Ways Of Word Formation Research Articles

Neologisms in the modern Buryat language: methods of formation and ways of introduction

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of neology. The appearance of neologisms in the language is caused by the need to give names to new objects, phenomena, states, etc. appearing in life. In this regard, the main means of replenishing and developing the vocabulary of the Buryat literary language is the use of outdated vocabulary with one or another new meaning, borrowings, as well as the appearance of native neologisms of the Buryat language from their own word-formation resources. In an ever-changing world, some words become passive, and different approaches of word formation are used to denote new concepts in the modern Buryat language. Most often, neologisms are actively introduced into the modern Buryat language through mass media: periodicals, radio, television, messengers, Internet channels. New words and calcified translations of Russian neoplasms often appear in newspaper publications. The appeal to them is often due to the need to name a concept that does not yet have an official name or adequate terminological parallels have not yet been developed in the Buryat language. In such cases, occasional neoplasms are usually used, the meaning of which is easily understood by the reader. Often, new words are returned from the fund of outdated vocabulary. In the process of introducing new words into the active vocabulary of the language, some of them are very quickly gaining popularity, while others are rarely used or do not take root at all, and some turn into historicisms, being in the passive fund of the language, others remain only occasional or dialectisms. Neologisms are formed in a suffixal, semantic way and through word composition. The latter also includes the paired use of words, which is one of the most active and characteristic ways of word formation for the Mongolian languages. Linguistic neologisms eventually become the property of interstitial or special vocabulary, and are fixed by dictionaries. As ordinary words, linguistic neologisms are reproduced in speech with meanings assigned to them.

PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF NEOLOGISMS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSES OF UKRAINE, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE USA

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of neologisms in modern Ukrainian and English political discourses. We set the task: to analyze the current ways of word formation in modern political discourse. The lexical features of the political discourses of Ukraine, Great Britain, and the USA are studied. Language is one of those types of human activity that is one of the first to reflect changes in social, political, economic, cultural, and other aspects of human activity. A living language develops very quickly, under the influence of internal and external factors it adapts to constant changes in social, cultural, and scientific life. Each change in society gives rise to new words and terms, that is, the creation of new words in the language is carried out as a reflection in the language of social needs in the expression of new concepts.New words in the language are a reflection of objective reality. New formations in a certain historical period are determined by both intra-speech and extra-speech factors, which play a key role in the study of certain language changes. Understanding neology as the lexical renewal of the national language by borrowing new formations and new meanings, it should be noted the importance of this process for the phenomenon of political discourse.

Youth Slang as a Social Language Code: Functions and Formation

The article presents numerous functions and special features of slang, which is able to represent a variety of communicative intentions of the speakers. In addition to the desire of communicants to maintain the confidentiality of communication through slang, the latter is used as a means of language economy, as a mechanism for creating new concepts, as a way of emotional release, etc. The factors that determine the popularity of this language substandard and ensure the constant growth of neologisms in national language corpora are presented. The relevance of this study is determined by the great interest in the ways of word formation of non-standard vocabulary and the influence of sociolinguistic factors on this process. Such mechanisms for replenishing the vocabulary of youth slang as semantic, phonological and grammatical ways of word formation, antono-masia and foreign borrowings are presented.

Univerbation is a problematic way of word formation in German language

The article analyzes derivational univerbation as one of the forms of compression functioning in word formation. Univerbation is a merging, pulling together of a free or stable word combination, a sentence or a sentence fragment into one verbal whole. The new word-forming construction in its form corresponds with one word, and in its semantics with the whole word combination. It is not uncommon for a new word to “absorb” the meaning of the context. The activity of universalization is closely connected with the need for “economical” nominations of new concepts, as well as with the need for stylistic variation of the name. This way of word formation allows creating compact, economical, concise and succinct forms of expressing thoughts without special speech efforts. The problematic character of this derivational model is that there is an extended interpretation of the essence of word formation methods.

