Wavelength Deviation Research Articles

Excitation transfer between optically injected microdisk lasers

Recently, we have theoretically demonstrated that optically injected microdisk lasers can be tuned in a class I excitable regime, where they are sensitive to both inhibitory and excitatory external input pulses. In this paper, we propose, using simulations, a topology that allows the disks to react on excitations from other disks. Phase tuning of the intermediate connections allows to control the disk response. Additionally, we investigate the sensitivity of the disk circuit to deviations in driving current and locking signal wavelength detuning. Using state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for microdisk laser, the standard deviation of the lasing wavelength is still about one order of magnitude too large. Therefore, compensation techniques, such as wavelength tuning by heating, are necessary.

Coherent photon interference elimination and spectral correction in femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy

We report an improved setup of femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy (FNOPAS) with a 210 fs temporal response. The system employs a Cassegrain objective to collect and focus fluorescence photons, which eliminates the interference from the coherent photons in the fluorescence amplification by temporal separation of the coherent photons and the fluorescence photons. The gain factor of the Cassegrain objective-assisted FNOPAS is characterized as 1.24 × 10(5) for Rhodamine 6G. Spectral corrections have been performed on the transient fluorescence spectra of Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine 640 in ethanol by using an intrinsic calibration curve derived from the spectrum of superfluorescence, which is generated from the amplification of the vacuum quantum noise. The validity of spectral correction is illustrated by comparisons of spectral shape and peak wavelength between the corrected transient fluorescence spectra of these two dyes acquired by FNOPAS and their corresponding standard reference spectra collected by the commercial streak camera. The transient fluorescence spectra of the Rhodamine 6G were acquired in an optimized phase match condition, which gives a deviation in the peak wavelength between the retrieved spectrum and the reference spectrum of 1.0 nm, while those of Rhodamine 640 were collected in a non-optimized phase match condition, leading to a deviation in a range of 1.0-3.0 nm. Our results indicate that the improved FNOPAS can be a reliable tool in the measurement of transient fluorescence spectrum for its high temporal resolution and faithfully corrected spectrum.

Multi-channel DFB laser arrays fabricated by SAG technology

Selective area growth (SAG) of multi-quantum well materials (MQW) has been carried out for the fabrication of monolithically integrated DFB laser arrays. The effects of different growth conditions on the control of MQW emission wavelengths are studied in view of achieving uniformly spaced array wavelengths. It is found that SAG of MQWs at a lower reactor pressure and with a wider opening of the SAG masks shows better control of both the optical properties of the MQW materials and the emission wavelengths of lasers. Through optimizing the SAG conditions, a rather good control of the emission wavelengths of DFB lasers is obtained, with less than 0.1nm wavelength deviations from its corresponding fitted value.

Influence of readout optical field variations on inner product calculation in volume holographic correlator

The volume holographic correlator (VHC) can be employed as a multichannel inner product calculator and has the potential in parallel and massive computing applications. The inner product calculation accuracy of the VHC varies with the optical illumination field in the plane of the spatial light modulator during readout. A theoretical model of the VHC is presented to study the influence of the optical field variations. The simulation results are shown to examine the cases of illumination angle deviation and wavelength deviation. The influences of hologram thickness on the calculation are also discussed. Experiments are carried out to investigate illumination angle deviation of the VHC. The presented method is helpful to improve the inner product calculation accuracy in the VHC for parallel optical image processing.

Effects of AlN interlayer on growth of GaN-based LED on patterned silicon substrate

GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown on 1 mm × 1 mm patterned 2-inch and 6-inch Si (111) substrates by metal–organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). AlN interlayers with different thicknesses were introduced between the composition-graded AlGaN buffer layer and the GaN seed layer in different LED structures. The crystalline quality, wavelength uniformity and crack density of the 2-inch wafer were improved by increasing the AlN interlayer thickness. With a 30 nm AlN interlayer, a crack-free, smooth and reflective 6-inch LED wafer was grown, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD rocking curves of GaN (002) and GaN (102) planes were 384 and 432 arcsec, respectively. The standard deviation of thickness and dominant wavelength were 0.03 μm (average thickness was 3.84 μm) and 1.52 nm (average dominant wavelength was 457.9 nm), respectively. The AlN interlayer can change the growth mode of the GaN seed layer and subsequent n-GaN, which changes the density of dislocation and the residual tensile stress of the GaN film. A smaller residual tensile stress in the GaN film can help to reduce bowing of the wafer, improve the wavelength uniformity, and suppress the generation of cracks.

Analysis of wavelength deviation of guided waves with electromagnetic acoustic transducers

It is usually considered that the wavelength of guided waves propagating in plates is equal to the double spacing interval of the meander-line coil of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). However, the actual value of the wavelength might deviate from the double spacing. This paper takes Shear Horizontal (SH) waves for instance to study the relationship between the wavelength deviation and the parameters of EMATs. It is shown that the wavelength deviation occurs when the operating point of EMATs does not locate on the dispersion curves of a certain SH mode. A wavelength measurement method is proposed to evaluate the deviation by the time-frequency analysis of detected wave signals. Experiments are set up to study the phenomenon of wavelength deviation and verify the validity of the proposed method.

Spectral optimization of the color temperature tunable white light-emitting diode (LED) cluster consisting of direct-emission blue and red LEDs and a diphosphor conversion LED

The correlated color temperature (CCT) tunable white-light LED cluster, which consists of direct-emission blue and red LEDs as well as phosphor-conversion (PC) LEDs packaged by combining green and orange phosphors with a blue LED die, has been obtained by nonlinear program for maximizing luminous efficacy (LE) of radiation (LER) under conditions of both color rendering index (CRI) and special CRI of R9 for strong red above 90 at CCTs of 2700 K to 6500 K. The optimal peak wavelengths of blue LED, red LED, blue LED die, green and orange phosphors are 465 nm, 628 nm, 452 nm, 530 nm and 586 nm, respectively. The real CCT tunable PC/red/blue LED cluster with CRIs of 90~96, R9s of 90~96, CQSs of 89~94, LERs of 303~358 lm/W, and LEs of 105~119 lm/W has been realized at CCTs of 2722 K to 6464 K. The deviation of the peak wavelength should be less than ± 5 nm for blue LED die, ± 1 nm for red LED, and ± 2 nm for blue LED to achieve the PC/R/B LED cluster with high optical performance.

Optical Characterization of CdS Quantum Dots Nanoparticles Dispersed in Clays

Synthesis, characterization, and the optical behavior of CdS quantum dots nanoparticles were studied confined in clays. An alternative synthesis approach in different natural clays K-10 bentonite, Na-montemorillonite, halloysite, and saponite was carried out. The composite materials were characterized by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy, energy dispersive, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. After CdS-QDs formation, the synthesized materials became fluorescent with emission wavelengths (average and standard deviation of the maximum wavelength; full width of half maximum): K-10 bentonite-CdS (590 ± 5 nm; 183 nm); Na-montmorillonite-CdS (550 ± 3 nm; 219 nm); saponite-CdS (550 ± 5 nm; 219 nm), and halloysite-CdS (590 ± 8 nm; 185 nm). (Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology to view the free supplemental file.)

Narrow-band waveguide Bragg gratings on SOI wafers with CMOS-compatible fabrication process

We demonstrate the design, fabrication and measurement of integrated Bragg gratings in a compact single-mode silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguide. The gratings are realized by corrugating the sidewalls of the waveguide, either on the ridge or on the slab. The coupling coefficient is varied by changing the corrugation width which allows precise control of the bandwidth and has a high fabrication tolerance. The grating devices are fabricated using a CMOS-compatible process with 193 nm deep ultraviolet lithography. Spectral measurements show bandwidths as narrow as 0.4 nm, which are promising for on-chip applications that require narrow bandwidths such as WDM channel filters. We also present the die-to-die nonuniformity for the grating devices on the wafer, and our analysis shows that the Bragg wavelength deviation is mainly caused by the wafer thickness variation.

