Watermarking Algorithm Research Articles

A Image Copyright Protection Method Using Zero-Watermark by Blockchain and IPFS

Behind the popularity of multimedia technology, the dispute over image copyright is getting worse. In the digital watermark prevention technology for copyright infringement, watermark technology is considered to be an important technology to overcome data protection problems and verify the relationship between data ownership. Among the many digital watermarking technologies, zero watermarking technology has been favored in recent years. However, the existing zero watermark technology in the implementation process often needs a trusted third party to store watermarks, which may make the data too central, data storage security is low and copyright registration costs are too high, which creates a rare problem. The decentivization and information cannot be tampered of blockchain technology’s nature find new methods for image copyright protection. This paper studies the role of zero watermark algorithm in the image copyright and its complete storage and certification scheme, proposes a zero watermark image protection framework based on blockchain, and builds a system according to the framework. Combined with blockchain and zero watermarking technology, the framework uses inter IPFS (Inter Planetary File System) to solve the problem of blockchain efficient storage and sharing of large files. In addition, the application of user copyright information, image image query and image trading in the system are realized based on smart contracts, which solves the problem of lack of trusted third parties. Experiments show that the scheme is feasible and robust to various attacks.

Non-Linear-Echo Based Anti-Collusion Mechanism for Audio Signals

Collusion attacks are considered to be challenging attacks in audio copyright protection. The traditional watermarking algorithms cannot identify the traitors when other attacks, such as desynchronization attacks, are applied with a collusion attack. Instead of tracing the traitors, in this paper we aim to tackle collusion attacks by removing the commercial value from the colluded copy, which will demotivate the attackers from launching collusion attacks. Since the commercial value of an audio signal is directly reflected by its perceptual quality, we propose a novel non-linear-echo generation (NLEG) based algorithm to significantly degrade the perceptual quality of the colluded copy by embedding a time delay sequence into the host signal. The proposed NLEG is also designed to be resilient to common signal processing attacks and desynchronization attacks. Furthermore, the proposed NLEG can be combined with other digital watermarking techniques to enhance its performance on protecting the copyright information. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed NLEG.

Quantum Steganography Application in the Electrical Network for Quantum Image and Watermark with Self-Adaptive

With the development of Globe Energy Internet, quantum steganography has been used for information hiding to improve copyright protection. Based on secure quantum communication protocol, and flexible steganography, secret information is embedded in quantum images in covert communication. Under the premise of guaranteeing the quality of the quantum image, the secret information is transmitted safely with virtue of good imperceptibility. A novel quantum watermark algorithm is proposed in the paper, based on the shared group key value of the communication parties and the transmission of the selected carrier map pixel gray higher than 8 bits. According to the shared group key value of the communication parties, the two effective Bell state qubits of the carried quantum streak image are replaced with secret information. Compared with the existing algorithms, the new algorithm improves the robustness of the secret information itself and the execution efficiency of its embedding and extraction. Experimental simulation and performance analysis also show that the novel algorithm has an excellent performance in transparency, robustness and embedded capacity.

Цифровое маркирование аудиосигналов, основанное на модуляции MCLT-коэффициентов

Audio data hiding techniques have various applications such as audio watermarking and steganography. This article provides a brief description of a new method of digital audio watermarking that has been developed based on a modulated complex lapped transform (MCLT). The new audio watermarking algorithm saves the sound quality of the marked signals. The experimental results show the dependence of the sound quality of the marked audio signal on the parameters of the marking method. Moreover, the results of the experiments show the influence of various attacks on the marked audio signal. Based on conducted experiments, it is concluded that the new method of digital audio watermarking can be used to confirm the authenticity of audio files distributed through the Internet or to confirm the integrity of the transmitted audio files.

Rapid and Blind Watermarking Approach of the 3D Objects Using QR Code Images for Securing Copyright.

Watermarking techniques in a wide range of digital media was utilized as a host cover to hide or embed a piece of information message in such a way that it is invisible to a human observer. This study aims to develop an enhanced rapid and blind method for producing a watermarked 3D object using QR code images with high imperceptibility and transparency. The proposed method is based on the spatial domain, and it starts with converting the 3D object triangles from the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to the two-dimensional coordinates domain using the corresponding transformation matrix. Then, it applies a direct modification on the third vertex point of each triangle. Each triangle's coordinates in the 3D object can be used to embed one pixel from the QR code image. In the extraction process, the QR code pixels can be successfully extracted without the need for the original image. The imperceptibly and the transparency performances of the proposed watermarking algorithm were evaluated using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and the correlation distance values. The proposed method was tested under various filtering attacks, such as rotation, scaling, and translation. The proposed watermarking method improved the robustness and visibility of extracting the QR code image. The results reveal that the proposed watermarking method yields watermarked 3D objects with excellent execution time, imperceptibility, and robustness to common filtering attacks.