LINGUISTIC MARKERS OF THE ERA THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE “WORD OF THE YEAR” PROJECT

The article aims to present a pragmalinguistic substantiation of the influence of the Word of the Year project on the formation of linguistic markers of the epoch in European languages. The article reveals modern tendencies in word formation and intensions of native speakers in the choice of ways of representation, as well as attribution of evaluative connotations in the nomination of socially significant objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. The research is carried out on the material of Russian, English and French languages in the context of the cognitive direction, which confirms its relevance. The article defines the areas of knowledge that are donors for the nominees of the Word of the Year project; demonstrates the actual ways of word formation; characterizes the concepts that objectify the key words of the year; outlines the range of pragmalinguistic problems that are most relevant for research in philology and linguodidactics. Special attention is paid to the axiological aspect of nominations and the reflection of value orientations through the choice of linguistic markers of the epoch. The results of the study may have practical application in the preparation of a course of lectures on language theory, translation theory, stylistics and linguocultural studies, as well as in the selection of linguistic material in foreign language teaching in both linguistic and non-linguistic universities.

Образная (изобразительная) лексика в якутском и бурятском эпосах: лексические параллели

Introduction. The article presents a comparative analysis of the figurative vocabulary of the Yakut and Buryat languages on the basis of epic texts. The figurative vocabulary in both languages is specific part of its lexicon which have a common roots. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the use of lexical parallels of the Yakut and Buryat figurative vocabulary in the texts of the Buryat uliger and Yakut olonkho. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest in linguistic folklore in the study of language based on the material of epic texts in order to identify the specifics of the language of the epic as a whole. For research a lexical and semantic analysis and comparative historical method were used. Materials. The texts of the Buryat uliger “Alamzhi Bergen” by E. Shalbykov and the Yakut olonkho “Kyys Debiliye” by N. P. Burnashev, “Mighty Er Sogotokh” by V. O. Karataev, “Khaan Dzhargystai” by unknown olonkhosut from Verkhoyansk were used as material for the study. The three olonkho texts are represented by three main regional epic traditions, which makes it possible to take into account almost all the local features of the olonkho text. Results. The study revealed 12 lexical parallels in the figurative vocabulary presented in the Yakut and Buryat epic texts. These lexical parallels were divided into three thematic groups by the way of description. Thus, first group is figurative words describing the figure, second is the group of words describing facial expressions and face, and the last one is the words describing the shape of objects. A comparative analysis of the revealed lexical parallels showed that they have a emotionally expressive character that allows expressing the narrator’s attitude to the described object, have the same semantic meaning, the same ways of word formation and the general principle of word formation.

ENGLISH MARINE TERMINOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS

The present article is an attempt to study English marine terminology which turns out to be topical these days and has been determined by several factors. Firstly, shipping and maritime trade are of great importance in the life of the English people. Secondly, increase of the role of science and technology in the development of mankind leads to the constantly growing role of terminology in modern language. Despite the fact that English marine terminology serves as an object of investigation in the works of many Ukrainian linguists, a number of issues remain relevant and require further research. The aim of the given work is to study structural and semantic characteristics of the English marine terminology system. To achieve the set aim, a number of tasks have been performed: the concepts “terminology” and “terminological system” have been distinguished; the existing classifications have been considered and the composition of the main thematic groups of the English marine terminology system has been outlined; the word-forming features of the English marine terminology have been analyzed and the words belonging to the marine theme have been systematized, taking into account the most productive ways of word formation. The object of our study is English marine terminological units, expressions, idioms related to shipbuilding and seafaring. The subject of our study embraces the structural and semantic characteristics of the English marine terminology, which allows to understand its structure and facilitates its study by specialists in the relevant field. Research methods include the following: descriptive method that helps to establish structural and semantic features of marine terminology units; method of component analysis that allows to establish the semantic features of English marine terms; continuous sampling method which is helpful for selection of data researched. According to structural types, terms are divided into: simple; derivatives; complex; phrase-terms (compound); terms-abbreviations; terms-literal conventional designations; terms-symbols (signs); half-sign terms; nomenclature. The formation of marine terms occurs morphologically and syntactically, there are many borrowings from different languages of the Indo-European family.

