Wet Markets Research Articles

Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria on Face Masks from Wet Markets in Makkah during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic compelled people worldwide to use face masks to limit the spread of the disease. Improper use of masks may increase the transmission of pathogenic bacteria, causing co-infection that may result in an increase in complications of COVID-19 and a rise in the death rate. This study aims to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the surfaces of masks worn by workers while working at several markets (meat, fish, fruit, and vegetable markets) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pathogenic bacteria on the masks of some workers in different markets in Makkah were identified and confirmed by growth media and an automated system. Pathogenic bacteria were detected in 99% of the studied samples. The most commonly detected bacteria on masks were E. coli, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. A few samples included additional bacterial species, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate harmful bacteria on the masks of a random group of non-healthcare workers. Improper mask use by various populations might result in significant cross-contamination with pathobionts. KEYWORDS COVID-19, face masks, bacterial contamination, infection, hygiene, wet market

Impact of Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers’ Federation on Socio economic Status of Dairy Farmers

The paper assesses the impact of membership of dairy cooperative i.e. Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers’ Federation (JMF) on the performance of dairy production systems using propensity score matching techniques. Dairy cooperative members differed significantly from non-members in terms of outcome variables. The mean difference value explained that the socio-economic condition of members was better than non-members. The findings revealed that membership of JMF contributes towards improving yields of dairy animals, net dairy income, and also, to household milk consumption. The non-members reaped better price for the milk in the wet market as compared to the members. Nonetheless,the member-producers recorded higher proportion of milk sale as compared to the non-members which also indicated their intensity of market participation. These results indicatetowards the need to improve dairy farmers’ linkages through cooperatives or other such institutions for their socio-economic development.

Is Social Media the New Wet Market? Social Media Platforms Facilitate the Online Sale of Bushmeat in West Africa

Is Social Media the New Wet Market? Social Media Platforms Facilitate the Online Sale of Bushmeat in West Africa

Determination of COVID-19 Patients Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), also known as Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-COV2) and it has imposed deep concern on public health globally. Based on its fast-spreading breakout among the people exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan city of China, the city was indicated as its origin. The symptoms, reactions, and the rate of recovery shown in the coronavirus cases worldwide have been varied . The number of patients is still rising exponentially, and some countries are now battling the third wave. Since the most effective treatment of this disease has not been discovered so far, early detection of potential COVID-19 patients can help isolate them socially to decrease the spread and flatten the curve. In this study, we explore state-of-the-art research on coronavirus disease to determine the impact of this illness among various age groups. Moreover, we analyze the performance of the Decision tree (DT), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Naïve bayes (NB), Support vector machine (SVM), and Logistic regression (LR) to determine COVID-19 in the patients based on their symptoms. A dataset obtained from a public repository was collected and pre-processed, before applying the selected Machine learning (ML) algorithms on them. The results demonstrate that all the ML algorithms incorporated perform well in determining COVID-19 in potential patients. NB and DT classifiers show the best performance with an accuracy of 93.70%, whereas other algorithms, such as SVM, KNN, and LR, demonstrate an accuracy of 93.60%, 93.50%, and 92.80% respectively. Hence, we determine that ML models have a significant role in detecting COVID-19 in patients based on their symptoms.

Barter scheme in supply chain of traditional wet market during COVID-19 pandemic

Barter scheme in supply chain of traditional wet market during COVID-19 pandemic

The High Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella spp. Isolated from Raw Chicken Meat and Contact Surfaces at Wet Market in Malaysia

Post-slaughter processing steps during poultry meat production contribute to Salmonella contamination and may transmit multidrug-resistant Salmonella to chicken meats and contact surfaces. This study was undertaken to identify Salmonella spp. strains isolated from chicken meats and their contact surfaces, and to determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. A total of 20 samples were collected from raw chicken meat and its contact surfaces from a shop in Pasar Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. Identification of presumptive Salmonella colonies was conducted by using biochemical tests and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. Salmonella enterica Group I was only detected in seven samples. The antibiogram testing showed that all the seven Salmonella isolates (100%) were multidrug-resistant and all isolates were resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Resistance towards trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin was observed in four isolates. However, sensitivity was recorded for cephalexin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone in six isolates. The highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 1.00 (resistance to all eleven antibiotics tested) was observed in one isolate (P2) while the lowest MAR index of 0.36 (resistance to four antibiotics tested) was observed in three isolates (CB, M2 and M3). Our results demonstrated that raw chicken and meat contact surface were a source of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and can contribute to significant health concern in Malaysia. Stringent hygienic procedure during chicken meat processing should be therefore be practised.

