Way Of Punishment Research Articles

Sovietų režimo santykis su naminio alaus gamyba ir pardavinėjimu Šiaurės Lietuvoje XX a. penktajame–šeštajame dešimtmečiais

This research focuses on Soviet politics towards home-made beer brewing and selling in postwar Lithuania. After Soviet occupation of Lithuania along with other domestic economical activities, home-made beer brewing became illegal in Lithuanian SSR: due to Soviet Criminal Code, illegal brewers could be sent to a hard labour camp up to 2 years and if there were some elements of speculation (for example, if grains for home-made beer brewing were bought from other people in local marketplace), home-made brewers could be imprisoned up to 10 years. From 1948 to 1955 in Soviet Lithuania there were at least 46 cases of home-made beer brewers sentenced by Soviet Lithuania`s courts. After 1953, this process became less harsh – more often an alternative ways of punishment were used.

Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on parental stress and parenting practices during quarantine

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by SARS-COV2. Various types of stress have developed during the COVID-19 pandemic and have confronted many parents with challenging tasks. In aim of this study was to assess the parental stress during COVID-19 quarantine and its impact on the parenting practices during this critical period.Patients and methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 194 participants (parents of children aged 3–12 years) were recruited using a convenience and snowball sampling method through some Facebook and WhatsApp groups targeting parents with the required age. Cohen-Perceived Stress Scale Parenting practices during COVID-19-related questions were used to assess parenting stress and practices.Results More than two-thirds of participants were stressed (67%) according to the perceived stress scale. There was statistically significant difference between the age group of parents and perceived stress, P- value of 0.032. There was statistically significant difference between perceived stress and ways of punishment with a P value of 0.03. Majority of parents encouraged hobbies (71.1%) while less than half of the parents talked kindly with children, played with them, and described what happened to them (47.4, 41.8, and 46.4%, respectively).Conclusion Parental stress during quarantine is a significant risk factor on child abuse and maltreatment. It significantly affects the different domains of the parenting practices which consequently affect the child’s behavior.

Istorijsko pravni aspekti kažnjavanja fizičkih lica u Srbiji od 1804. do 1945. godine

The paper explains the historical and legal development of criminal sanctions on the territory of today's Republic of Serbia. The paper deals with the research of criminal sanctions and their effects in the Principality of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The analysis of criminal sanctions in the paper was performed on the basis of the oldest legal monuments, both in our country and beyond. In this way, a systematic and thorough analysis of historical characteristics and opportunities leads to a complete understanding of today's knowledge regarding criminal sanctions, their types, their application and purpose. Observing the differences between the former way of punishment and today's way of resocialization of people enables a detailed analysis of the efficiency or inefficiency of more rigid criminal sanctions. By sublimating the basic criminal sanctions and their various forms throughout history, we strive to eliminate all illogicalities, ambiguities and dilemmas regarding this topic in criminal legislation of Serbia.

A restrição à liberdade de expressão e ao direito à informação na era da sociedade da informação: caso da suspensão dos serviços do aplicativo WhatsApp

Desde 2015, o aplicativo conhecido como WhatsApp tem sofrido uma série de bloqueios dos seus serviços em decorrência de decisões judiciais no Brasil como forma de punição diante da recusa da empresa, proprietária do aplicativo, de entregar os dados de seus usuários, ou ainda, permitir a interceptação deles. As fundamentações de tais decisões polêmicas têm como argumento a proteção da segurança pública, tendo como resultado um aparente conflito entre dois direitos fundamentais, debate que não se restringe apenas à esfera nacional e que resultou na ADPF 403 proposta pelo Partido Político PPS perante o STF e que, atualmente, encontra-se pendente de julgamento pelo plenário da Corte, podendo se tornar num marco de proteção do direito à liberdade de expressão e de informação, preconizadas na Constituição Federal de 1988, sob a égide da já caracterizada sociedade da informação. Com a pretensão de analisar referidas decisões judicias à luz dos direitos constitucionais que envolvem o caso, esse artigo se pautará por uma análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, sendo seu método qualitativo de estudo.

Casa da Câmara e Cadeia: aplicação da Lei em Vila Boa de Goyas (1830-1890)

As Casas da Câmara e Cadeia no período imperial foi umas das mais importantes construções novecentistas. Em "Vila Boa de Goyas" representou o poder da monarquia. O edifício se encontra em posição de destaque no Arraial, fixado no alto do Largo Chafariz de Cauda, com a finalidade de lembrar a população que ali existia a presença de representantes do Imperador. Entre 1830-1890, em Vila Boa de Goyas, as formas de punição adotadas pela justiça eram as penas de privação de liberdade que se davam de formas violentas e desequilibradas.

Psychiatric Patients’ and Nurses' Opinions About Limit Setting Technique in Port-said City

BackgroundLimit setting facilitates the development of a therapeutic, caring and supportive relationships, it can also decrease patients' feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. It is a two-way process that should be delivered professionally by the nurse and perceived therapeutically by the patient, so patient considered a vital participant of the technique. AimThe present study aimed at exploring psychiatric patients' and nurses' opinions as well as their information about limit setting. MethodAll nurses working at the hospital and working along the day (the three day shifts) were included in the study (N=88), as well as all convenient patients that were willing to participate in the study (N=104).In order to collect data for the present study, three open-ended structured questionnaires were developed by the researcher. ResultsPsychiatric nurses working at Port-Said psychiatric hospital have insufficient information concerning limit setting in which use of threats and authoritarian communication is nurses' style of application. Regrettably, nurses of the present study disagreed with essential and indispensible principles that should be followed when setting limits. Concerning psychiatric patients, the study revealed that patients had negative experiences with limit settings that contributed to enforcement of misconceptions and negative opinions about limit setting. Also, psychiatric patients viewed limit setting technique as nurses' way of punishment as well as humiliation. RecommendationsProviding nurses with sufficient information about different psychiatric nursing skills such as communication skills and use of restraint; through holding educational workshops and seminars. Secondly, nurses need specific and professional training course accompanied with clinical application or simulation. As regard psychiatric patients, providing courses by professional and competent nursing staff regarding limit setting emphasizing its therapeutic uses and outcomes is a must; in order to correct misconceptions they acquired.

EMERGÊNCIA PRISIONAL NO GRÃO-PARÁ: discussões sobre as cadeias em tempos de Cabanagem (1830-1845)

After performing the process of independence, the organization of the national state becomes the primary concern for the imperial elites. In the first decades that follows the emancipation process legislative measures were implemented closely linked to the process of consolidation of the nation state. In this sense, the first 1830s the Empire Criminal Code as well as the independence movement had liberal and constitutionalist characteristics, serving both to put into disuse the laws of former colonial power, and to put into practice new ways of punishment, in which the jails were highlighted. The purpose of this article is the prison emergency context in Para during the post-Cabanagem, analyzing the measures implemented by the provincial authorities focused on enforcement and incarceration politcs.

Rare but severe concerted punishment that favors cooperation

As one of the mechanisms that are supposed to explain the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals, costly punishment, in which altruistic individuals privately bear the cost to punish defection, suffers from such drawbacks as decreasing individuals’ welfare, inducing second-order free riding, the difficulty of catching defection, and the possibility of triggering retaliation. To improve this promising mechanism, here we propose an extended Public Goods game with rare but severe concerted punishment, in which once a defector is caught punishment is triggered and the cost of punishment is equally shared among the remainder of the group. Analytical results show that, when the probability for concerted punishment is above a threshold, cooperating is, while defecting is not, an evolutionarily stable strategy in finite populations, and that this way of punishment can considerably decrease the total cost of inhibiting defection, especially in large populations.

The Aristocratic Way of Punishment

The Aristocratic Way of Punishment

Some Remarks on Implementation of Community Sanctions and Measures

We must acknowledge, of course, that custody must be available as the ultimate sanction for criminal offending, but it must be an option of last resort. At last, not at least, there must be a realisation of the enormous cost - in economic and particularly in human terms. Therefore, the basic question is: What is the cheapest and at the same time the most effective way of punishment, bearing in mind the failure of strong repressive measures and only a partial success of depenalisation and decriminalisation? The community sanctions and measures seem to be the best solution and they can, to a certain extent, meet the expectation put into them. I am not going to describe the individual alternatives or the way of their implementation in Western Europe or North America. I would like to concentrate on some problems related to their introduction, which are faced in post-totalitarian societies.