ЗА НЯКОИ СЛОВООБРАЗУВАТЕЛНИ МОДЕЛИ В ТУРСКИЯ КУЛИНАРЕН ЕЗИК

The Turkish language, in its centuries-old development, has built its own rich word-forming system, including various methods and means. The attention of many linguists is focused on the lexical-morphological way of terminological nomination as one of the most productive. Affixation, more specifically suffixation, is one of the most characteristic ways of word formation in the Turkish language. The article discusses the lexical-morphological way of word formation in the Turkish culinary language. Despite the controversial nature of composition as a word-formation method in Turkish linguistics, it is also included within the framework of the present study.

СПОСОБИ НОМІНАЦІЇ ДИКИХ ТВАРИН У НІМЕЦЬКИХ ПАРЕМІЯХ

The present article discusses the ways of nomination of wild animals in German paremias. Wild animals are free beings living in the natural environment and representing three parts of the World Tree: upper, middle and lower. The upper part is associated with birds, the middle – with animals, the lower – with insects, fi sh, amphibians, arthropods, reptiles, and molluscs. Indeterminate creatures are also associated with the lower tier. Paremia is defi ned through the prism of a small form of folk poetic creativity – a proverb and a saying that summarizes the history, culture, experience, and wisdom of the Germanic-German ethnos about the animal world. This testifi es to the fact that paremias belong to ancient written records. A feature of Germanic paremias is their use of the so-called initial rhyme, with the help of which alliteration is created. The remains of the initial rhyme are recorded, for example, at the beginning of words with the sound b (Bär bleibt Bar <…>), f (Den Fuchs muss man mit Füchsen fangen) or with the phoneme ʃ (In der schönsten Haut steckt die gefährlichste Schlange), etc. M.D. Stepanovaʼs theory of word formation was chosen to study the ways of naming wild animals in German paremias. This theory makes it possible to diff erentiate the ways of word formation, systematize their means, reconstruct models, outline the paradigm of grammatical suffi xes and infl ections, word forms, trace the word-forming rules or laws of language that regulate the use of methods of forming the names of wild animals. The methodological base of the proposed study combines general scientifi c and special scientifi c methods. It was found that the conceptual and terminological apparatus correlates with the dominant linguistic paradigm, national scientifi c traditions and the subject of the study. It was established that the register of wild animals is more diverse than that of domestic animals, and it was found that the method of nomination of wild animals is infl uenced by non-linguistic and linguistic factors. The role of language factors in the creation of the phenomenon was assessed to a greater extent. According to the type of word-forming form, the names of wild animals in German paremias are conventionally classifi ed into four varieties: 1) root, 2) derived, 3) complex, 4) compound, 5) sentence. The root method of word formation dominates; word formation resonates with syntactic constructions, i.e. it is subject to grammatical laws that generalize from the individual and specific. Key words: wild animals, method of nomination, paremia, root words, derived words, complex words, compound words.

Русские заимствования в тувинской разговорной речи

This paper investigates the historical evolution of the Tuvan-Russian/Russian-Tuvan bilingualism and its current state in the Tuva Republic. In 1974, B. I. Tatarintsev examined bilingualism and Russian loanwords in the Tuvan language and identified three periods of linguistic borrowing. Here, we propose a classification of new periods in the history of Tuvan-Russian bilingualism: the 4th (1993–2015) and the 5th (from 2015 to the present time). These periods can be differentiated by the changes in the functional relations between the Russian and the Tuvan languages in national republics of the Russian Federation, including the Tuva Republic, following the dissolution of the USSR in the 1990s. The recent trend of globalization has contributed to the expansion of the Russian language’s functions and its dominance in everyday life and official communication. Tuvan, being primarily used in informal communication or within families, is becoming more colloquial. This paper demonstrates the influence of Russian on Tuvan through the emergence of new ways of word formation with evaluative meanings and the occurrence of semantic shifts in various Russian loanwords. Verbs are frequently derived from Russian stems, and Russian adverbs are sometimes used in Tuvan speech. Moreover, it is important to highlight the escalating number of loanwords in recent decades and the discernible influence of Russian on oral Tuvan. To substantiate our findings, we utilize oral speech records and examples of posts in VKontakte and Facebook, where informal communication between native speakers commonly takes place.