New Color Image Zero-Watermarking Using Orthogonal Multi-Channel Fractional-Order Legendre-Fourier Moments

Zero-watermarking methods provide promising solutions and impressive performance for copyright protection of images without changing the original images. In this paper, a novel zero-watermarking method for color images is envisioned. Our envisioned approach is based on multi-channel orthogonal Legendre Fourier moments of fractional orders, referred to as MFrLFMs. In this method, a highly precise Gaussian integration method is utilized to calculate MFrLFMs. Then, based on the selected accurate MFrLFMs moments, a zero-watermark is constructed. Due to their accuracy, geometric invariances, and numerical stability, the proposed MFrLFMs-based zero-watermarking method shows excellent resistance against various attacks. Performed experiments using the proposed watermarking method show the outperformance over existing watermarking algorithms.

基于结构森林边缘和SIFT的鲁棒水印算法

基于结构森林边缘和SIFT的鲁棒水印算法

Blind Extraction of Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Color Images

Blind Extraction of Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Color Images

A novel Watermarking Technique Based on Hybrid Transforms

This paper proposed Anovel watermarking scheme using hybrid of Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform and singular value decomposition . Image watermarking is to embed copyright data in image bit streams. Our proposed technique demonestrates the effective and robust of image watermarking algorithms using a hybrid of two strong mathematical transforms; the 2-level Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). This technique shows high level of security and robustness against attacks. The algorithm was tested for imperceptibility and robustness and the results were compared with DWT-SVD-based technique, it is shown that the proposed watermarking schemes is considerably more robust and effective.

An Authorship Protection Technology for Electronic Documents Based on Image Watermarking

In the field of information technology, information security technologies hold a special place. They ensure the security of the use of information technology. One of the urgent tasks is the protection of electronic documents during their transfer in information systems, including smart systems. This paper proposes a technology for protecting electronic documents containing digital images. The main idea is that the electronic document authorship can be protected by embedding digital watermarks in the images that are contained in this document. The paper considers three cases of using the proposed technology: full copying of an electronic document, copying of images contained in the document, and copying of text. It is shown that in all three cases, the authorship confirmation can be successfully implemented. Some areas of the proposed technology application are described, including augmented reality applications. Computational experiments are conducted with robust watermarking algorithms that can be used within the technology. A scenario of technology implementation is proposed which provides for the joint use of different class algorithms.

Adam and the Ants: On the Influence of the Optimization Algorithm on the Detectability of DNN Watermarks.

As training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) becomes more expensive, the interest in protecting the ownership of the models with watermarking techniques increases. Uchida et al. proposed a digital watermarking algorithm that embeds the secret message into the model coefficients. However, despite its appeal, in this paper, we show that its efficacy can be compromised by the optimization algorithm being used. In particular, we found through a theoretical analysis that, as opposed to Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), the update direction given by Adam optimization strongly depends on the sign of a combination of columns of the projection matrix used for watermarking. Consequently, as observed in the empirical results, this makes the coefficients move in unison giving rise to heavily spiked weight distributions that can be easily detected by adversaries. As a way to solve this problem, we propose a new method called Block-Orthonormal Projections (BOP) that allows one to combine watermarking with Adam optimization with a minor impact on the detectability of the watermark and an increased robustness.

Cover-Lossless Robust Image Watermarking Against Geometric Deformations.