Point of View about Corona Pandemic: An Approach towards Health Perspectives

It's been about a half year since there's been a word that's spread throughout the globe faster than wildfires, and it's not only the most talked-about topic, but also the most feared; yes, it's "crown." Hearing the word itself strikes dread in all individuals around the world. So what is this crown or COVID-19 truly? Coronavirus is an irresistible sickness brought about by the newfound strain of Covid, the SARS-CoV-2. Covid was accounted for from china in late December and early January from the province of Wuhan in China. Covid was found in the absolute most punctual known cases connected to Wuhan’s discount wet food market. The word crown got its fear of India on 30th January 2020 in Kerala. The patient was an understudy, concentrating in the city of source, and had returned to the nation because of the pandemic. Since January, this infection has been spreading and is accounted for everywhere in the world. Crown has become a dread that has not saved anybody from its effect. The everyday existence surprisingly around the globe has been affected since. This infection is a freak type of crown that is novel Covid covid19. Covid pandemic has instructed us that there are different exercises to be scholarly in the current pandemic circumstance. Crown has carried our thoughtfulness regarding how much progress should be around us. An alternate view and viewpoint have become known about our nation's current medical services plan. The establishment of medical care framework with medical services suppliers has come to stake. Ample opportunity has already passed that we investigate the current wellbeing administrations and strengthen them at the center level. Natural selection is one of the oldest adages in clinical research, and it has stayed consistent in situations like this. In the current circumstances, endurance has become an essential component.

Impact of COVID‐19 on wild meat trade in Nigerian markets

Impact of <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 on wild meat trade in Nigerian markets

Utilization of fish waste as fish meal substitute in formulated fish diet on the growth performance of Nile tilapia fish fry (Oreochromis niloticus)

Fish meal is generally expended as the foremost protein supply in the fish diet. The rising cost of this component inflicted the aquaculture industry to seek a substitute in lessening the pellet cost. Thus, fish waste was tested in this study to investigate its viability. An experiment was performed to study the effects of fish waste and carcass on the growth performance of Nile tilapia fry. Solid fish waste of three different common species available in Mukah’s wet market was formulated into an artificial diet. The diet was formulated into three treatments consist of three protein levels (40%, 45% and 50%) with 4000 kcal/kg energy. A controlled group was fed with a commercial pellet consisting of 45% protein level. Fish were fed at 4% of body weight twice daily for 45 days. Fry reared in a controlled group was discovered highest weight gain, specific growth rate and length gain. There was no significant difference in all treatments for all parameters measured. The lowest weight gain and specific growth rate were recorded in fish fed 45% protein level (T2) group. Fish in T3 (50%) achieved the highest survival rate while T1 (40%) group recorded the lowest. The best and lowest Feed Conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded in the control group. In conclusion, the performance of formulated feed using fish waste is similar to commercial pellet as no significant difference can be observed in all parameters measured.

Microbiological safety and microbiota of Kapi, Thai traditional fermented shrimp paste, from different sources

Kapi is traditional Thai shrimp paste and is usually used as a seasoning. Traditional fermented foods are considered safe due to their long-standing consumption history, despite not having been evaluated for hygiene and microbiologically safety. Since Kapi is produced by natural fermentation, the microbiota differs depending on the raw material and production method. To control the quality of Kapi to a certain level, it is important to understand the microbiota of the product. In the present study, 27 Kapi samples purchased from wet markets and supermarkets were evaluated for microbiological safety and their microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis. From the physicochemical analysis, the Kapi sample purchased at the wet market had a larger variation in pH and sodium chloride. Moreover, Kapi purchased from the wet market had a higher detection rate of E. coli, coliforms, and Bacillus group than those purchased from the supermarket. Salmonella, Listeria sp., and Vibrio sp. were not detected in any sample. The results of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the microbiota differed for each sample regardless of the place of purchase, with Lentibacillus sp., Tetragenococcus sp., Salinicoccus sp., and Alkalibacillus sp. as the predominant groups.

