mammals and inanimate surfaces to the host cells, life cycle of coronavirus where the Spike protein (S1 and S2) domains fusing with the receptors present on the host cell and other mechanisms. Steps of translation and exocytosis represented diagrammatically to control and mitigate the fatality. Worldwide therapy of the patients, a glance report on drug developments, stage of clinical trials and vaccine research is reported. Key words: WHO, Zoonosis, RNA, Receptor, Vaccine.

Multiorgan damage and dysfunction due to infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and post-recovery complications

Large clusters of patients were reported with pneumonia such as symptoms of unknown causes, all linked to a seafood, and wet animal wholesale market in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. This was followed by studies conducted by the Chinese authorities leading to the detection of a novel strain of coronavirus named as 2019-novel coronavirus. Further studies on the viral genome indicated that the virus is possibly of bat-origin belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus and family Coronaviridae. The name of the virus was changed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to its high similarity with SARS-CoV-1 and the disease was named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The disease was declared a pandemic by the WHO by March 12, 2020. As of December 17, 2020, the total cases have been reported to be around 7.29 million with 1.63 million deaths worldwide. Symptoms of the disease can range from severe pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation to basic symptoms such as fever and cough sometimes even being asymptomatic. Diagnostic tests include different laboratory based, point-of-care, and serological tests for controlling the spread of the disease. It has been indicated that the virus shows its effect by complete immune dysregulation due to excessive release of cytokines which is known as “cytokine storm” leading to the effect on multiple organs mainly the lungs through pneumonia such as symptoms, liver by causing severe damage indicated by high aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, kidneys through renal damage, and neurological symptoms being reported in some cases. It also affects circulatory systems through blood coagulation, skin damage, etc. Different symptoms have also been observed post recovery in the respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems. Currently used treatment strategies are mostly symptomatic that includes use of invasive and non-invasive ventilation and broad spectrum antibiotics and steroids. Furthermore, different novel treatments are also being developed. It is extremely important to conduct further research on the effects of the disease on different organs and post-recovery symptoms to not only develop better diagnostic tools and treatment strategies but also to help people that have already recovered from the disease.

Optimizing of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Production in Wet Market Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology

The present study aimed to optimize the production of Scenedesmus sp. biomass during the phycoremediation process. The biomass productivity was optimized using face centred central composite design (FCCCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of two independent variables that included wet market wastewater concentrations (A) with a range of 10% to 75% and aeration rate (B) with a range of 0.02 to 4.0 L/min. The results revealed that the highest biomass productivity (73 mg/L/d) and maximum growth rate (1.19 day−1) was achieved with the 64.26% of (A) and 3.08 L/min of (B). The GC-MS composition analysis of the biomass yield extract revealed that the major compounds are hexadecane (25%), glaucine (16.2%), and phytol (8.33%). The presence of these compounds suggests that WMW has the potential to be used as a production medium for Scenedesmus sp. Biomass, which has several applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry.