Abstract
Watermarking techniques in a wide range of digital media was utilized as a host cover to hide or embed a piece of information message in such a way that it is invisible to a human observer. This study aims to develop an enhanced rapid and blind method for producing a watermarked 3D object using QR code images with high imperceptibility and transparency. The proposed method is based on the spatial domain, and it starts with converting the 3D object triangles from the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to the two-dimensional coordinates domain using the corresponding transformation matrix. Then, it applies a direct modification on the third vertex point of each triangle. Each triangle's coordinates in the 3D object can be used to embed one pixel from the QR code image. In the extraction process, the QR code pixels can be successfully extracted without the need for the original image. The imperceptibly and the transparency performances of the proposed watermarking algorithm were evaluated using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and the correlation distance values. The proposed method was tested under various filtering attacks, such as rotation, scaling, and translation. The proposed watermarking method improved the robustness and visibility of extracting the QR code image. The results reveal that the proposed watermarking method yields watermarked 3D objects with excellent execution time, imperceptibility, and robustness to common filtering attacks.
Highlights
Digital watermarking has been proven effective for protecting digital media
Where ux, uy, and uz are the Cartesian coordinates of the original 3D object u. vx, vy, and vz are the Cartesian coordinates of the watermarked object v
The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) we introduce a 3D object watermarking method that hides a Quick Response code (QR code) image into the 3D object vertices; (2) we propose a blind extraction based on the reverse steps of the embedding process to recover the QR code image; (3) we brought evidence that the proposed watermarking method performed across the different 3D objects ensures a minimum shape distortion; (4) we present comprehensive experimentation examining the performance of our method and comparing it with other methods
Summary
Watermarking techniques in a wide range of digital media was utilized as a host cover to hide or embed a piece of information message in such a way that it is invisible to a human observer. is study aims to develop an enhanced rapid and blind method for producing a watermarked 3D object using QR code images with high imperceptibility and transparency. e proposed method is based on the spatial domain, and it starts with converting the 3D object triangles from the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to the two-dimensional coordinates domain using the corresponding transformation matrix. en, it applies a direct modification on the third vertex point of each triangle. Is study aims to develop an enhanced rapid and blind method for producing a watermarked 3D object using QR code images with high imperceptibility and transparency. Each triangle’s coordinates in the 3D object can be used to embed one pixel from the QR code image. The QR code pixels can be successfully extracted without the need for the original image. E imperceptibly and the transparency performances of the proposed watermarking algorithm were evaluated using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and the correlation distance values. E proposed watermarking method improved the robustness and visibility of extracting the QR code image. E results reveal that the proposed watermarking method yields watermarked 3D objects with excellent execution time, imperceptibility, and robustness to common filtering attacks The QR code pixels can be successfully extracted without the need for the original image. e imperceptibly and the transparency performances of the proposed watermarking algorithm were evaluated using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and the correlation distance values. e proposed method was tested under various filtering attacks, such as rotation, scaling, and translation. e proposed watermarking method improved the robustness and visibility of extracting the QR code image. e results reveal that the proposed watermarking method yields watermarked 3D objects with excellent execution time, imperceptibility, and robustness to common filtering attacks
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