Consumers Choice and Preference for Chicken Meat in Sulaymaniyah

Chicken meat consumption and demand have significantly increased in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) after 2003, which has led to the growth of poultry production and risen import from abroad. Consumer preferences study can be a determinant factor for poultry production development strategies to fill local demand gaps and global market competition. This study aimed to identify the consumer preference of chicken meat regarding the type, size, parts, marketplace, and other vital aspects considered by consumers when buying chicken meat, and the internal and external factors that affect consumer preference in the chicken meat purchasing choice. A descriptive study was conducted in Sulaymaniyah city, and the data were collected through a structured questionnaire form. This study indicated that 47.7% of the respondents prefer local Kurdish chicken (Mrishki Kurdi). 50% of the consumers in the Sulaymaniyah city prefer to buy whole chicken weighed between (2-3 Kg), 35.4% at the nearest or trusted meat shop, 38.5% at the wet markets, and 69.3% alive chicken slaughtered at the wet market at the time of purchase. Additionally, the internal factors (sensory features and perceptual features) were more dominant (sum total=4.084) than External factors (information, social environment, and physical environment) (sum total=3.599). Conclusions derived from the results suggest that the current study can contribute to a better understanding of consumers and improve the agribusiness value chain in KRI. The results from this study are recommended to examine consumer behavior and preference for agri-foods to build an integrated sustainable food production system based on consumers' needs and demands in the KRI and compete with the imported products.

Impact of imported Indian buffalo meat on red meat supply and demand in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Since 2016, the government introduced the domestic beef market to Indian buffalo meat (IBM). However, the impact of IBM on regional beef supply and demand has not been fully investigated. This study aimed to study the impact of IBM on the supply and demand of local beef in South Kalimantan (KalSel), Indonesia. Surveys were conducted with slaughterhouses, beef distributors, butchers, meatball makers, and resellers both at the supermarkets and wet markets. Secondary data were collected from Banjarmasin Quarantine Office and Livestock and Animal Health Service of Kalsel. Data indicated an increase of IBM imported into Kalsel, from 38-675 tonnes in 2017 and 2019. There was a decline of live cattle imported from inter-island, from 27,240 head in 2016 to only 12,788 head in 2019. Slaughtered cattle and beef production declined from 39,747 heads in 2016 to 31,058 heads in 2019 and 8,691 tons in 2016 to 6,791 tons in 2019. Butchers reported beef selling volume has been reduced by 50-70% compared to 2016. This study showed IBM has had significant impacts on inter-island cattle supply, local beef production and beef demand in the wet market but has no impact on local beef price.

Revisiting China’s supermarket revolution: Complementarity and co-evolution between traditional and modern food outlets

Like many emerging economies in the Global South, China is experiencing major transformations of its national and local food system characterized by the rise of supermarkets. There has been an ongoing debate on the relationship between supermarkets and wet markets in developing countries. Drawing on data from a city-wide supermarket mapping and surveys conducted in Nanjing in 2019, this paper revisits China’s “supermarket revolution” process and challenges the prediction of supermarket domination. It reveals that Nanjing’s food retailing system has been shaped by the complementarity and co-evolution of the wet market and the supermarket sectors with considerable policy support. The paper, therefore, contributes to the broader debates on the existing “supermarket revolution” theory by providing baseline evidence and new perspectives for understanding the food environment in urban China. Policymakers and researchers need to recognize the possibility of the co-evolution of supermarkets and wet markets in other cities of the Global South. Investing in urban food system planning could enhance the adaptability of the food system to improve food security.