CdS Quantum Dots Nanoparticles Dispersed in Zeolites. Optical Study

Synthesis, characterization, and the optical behavior of CdS quantum dots nanoparticles, confined in zeolites, following a new synthesis approach in different natural zeolites mordenite, clinoptilolite, and syntheticZSM-5, were carried out. The composite materials are characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After CdS-QDs formation, the synthesized materials become fluorescent with emission wavelengths (average and standard deviation of the maximum wavelength; full width of half maximum): Mordenite-CdS QDs (628 ± 5 nm; 272 nm); clinoptilolite-CdS QDs (585 ± 8 nm; 284 nm), and ZSM-5-CdS QDs (579 ± 4 nm; 214 nm). [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology to view the free supplemental file.]

저온 파장 보상을 위한 히터 내장형 CWDM(Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 광 송수신기에 관한 연구

본 논문은 광 통신용 CWDM(Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 광 송수신기 레이저에 히터를 내장시켜 저온 파장을 보상하기 위한 연구이다. 일반적으로 DFB(Distributed Feedback) 레이저 파장의 온도 변화량은 약 <TEX>$0.1nm/^{\circ}C$</TEX> 정도이다. 즉 온도가 올라가면 파장도 올라가고, 온도가 내려가면 파장도 내려간다. 따라서 각 채널별 기준 중심 파장간의 간격이 20 nm인 CWDM 광 통신망에서는 근접 채널 간의 파장 간섭을 막기 위해서 동작 온도 범위를 넓힐 수 없는 문제를 갖고 있다. 이를 보완하기 위해 히터를 CWDM LD(Laser Diode) TO-CAN 패키지 바닥면에 부착하여 저온에서의 파장을 보상할 수 있다. 따라서 이를 이용해서 산업용 광 송수신기 동작 온도 범위인 <TEX>$-40{\sim}+85^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 기준 파장대비 +/-6.5 nm 변화폭에 만족시킬 수가 있었다. This paper is the research on the heated CWDM optical transmitter for the wavelength compensation at the low temperature. In general, the wavelength deviation of DFB laser is around 0.1 nm/C. The wavelength of DFB laser shifts to longer(shorter) wavelength according to the temperature increase(decrease). Typical CWDM optical communication network has 20 nm channel spacing from reference center wavelength per each channel. There is some limitation problem in the range of operating temperature due to the channel interference. For solving the limited temperature range problem, especially at the low temperature, we use the heater on the DFB laser. As a result, we could realize the CWDM optical transmitter to meet +/-6.5 nm from reference center wavelength in the range of temperature at <TEX>$-40{\sim}+85^{\circ}C$</TEX>, which is applicable to the industrial field.

A Portable Setup for Molecular Detection by Transmission LSPR

ABSTRACTIn the framework of bioanalytics and multiple array detection, we developed a fully portable and low-cost detection system based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in a transmission configuration (T-LSPR). The transmission approach is suitable to be scaled to small dimension systems and to enable high-density array measurements on the same platform. Our setup is made out of off-the-shelf components and consists of a set of discrete light sources and a couple of light-detectors which enable a differential measurement setup. An algorithm fits the measured data and extracts the information of the plasmon peak position in the spectrum.The performance of our T-LSPR measurement system has been characterized on a set of Fluorinated Tin Oxide-coated glass slides covered with gold Nanoislands (NIs). The samples have been modified with a single-stranded DNA layer and a real-time DNA hybridization experiment has been performed. Here we demonstrate that the proposed T-LSPR device, based on the characterization of the plasmon peak with a differential approach, is able to monitor real-time DNA hybridization on surface, and to precisely measure the position of the peak with a standard deviation in wavelength of 0.2 nm.