Семантический потенциал немецких девербативов сквозь призму таксиса

This article describes the semantic potential of German deverbatives that perform various taxis functions in utterances with prepositions having adverbial semantics. The material of this study includes German utterances containing deverbatives with prepositions, obtained by purposive sampling using the databases of the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache) and Leipzig Corpora Collection (Wortschatz Leipzig). The author applied the following methods: descriptive, inductive, and hypothetical-deductive, as well as generalization and interpretation of linguistic material and contextual analysis. Taking on the lexical meanings of the source verbs, deverbatives demonstrate semantic correlation with them. Along with verbal semantics, they inherit “taxisness”, i.e. an ability to actualize categorial taxis meanings. In addition to the semantics of the source verb, “taxisness” is associated with the way of word formation of the corresponding deverbative. In this regard, the purpose of the article was to describe German deverbatives with various lexical and derivational semantics acting as a means of actualizing categorial taxis meanings in utterances with prepositional constructions. In the course of the study, the author found that stative deverbatives, which have the maximum degree of “taxisness”, actualize primary taxis meanings. The implemented taxis functions of processual deverbatives include primary and conditional taxis functions. Stative and processual nouns include nominalized infinitives and nouns ending in -ung. Actional deverbatives with various derivational semantics (nominalized infinitives, suffixal derivatives ending in -ung, -e, -t and non-affixal nouns) perform the maximum number of taxis functions (primary and secondary taxis functions). Some processual and actional deverbatives ending in -ung are characterized by “objectified” meanings of stativeness and result of an action and are, therefore, limited in their taxis realizations.

NEW CONVERSIVES IN THE ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL SPHERE

English as a language of analytical system has a great creative power for the development of conversion, which is highly productive way of word formation. In the framework of transposition theory, we regard the interpretation of conversion as a morphological transposition with a word-forming character. The topic of our study are the new conversives in the English scientific and technological sphere. For the study, 572 examples of neologisms were selected from the dictionaries "The Facts on File Dictionary of New Words", "The Morrow Book of New Words", which presents neologisms of the 1950-1970s, as well as "The Oxford Dictionary of New Words" and "Webster's New World Dictionary of American English", which provide neologisms of the early twenty-first century. The research shows that conversives to denote new concepts in the space industry prevailed in the 50-70s of the last century, while new developments in the field of science and new technologies are more typical for the beginning of the XXI century. The field of science and new technologies has a higher number of new conversives (86.7%), while the field of space exploration has the lowest growth of conversives (13.3%). Given the uneven distribution of conversives, it can be concluded that conversion is not only one of the ways of replenishing the vocabulary of the language, but also a mean of reflecting the conceptual picture of the world of the English-speaking society at a certain historical period.

PECULIARITIES OF PROPER NAMES OF MODERN CINEMA FILMS FUNCTIONING

The article is devoted to the study of the proper titles of feature films, through the prism of functioning. The topic under study has been updated by a number of factors, among which is the interest of linguists in the processes of nomination of films, in particular, the activation of typological studies of the proper titles of films as peculiar in terms of functions, structure, derivation, semantic and motivational basis of titles and the development of the Ukrainian film industry. We consider the proper names of feature films to be special, little-studied denotations. We recorded 364 titles of feature films that have been released since 2014.
 In the work, the main tendencies of the functioning of the proper titles of the feature film as a component of ideonymy have been traced. We studied proper names of this type from the point of view of the genre specificity of the researched material. In accordance with this, the following were established: the place and role of the concept of ‘film’ in Ukrainian onomastics, productive types of such names, their structural organization, word-forming potential and semantics of the creative basis of such names.
 Having analyzed such proper names, it is worth noting that, today, drama, in particular – comedy, is one of the most popular genres of Ukrainian cinema. In accordance with the structural organization of films, it is worth noting the high productivity of compound names. Such results, in our opinion, are undoubtedly related to the peculiarities of the functional load of the title-heading as a component of a complete work. Word formation is quite connected with the structure of the name, which is why productivity also gravitates towards lexical-semantic word formation due to the syntactic way of word formation. The semantics of the creative basis of proper names of this type are characterized by the productivity of appellative derivatives, in particular multi-component ones.
 In the future, we see the need to study other classes of filmonyms, as special structural elements of the onymic space of the modern Ukrainian literary language.