Consecutive Hits of COVID-19 in India: The Mystery of Plummeting Cases and Current Scenario.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related pandemic has been in existence for almost 2 years now after its possible emergence from a wet market in the city of Wuhan of the Chinese mainland. Evidence of the emergence and transmission of this virus was attributed to bats and pangolins. The causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread globally, affecting humans considerably with its current death toll to be over 4.7 million out of more than 233 confirmed cases as of September 2021. The virus is constantly mutating and continuously trying to establish itself in humans by increasing its transmissibility and virulence through its numerous emerging variants. Several countries have been facing multiple waves of COVID-19 outbreaks one after the other, putting the medical and healthcare establishments under tremendous stress. Although very few drugs and vaccines have been approved for emergency use, their production capabilities need to meet the needs of a huge global population. Currently, not even a quarter of the world population is vaccinated. The situation in India has worsened during the ongoing second wave with the involvement of virus variants with a rapid and huge surge in COVID-19 cases, where the scarcity of hospital infrastructure, antiviral agents, and oxygen has led to increased deaths. Recently, increased surveillance and monitoring, strengthening of medical facilities, campaigns of awareness programs, progressive vaccination drive, and high collaborative efforts have led to limiting the surge of COVID-19 cases in India to a low level. This review outlines the global status of the pandemic with special reference to the Indian scenario.

Origin of the coronavirus

Сoronavirus created all over the world a fear of death. How this virus was originated? The standard explanation from the Chinese was that in the wet market of Wuhan as there are Bat meat and Pangolean meat, virus was originated there and gradually spread all over Wuhan and other areas of China and then all over the world. However, serious doubts are now raised in the non-Chinese world. The reason is Bat was not sold in the wet market of Wuhan. There are active research going on in the Institute of Virology in Wuhan on various deadly virus, under the control of the Chinese military. Questions are raised whether accidentally virus was released from that Institute or it was deliberate.

Biowastes of slaughterhouses and wet markets: an overview of waste management for disease prevention.

Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than three billion and nineteen million livestock were consumed worldwide in 2018, which reflects the vast amount and the broad spectrum of the biowastes generated. Slaughterhouse biowastes are a significant volume of biohazards that poses a high risk of contamination to the environment, an outbreak of diseases, and insecure food safety. This work comprehensively reviewed existing biowaste disposal practices and revealed the limitations of technological advancements to eradicate the threat of possible harmful infectious agents from these wastes. Policies, including strict supervision and uniform minimum hygienic regulations at all raw food processing factories, should therefore be tightened to ensure the protection of the food supply. The vast quantity of biowastes also offers a zero-waste potential for a circular economy, but the incorporation of biowaste recycling, including composting, anaerobic digestion, and thermal treatment, nevertheless remains challenging.

Microplastics Contamination in Commercial Green Mussels from Selected Wet Markets in Thailand.

Mussels have been identified as sentinel organisms (around the world) that indicate microplastic (MP) pollution. Since they are filter feeders, they easily uptake MPs. Mussels sold in commercial markets have been identified as an ideal way to directly quantify human exposure to MPs through seafood consumption. There are no studies reported on MP contamination of market-sold species in Thailand. This study investigates the level of MP contamination in market-sold green mussels, which is a popular seafood in Thailand. A total of 90 green mussels (Perna viridis) collected from three markets were analyzed for the number, polymer types, and morphology of the MPs. Fourier-Transform Infrared Micro-Spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) analysis was used for polymer identification. Nile Red (NR) tagging was used for the enumeration of MPs. MPs were widely discovered in green mussels from all three markets with 100% detection frequency. The average abundance of MPs in green mussels was quantified as 7.32 ± 8.33 items/mussel and 1.53 ± 2.04 items/g (wet weight). Ethylene/propylene copolymer followed by low-density polyethylene (PE-LD), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were found. Fragments (75.4%) were the most common morphotype, followed by fibers (24.6%). Results indicate that the consumption of green mussels as a food can be one of the exposure pathways for the Thai population. Moreover, smaller size MPs were predominant, which are reported to cause higher impacts.

PASSENGER CAR TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS IN MANDONGA TRAYEK MALL - TERMINAL PUWATU AND MANDOGA MALL - LABIBIA IN KENDARI CITY