Cover-lossless robust watermarking is a new research issue in the information hiding community, which can restore the cover image completely in case of no attacks. Most countermeasures proposed in the literature usually focus on additive noise-like manipulations such as JPEG compression, low-pass filtering and Gaussian additive noise, but few are resistant to challenging geometric deformations such as rotation and scaling. The main reason is that in the existing cover-lossless robust watermarking algorithms, those exploited robust features are related to the pixel position. In this article, we present a new cover-lossless robust image watermarking method by efficiently embedding a watermark into low-order Zernike moments and reversibly hiding the distortion due to the robust watermark as the compensation information for restoration of the cover image. The amplitude of the exploited low-order Zernike moments are: 1) mathematically invariant to scaling the size of an image and rotation with any angle; and 2) robust to interpolation errors during geometric transformations, and those common image processing operations. To reduce the compensation information, the robust watermarking process is elaborately and luminously designed by using the quantized error, the watermarked error and the rounded error to represent the difference between the original and the robust watermarked image. As a result, a cover-lossless robust watermarking system against geometric deformations is achieved with good performance. Experimental results show that the proposed robust watermarking method can effectively reduce the compensation information, and the new cover-lossless robust watermarking system provides strong robustness to those content-preserving manipulations including scaling, rotation, JPEG compression and other noise-like manipulations. In case of no attacks, the cover image can be recovered without any loss.

Fast and robust image watermarking method in the spatial domain

To solve the copyright protection problem of a colour image, a new blind colour image watermarking method combining a discrete cosine transform (DCT) in the spatial domain is presented in this study. The advantages of the spatial-domain watermarking algorithm and frequency-domain one are made full use in this scheme. Based on the different quantisation steps in red, green, and blue three-layer images, the processes of watermark embedding and blind extraction are completed in the spatial domain without a real DCT domain. The scheme is realised by using the unique features of the direct current (DC) coefficient and the relativity of DC coefficients between adjacent pixel blocks. This scheme can effectively solve the problems of the large-capacity colour image watermarking algorithm, such as long-running time and weak robustness. Comparing with other advanced watermarking algorithms, the presented scheme has better invisibility, stronger robustness, and higher real-time performance.

A New System for Fake Profile Recognition in Social Networks

The billions of users all over the world are spending online social network, such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumbler and LinkedIn. The flaws in this social media may indications to abuse user’s information and execute an attack of identity cloning. In this work mainly focuses, a new method for hiding data to hide precise details in profile pictures to learn botnets and fake profiles. In this paper, presents an ordering and investigation of recognition mechanisms of genetic copy attacks on online network of social, purely established on attribute likeness, friend network likeness, and profile inquiry for a time interval and record of Internet Protocol sequences. This work, proposals an algorithm for transform discrete wavelet for hiding the data. So, the system can prevent the replica attacks and offer the whole user data privacy protective. Similarly, when users upload the profile image or photos it would be first watermarked and then updated. Java static watermarking systems and algorithms is been used for watermarking procedure. Here tracking any fake users updating the same profile picture given easier and tracking their IP address also became easier. Also, our system raises certain features which can be investigated to the users through process of registration. Thus, providing secure authentication. Hence avoiding clone attacks in social media became easier.

A robust watermarking algorithm for medical images

<p>Integrated healthcare systems require the transmission of medical images between medical centres. The presence of watermarks in such images has become important for patient privacy protection. However, some important issues should be considered while watermarking an image. Among these issues, the watermark should be robust against attacks and does not affect the quality of the image. In this paper, a watermarking approach employing a robust dynamic secret code is proposed. This approach is to process every pixel of the digital image and not only the pixels of the regions of non-interest at the same time it preserves the image details. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using several performance measures such as the Mean Square Error (MSE), the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), the Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) and the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). The proposed approach has been tested and shown robustness in detecting the intentional attacks that change image, specifically the most important diagnostic information.</p>

Digital Holographic Watermarking Algorithm Based on DWT-DCT

In order to improve the robustness and invisibility of watermarking, a digital holographic watermarking algorithm based on DWT-DCT is proposed. First, the watermark image is generated into a digital hologram to improve the security and non-tearability of the watermark, and the I1 image is selected as the watermark image to be embedded. Perform discrete wavelet transform on the original carrier image to extract its low-frequency coefficients; secondly, the low-frequency coefficients are subjected to DCT transformation, and finally the watermark information is embedded in the high-frequency coefficient matrix after DCT, thereby completing the watermark information embedding. This algorithm combines the transformation characteristics of DWT and DCT, makes up for each other’s shortcomings, and makes digital watermarking more robust and invisible. In order to verify the anti-attack ability of this algorithm, different attack tests were performed on the watermark image. The results show that this algorithm is robust against simple linear attacks and noise attacks.

Double-encrypted watermarking algorithm based on cosine transform and fractional Fourier transform in invariant wavelet domain

The existing watermarking algorithms invariant wavelet domain are weak at resisting geometric attacks and have small embedding capacities. In this paper, a robust double-encrypted watermarking algorithm based on the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) in invariant wavelet domain is proposed. A hybrid domain is obtained by applying the redistributed invariant wavelet transform (RIDWT) and cosine transform to the enlarged host image. The low-frequency and high-frequency regions of the domain have advantages against different attacks; thus, the two components are both selected for watermark embedding. To solve the false positive problem, the enlarged watermark is double-encrypted by the Arnold transform and the FRFT before a singular value decomposition is applied to it, which enhances the security of the algorithm due to the generation of more keys. Multiparameter particle swarm optimization (MP-PSO) is used to obtain the optimal embedding factors for achieving the balance between invisibility and robustness. The simulation results and comparative experiments show that the proposed algorithm exhibits high robustness under the premise of satisfying security, reliability and invisibility, especially for geometric attacks such as rotation, cropping and translation.

Development of optimum watermarking algorithm for radiography images

The fusion of captured multi-focus radiography images using the same scene is essential for adaptation of image information. Besides, transmission of secure radiography image between practitioners with keeping all image details is a challenge. These issues are handled using three dependent goals that include fusion amongst neutron and x-ray radiography images, watermarking of fused radiography images and optimization of watermarked images. The watermarking algorithms are analyzed and evaluated under various attacks. Development of optimization technique is an essential purpose for higher robustness with acceptable imperceptibility and negligible image distortion of radiography images. Backtracking search optimization algorithm(BSA) is functionalized for this target. Paired objective functions are suggested for the BSA algorithm to achieve simultaneously high robustness and imperceptibility. It is fulfilled that proficient results with respect to quality fitness function(FF) are realized with proposed ridgelet watermarking. Consequently, secure transmission of multi-focus radiography images within industrial and medical applications can be fulfilled.

A novel chaotic IWT-LSB blind watermarking approach with flexible capacity for secure transmission of authenticated medical images

Nowadays, secure medical data transmission is an essential issue in telemedicine through unsecured channels. Watermarking methods are widely used to provide optimal security for medical image transmission. In this method, a secure and blind watermarking algorithm based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT), Least Significant Bit (LSB), and chaotic sequences (ILC) with a high capacity for grayscale medical and non-medical images is ILC. In this scheme, the high-level security is achieved by chaotic sequences that are applied for watermark encryption and determining the location of host blocks and host coefficients in the embedding process. At first, the cover medical image is divided into two distinct parts: the region of interest (ROI) and the region of non-interest (RONI) areas. Due to the high sensitivity of the ROI data in disease diagnosis, no embedding is done in this area. An ROI integrity check data (ICR), produced by some significant features from ROI, to detect tampered blocks inside this area. The main watermark, which is the encryption of ICR along with the patient’s personal and medical information, is embedded in the middle-frequency at the first and second levels of IWT sub-bands. Furthermore, to verify the watermark, integrity check data (ICW) is produced and sent along with other essential data to the receiver. For identifying authentication purposes, the physician’s signature is embedded at the third level (LL3) sub-band of IWT which has the highest energy and robustness. Moreover, the algorithm is flexible for using different sizes of text watermarks and it guarantees a high payload capacity. It is noteworthy the maximum lengths of text watermarks used in the method for 512×512 and 1024×1024 images are 47,784 and 164,620 bits, respectively. Although the size of the embedded watermark increases with the size of the ROI area, the image transparency remains almost constant and also the watermark is extracted with a bit error rate of zero. By doing various analyses, the experimental results represent superior imperceptibility by an average PSNR value of 75 dB. This method provides high imperceptibility and robustness against various attacks compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.

A color watermarking scheme in frequency domain based on quaternary coding

With the continuous development of the computer network information technique, the problem of copyright protection of color images is increasingly getting prominent. Based on above issue, this paper presents a quaternary watermarking of color image using Schur decomposition. The superiorities of the presented scheme contains three points: Firstly, the algorithm obtains the maximum eigenvalue of the pixel block using Schur decomposition that have a high efficiency, and accomplishes the hiding and blind detection of color watermark by quantifying the maximum eigenvalue to four intervals. Secondly, the algorithm uses affine transform that have high security to encrypt the location of the color watermark pixels, which improves the security of the watermarking algorithm. Thirdly, the new idea of four intervals quantization is proposed to apply to this scheme. Simulation consequences indicate that the presented scheme can satisfy the needs of visual imperceptibility, and also has large watermark capacity, strong robustness and high security.