Проблема интерпретации окказиональных имен собственных в цикле стихов Т. Элиота «Популярная наука о кошках, написанная Старым Опоссумом» и повести Т. Пратчетта «Кот без дураков» и особенности их передачи в русскоязычных переводах

The paper addresses the ways of naming presented in T. S. Eliot’s poetic cycle and in T. Pratchett’s novella, which are humorous encyclopaedias about the life of cats. The aim of the paper is to determine the peculiarities in the approach to the creation of proper names in these works, as well as to identify the principles of their rendering in Russian translations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in developing a contrastive classification of proper names according to the ways of their creation and in comparing their translation variants. The work discusses in detail the ways of word formation used by T. S. Eliot and T. Pratchett and offers possible interpretations of cat names. In addition, the researchers note the difficulties that translators face and the translation techniques they resort to. As a result, the differences in the naming systems created by the authors and their functions are identified, which lead to differences in the ways of formation of occasional felinonyms. Thus, Eliot’s most frequent word-formation models turned out to be compounding and blending, which creates difficulties in interpreting and translating names into Russian, while Pratchett’s occasional names are either predicative constructions or short letter-sound complexes expressing the emotion of the owner, which allows using such translation practices as semantic development and variant correspondence.

Неодобряемые / одобряемые фрагменты современной социальной реальности: неузуальные неономинации

The article presents the study of word-building, semantic, motivational, syntagmatic, and functional characteristics of non-usual neonominations that appeared in 2005 and have been used in Russian-language Internet communication since that time to the present, denoting the objects of social reality that are either approved or disapproved. The performed analysis has made it possible to identify internationalization, intensification, intellectualization and integration as current trends in the creative neologization of this semantic area. The most productive methods of non-usual word formation in the studied lexical subset include blending, lexicalization of an abbreviation, stem truncation; less frequent – holophrasis, graphics, the inclusion of a foreign component in the centaur word; rarely used – reduplication, tmesis, anagram, stepwise way of word formation, pluralization, creation; irrelevant – the emancipation of the morpheme, the spillage of the word. It is shown that a most creative reaction of Internet users is caused by disapproved objects of reality with a variety of rejected socially significant features; their neonominations are used in contexts with a dominant negative average tone. The dominant regular sphere of functioning of neolexemes, which are formed in unusual ways with the semantics of disapproval/approval are such genres of Internet communication as social networks, blogs and forums. Protologisms, even with a transparent internal form and a readable motivation, are rarely conventionalized. Most of the unusual neonominations of unacceptable/acceptable objects of social reality can be attributed to transnominatives, whose nominative purpose is secondary.

Word Formation by Reduplication Method in Modern Turkic Languages

There are examples of grammaticalisation in various forms in Turkic languages. Reduplication attracts attention both as a grammatical sign and as one of the ways of word formation. Repetition is one of the grammatical categories functionally used in Turkic languages. This article examines examples from old and modern Turkic languages. It explains with examples that the method of reduplication is used in Turkish as a method of word formation, as in some other world languages. In addition, some language units formed by repetition are tried to explain by the theory of grammar and are dealt with from examples in which reduplication creates the inflectional features in semantic and morphological categories. The method of reduplication in languages where it is used as a grammatical sign, grammatical categories such as augmentative, limitation, frequency, transition, etc., can be mentioned by forms with different phonological values, such as full or partial reduplication. The reduplication formed by the repetition of a word in the first stage represents the intermediate stage before the completion of word formation in the second stage. It is a semantic description of the newly formed word. There are many lexical units in the orthographic dictionary of the Azerbaijani language, which are words formed by the method of reduplication. The reproduction process is less productive than morphological, syntactic, lexical and other word-formation methods. Still, as a result, there is such a method in the grammatical structure of Turkic languages.