33 IN VITRO IMMUNOGENICITY OF SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER-DERIVED TRANSGENIC CLONED DOGS

Histocompatible tissue has been generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and the resultant tissues were not rejected by the immune system of the nucleus donors. In addition, many transgenic animals combined with SCNT have been produced. However, in vitro immunogenicity of transgenic cloned animals originated from the same donor cell with nontransgenic cloned animals has not been assessed until now. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro immunogenicity of cloned dogs with each other, between cloned dogs and transgenic cloned dogs and between transgenic cloned dogs with each other by mixed lymphocyte reaction. In this study, we used cloned beagles (BG1, 2) derived from SCNT using fetal fibroblasts (BF3). Serially, 4 transgenic cloned beagles (Ruppy 1–3, 5) were also genetically engineered from the same donor cell, BF3, with red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene inserted into their genome. We used 2 age-matched healthy female beagle dogs as control dogs. They have different 3 DLA types with all cloned dogs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 2 cloned beagles and 4 transgenic cloned beagles were isolated from whole bloods using Ficoll gradient solution. PBMC from each dog were mixed to auto PBMC, other transgenic cloned dogs and non-related control dogs under the experimental designs. All the mixtures were incubated at 37°C for 4 days, adding BrdU labeling reagent and re-incubated for 24 h. Results are expressed in absorbance mean value ± standard deviation of 450-nm wavelength read by microplate reader. Each cell combination was assayed in 8 replicates. In Experiment 1, PBMC of cloned beagles were combined with equal concentrations of another cloned beagle's PBMC. In Experiment 2, PBMC suspension of Ruppy 1–3, 5 were mixed with equal concentrations of another transgenic cloned beagle's PBMC suspension. In Experiment 3, PBMC suspensions of cloned beagles were mixed with PBMC suspensions of transgenic cloned beagles and reverse reaction was performed. Statistical analysis was performed by using Mann-Whitney U test. In Experiment 1, whereas the absorbance value of mixture of cloned dogs and control dogs shows apparent proliferation, auto mixture of each dog and allo-mixture of BG1 and BG2 show no proliferation (Table 1), indicating immunological factors exposed to PBMC in 2 cloned dogs were compatible. In Experiment 2 among transgenic cloned dogs, no evidence of proliferations in mixed allo-PBMC was shown (Table 1), suggesting in vitro immunogenicity between transgenic cloned dogs was also not shown. In Experiment 3 among cloned dogs and transgenic cloned dogs, no significant difference was found (Table 1). In conclusion, cloned dogs derived from SCNT shared immunological phenotype. Next, immunogenicity among transgenic cloned beagle dogs was not shown despite random insertion of a foreign gene. Lastly, cloned beagles and transgenic cloned beagles show lymphocyte antigen compatibility irrespective of having a foreign gene or not. Table 1.The absorbance values of mixed lymphocytes of 4 transgenic cloned dogs and 2 cloned dogs This study was supported by RNL BIO (#0468-20110001), IPET, MKE (#10033839-2011-13) and Natural Balance Korea.

Are Gaussian spectra a viable perceptual assumption in color appearance?

Natural illuminant and reflectance spectra can be roughly approximated by a linear model with as few as three basis functions, and this has suggested that the visual system might construct a linear representation of the spectra by estimating the weights of these functions. However, such models do not accommodate nonlinearities in color appearance, such as the Abney effect. Previously, we found that these nonlinearities are qualitatively consistent with a perceptual inference that stimulus spectra are instead roughly Gaussian, with the hue tied to the inferred centroid of the spectrum [J. Vision 6(9), 12 (2006)]. Here, we examined to what extent a Gaussian inference provides a sufficient approximation of natural color signals. Reflectance and illuminant spectra from a wide set of databases were analyzed to test how well the curves could be fit by either a simple Gaussian with three parameters (amplitude, peak wavelength, and standard deviation) versus the first three principal component analysis components of standard linear models. The resulting Gaussian fits were comparable to linear models with the same degrees of freedom, suggesting that the Gaussian model could provide a plausible perceptual assumption about stimulus spectra for a trichromatic visual system.

Vacuum wavelength calibration of frequency-stabilized He-Ne lasers used in commercial laser interferometers

We report on the calibration results of the wavelength of the lasers used in commercial laser interferometers, including the vacuum wavelength deviation from its nominal value, the vacuum wavelength stability, the repeatability of stabilized wavelength, and the secular change of these properties, by analyzing the calibration data accumulated for more than two decades. We present an experimental method of calibrating the frequency of laser interferometers. We also propose a proper time interval and an appropriate uncertainty expression for the vacuum wavelength calibration of the laser interferometers.