Kendari City is the Capital City of Southeast Sulawesi Province which continues to experience development from year to year. The centralization of the activities of the Provincial Government, the large number of educational institutions, adequate health facilities, modern shopping centers, airports, etc. are reasons for the high dependency of the regions in the Southeast Sulawesi Province administrative area on Kendari City, so a reason or attraction for people from other regions to travel and settle in Kendari City. To serve the community movement, the role of transportation is very important especially land transportation, so there are many public transportation in Kendari City with a variety of routes, one of which is public transportation at the Mandonga Mall - Termal Puwaatu and Mandonga - Labibia Mall, which serves the movement of the community from Mandonga Mall. , wet market and Kendari City Mandonga roundabout to Puwatu and Labibia terminals or vice versa. Puwaatu terminal is a liaison for car transportation to the districts of Konawe, Konawe Utara, Kolaka and Kolaka Utara or vice versa. So that the role of public transportation Puwaatu terminal route to the Mandonga Mall Kendari is urgently needed to serve the movement of the community and the Mandonga Labibia Mall route to Konawe Regency, because the movement of the people from these districts is generally a movement of people who travel from several Regencies to Kendari City or vice versa . So we need a policy from the government so that the service system can run smoothlyFrom the results of research conducted on existing problems, it can be concluded that the characteristics of public transport passenger trips in the city of Kendari public transportation with a capacity of 11 people show the number of passengers per trip (round trip) on all routes of Mandonga - Puwaatu and Mandonga Mall - Labibia in the city of Kendari ranges from 13 passengers to 20 passengers, or an average of 16 passengers per trip. For Mandonga - puwaatu mall routes, the number of passengers per route is quite large, namely 13 passengers per route, this is due to the length of the routes on this route so that passengers get up and down quite large, and the limited number of fleets on the route and the availability of the number of fleets to the needs of transport passengers general microlet in Mandonga Mall Route - Puwatu Terminal and Mandoga Mall - Labibia in Kendari City Based on Load Factor in the current field, the number of microlet public transport fleets that should be available according to the number of passengers in Mandonga Mall - Puwaatu Terminal in Kendari City is 5 units existing vehicles and the Madonga Mall - Labibia route, adding 1 vehicle to the current vehicle. Keywords: Route, Passenger Cars, availability

Coronavirus disease 2019 and its potential animal reservoirs: A review

In the 21st century, the world has been plagued by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus of the family Coronaviridae epidemiologically suspected to be linked to a wet market in Wuhan, China. The involvement of wildlife and wet markets with the previous outbreaks simultaneously has been brought into sharp focus. Although scientists are yet to ascertain the host range and zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 rigorously, information about its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is a footprint for research on COVID-19. A 96% genetic similarity with bat coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 indicates that the bat might be a potential reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 just like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, where civets and dromedary camels are considered the potential intermediate host, respectively. Perceiving the genetic similarity between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, many scientists also have given the scheme that the pangolin might be the intermediate host. The involvement of SARS-CoV-2 with other animals, such as mink, snake, and turtle has also been highlighted in different research articles based on the interaction between the key amino acids of S protein in the receptor-binding domain and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). This study highlights the potential animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 and the role of wildlife in the COVID-19 pandemic. Although different causes, such as recurring viral genome recombination, wide genetic assortment, and irksome food habits, have been blamed for this emergence, basic research studies and literature reviews indicate an enormous consortium between humans and animals for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Questioning the source of identified non-foodborne pathogens from food-contact wooden surfaces used in Hong Kong's urban wet markets

In this study, a phylogenic analysis was performed on pathogens previously identified in Hong Kong wet markets' cutting boards. Phylogenetic comparisons were made between phylotypes obtained in this study and environmental and clinical phylotypes for establishing the possible origin of selected bacterial species isolated from wet market cutting board ecosystems. The results reveal a strong relationship between wet market bacterial assemblages and environmental and clinically relevant phylotypes. However, our poor knowledge of potential cross-contamination sources within these wet markets is further exacerbated by failing to determine the exact or presumed origin of its identified pathogens. In this study, several clinically relevant bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus porcinus were linked to cutting boards associated with pork; Campylobacter fetus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and A. caviae in those associated with poultry; and Streptococcus varanii, A. caviae, Vibrio fluvialis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in those associated with seafood. Identifying non-foodborne clinically relevant pathogens in wet market cutting boards in this study confirms the need for safety approaches for wet market meat, including cold storage. The presented study justifies the need for future systematic epidemiological studies to determine identified microbial pathogens. Such studies should bring about significant improvements in the management of hygienic practices in Hong Kong's wet markets and work towards a One Health goal by recognizing the importance of wet markets as areas interconnecting food processing with animal and clinical environments.