Research on the discourse construction ability of overseas students in Chinese universities based on Chinese language as a second language teaching

Vocabulary plays an important role in Chinese teaching. From the perspective of language teaching, vocabulary is not only an important carrier of language functions, but also bears the unique culture of a nation. From the characteristics of Chinese, function words, the way of word formation of Chinese words and the uniqueness of Chinese characters determine the importance of Chinese vocabulary learning. The level of vocabulary acquisition is directly related to the overall acquisition level of learners. The tolerance of vocabulary bias in the communicative process is lower than that of grammar bias. Meanwhile, the size of vocabulary mastered by second language learners is often one of the important criteria to measure their language ability. The integrated vocabulary teaching model is a conceptual innovation for the teaching of Chinese as a second language vocabulary. It defines the concept, purpose, principle and framework of the model for the first time, which is instructive to the classroom teaching of Chinese as a second language vocabulary and the compilation of textbooks, and also provides a reference for the follow-up research of integrated vocabulary teaching.

Реализация традиционных образов сравнения компаративных тропов с диминутивными дендронимами в русской поэзии XIX–XXI веков

The article examines the traditional images of comparison, characterizing diminutive dendronyms in the language of the Russian poetry of the 19–21st centuries, from the perspective of the relationship of ‘cultural-stereotypical (traditional) – author’s individual’. The analysis of 725 fragments from the Russian poetic works of the 19–21st centuries reveals the ways of word formation and the composition of diminutive dendronyms, as well as the composition of folk poetic, general poetic and individual author’s images of comparative tropes representing these diminutives as subjects of comparison: girl; love attraction, longing; to cry (tears), to grieve, to yearn; fertility; separation; bitter, unhappy fate, orphanhood; gold, silver; emerald; smoke; clothing; fire; pattern, mesh product; infantas by Velasquez, ermine coat; calico; fidelity. The referencedenotative features of the corresponding realia, motivating the choice of figurative associations are determined: a thin trunk, flexible branches, serrated, heart-shaped leaves, flowering trees, fruit trees. The techniques that help make stereotypical images of comparison in the Russian poetic language individualized are established: the inclusion in the composition of an extended anthropomorphic metaphor; updating by means of occasional epithets, lexical variation of the components of the trope. The stable semantic connotations of diminutive dendronyms are singled out: ‘shy’, ‘timid’, ‘meek’, ‘slender’, ‘tall’, ‘gentle’, ‘curls’, ‘braids’, ‘thin figure’, ‘beauty’, ‘breasts’, ‘captivate’, ‘innocence’, as well as the ways of their representation in poetic contexts: extended metaphors ‘autumnal withering of a tree – withering of female beauty’; memories of the lyrical hero about close people; parallelism of the images of a tree and a human condition; conventional epithets (weeping, bitter); features of the situation of a literary text. The results of the study allow us to improve the understanding of how comparative tropes with diminutive dendronyms develop dynamically in the Russian poetic language.