Design for the optical retardation in broadband zero-order half-wave plates

This paper presents a novel design for broadband zero-order half-wave plates to eliminate the first-order or up to second-order wavelength-dependent birefringent phase retardation (BPR) with 2 or 3 different birefringent materials. The residual BPRs of the plates increase monotonously with the wavelength deviation from a selected wavelength, so the plates are applicable to the broadband light pulses which gather most of the light energy around their central wavelengths. The model chooses the materials by the birefringent dispersion coefficient and evaluates the performances of the plates by the weighted average of the absolute value of residual BPR in order to emphasize the contributions of the incident spectral components whose possess higher energies.

Structural optimization of quantum wells used in a 1-μm vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser

On the basis of the analysis of material gain, a comprehensive optimization of quantum wells used in a 1-μm vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser was carried out. For a single-well structure, the optimized width lies between 8 and 10 nm, the optimized depth is a quantum well with ∼0.1 Al composition in AlGaAs barrier, and the optimized configurations are graded-index quantum well and quantum well with AlGaAs barrier and a GaAs buffer layer. The optimal width of a double- or triple-well structure lies between 6 and 8 nm. Compared to its single- and triple-well counterparts, double-well structure provides higher gain and has more tolerance to the deviation of laser wavelength.

Are Gaussian spectra a viable perceptual assumption in color appearance?

Natural illuminant and reflectance spectra can be roughly approximated by a linear model with as few as three basis functions, and this has suggested that the visual system might construct a linear representation of the spectra by estimating the weights of these functions. However, such models do not accommodate nonlinearities in color appearance, such as the Abney effect. Previously, we found that these nonlinearities are qualitatively consistent with a perceptual inference that stimulus spectra are instead roughly Gaussian, with the hue tied to the inferred centroid of the spectrum [J. Vision 6(9), 12 (2006)]. Here, we examined to what extent a Gaussian inference provides a sufficient approximation of natural color signals. Reflectance and illuminant spectra from a wide set of databases were analyzed to test how well the curves could be fit by either a simple Gaussian with three parameters (amplitude, peak wavelength, and standard deviation) versus the first three principal component analysis components of standard linear models. The resulting Gaussian fits were comparable to linear models with the same degrees of freedom, suggesting that the Gaussian model could provide a plausible perceptual assumption about stimulus spectra for a trichromatic visual system.

PVC Smart Sensing Foil for Advanced Strain Measurements

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Monitoring systems can already be found in common applications, from automotive to aeronautics or biomedical. However, the application of these monitoring systems has not yet been a very easy task, especially, at the sensor application step. A smart structure with sensing capabilities would allow to overcome the existing issues in the installation of sensor networks. As the size of this type of systems and the market requirements are significant, an industrial manufacturing process needed to be considered. An integrated solution based in Fiber Bragg Grating sensors embedded in PVC laminates was manufactured by industrial spread-coating process. The resultant structure is a temperature and strain sensitive foil that was characterized in terms of surface structure, optical response and overall performance. The integrated solution behavior had a slope of 0.8 pm by microstrain with a measurement range of 1.2 mm when the fiber was straight in the foil. Different fiber layouts were also tested and defined the minimum curve radius in 10 mm. The foil also presented a dimensional stability above 99%, ensuring the capability to sustain molding process. A mechanical analysis to evaluate the elongation capabilities and optical response was conducted. Three samples with different sensor positioning were subjected to the test. In the end, a sample, with the sensor in a 45<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula> angle regarding the displacement axis, achieved the best compromise between maximum elongation range (25%) and optical response linearity. For the temperature response, a wavelength deviation of 1.7 nm was obtained for a 100<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,^{\circ}\hbox{C}$</tex></formula> temperature change. </para>

Temperature and current coefficients of lasing wavelength in tunable diode laser spectroscopy

The factors determining temperature and current coefficients of lasing wavelength are investigated and discussed under monitoring CO(2)-gas absorption spectra. The diffusion rate of Joule heating at the active layer to the surrounding region is observed by monitoring the change in the junction voltage, which is a function of temperature and the wavelength (frequency) deviation under sinusoidal current modulation. Based on the experimental results, the time interval of monitoring the wavelength after changing the ambient temperature or injected current (scanning rate) has to be constant at least to eliminate the monitoring error induced by the deviation of lasing wavelength, though the temperature and current coefficients of lasing wavelength differ with the rate.