SOCIO-POLITICAL NEOLOGISMS OF THE XXI CENTURY: FEATURES OF CREATION AND FUNCTIONING

From the point of view of the theory of neology, the processes of the formation of new words, the causes and prerequisites for their occurrence have not yet been studied in linguistics, in the end there is still no balanced clear definition of neologism. The very fact of registration of new words by lexicographers who are at the same time native speakers means that these words have passed the stages of entry and partial or complete assimilation in the language, namely: acceptualization and lexicalization in speech and language. On the slope of the last century, dynamic socio-political processes took place both in the international arena and within English-speaking countries. They continue today, certainly reflecting in the lexico-semantic system of the new socio-political vocabulary. This is evidenced by the emergence of a significant number of new words, syntagms, phrases, as well as lexicalized syntactic constructions, semantic derivation. Coverage of these issues and the transience of socio-political phenomena determine the relevance of the study of new words of socio-political content. This will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the multifaceted relations between language and society, an adequate perception of the structure and meaning of new words to achieve the most important goal of communication – mutual understanding. This research is an attempt to explore the creation of socio-political neologisms to determine the main productive word-building models, methods of their use and translation in the context of socio-political newspaper texts of the 21st century. The purpose of the study is to establish and analyze the ways of creating, functioning and translating neologisms in the English language journalistic discourse. The object of research are neologisms, the ways of their creation and functioning, and the subject is the ways of adequate translation of neologisms. Neologisms are words and phrases that mean a new concept or a new meaning for an already existing word. Taking into account the method of creation, neologisms are divided into: phonological neologisms; borrowings; semantic neologisms and morphological neologisms. The examples of socio-political neologisms analyzed in the research reflect the trends in the development of the word-forming system of the English language at the present stage. Their analysis allows us to conclude that at the present stage such types of coining new words as affixation (prefixation), reduction (abbreviations and shortenings), composition, blending, conversion are the most productive. Prefixation as a word-forming device is widely used in the English language due to the lack of endings as such. The levelling of case endings and the simplification of verb inflections led to deep lexical distinctions motivated by the use of prefixes. Prefixing is quite a powerful way of innovation, but it is inferior to reduction (abbreviations and acronyms) in frequency of use. A relatively new way of word formation – reduction, has reached a high degree of productivity due to the fact that the current media are trying to provide maximum information in the most compressed form to save time and space. The composite method of word-formation or word-composition occupies a significant place in the formation of English neologisms, its result is lexemes with diverse word-formation, structural and semantic characteristics, which in turn can serve as a derivational base for the creation of new composites. Currently, there is a tendency to increase compositional semantic structures in the English language. Blending is one of the most popular means of word formation in the English language. The bulk of modern research covers such areas as the field of information technology and advertising, because it is in these areas that the largest number of telescopic neoplasms are formed. Quite productive and common is the use of conversion in socio-political life. Conversion is referred to as an affixless way of word-building or even affixleless derivation. It consists in making a new word from some existing word by changing the category of part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. Thus, the most productive models of the creation of neologisms are affixation, reduction, word composition, blending, conversion. The non-productive ways of modern English word formation include sound inheritance and repetition or reduplication. The study of the dynamics of the development of vocabulary was and is an important problem of linguistic science. This scientific exploration is an attempt to explore the ways of creating neologisms in the socio-political discourse presented in the language of the modern press; identify their main productive word-forming models, methods and forms of functioning in the context of socio-political newspaper texts of the XXI century. The research also establishes possible ways of translating neologisms into the Ukrainian language.

Current Socionyms in German Internet Communication in 2000-2023: Semantic Dichotomies POOR - RICH, LOCAL - ALIEN

Neological processes in the lexico-semantic subsystem of collective “labels” reflect the changing social reality and the patterns of its language development. The results of the analysis of new socionyms of the German language, functioning in modern Internet communication is presented in the article. Derivative, semantic-motivational, syntagmatic, functional signs of socionyms-neologisms belonging to the semantic groups POOR - RICH, LOCAL - ALIEN are characterized. It is shown that the material and territorial parameters at the present stage of development of the German society are significant grounds for the segregation of social space. The conclusion is made about the uneven neologization of the considered semantic areas. It has been established that the actualization of collective names in the German-speaking Internet communication is realized mainly on the basis of the language’s own resources, through the usual and non-usual word formation. Compounding and suffixing are referred to the frequency usual ways of word formation; non-usual - lexicalization of abbreviations, juxtaposition, substitution. New socionyms demonstrate a predominantly limited functional potential, they are used most often for a generalized designation of a subject or a social group. The ability of new socio-nyms to function in contexts with different tonality is characterized. The signs associated with the designated social groups, which are regularly verbalized in the contexts of the use of the studied socionyms-neologisms, are singled out.