Water Wheel Research Articles

Distinct Roles of Opioid and Dopamine Systems in Lateral Hypothalamic Intracranial Self-Stimulation.

Background:Opioid and dopamine systems play crucial roles in reward. Similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of reward that are mediated by these 2 systems have remained largely unknown. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the differences in reward function in both µ-opioid receptor knockout mice and dopamine transporter knockout mice, important molecules in the opioid and dopamine systems.Methods:Mice were implanted with electrodes into the right lateral hypothalamus (l hour). Mice were then trained to put their muzzle into the hole in the head-dipping chamber for intracranial electrical stimulation, and the influences of gene knockout were assessed.Results:Significant differences are observed between opioid and dopamine systems in reward function. µ-Opioid receptor knockout mice exhibited enhanced intracranial electrical stimulation, which induced dopamine release. They also exhibited greater motility under conditions of “despair” in both the tail suspension test and water wheel test. In contrast, dopamine transporter knockout mice maintained intracranial electrical stimulation responding even when more active efforts were required to obtain the reward.Conclusions:The absence of µ-opioid receptor or dopamine transporter did not lead to the absence of intracranial electrical stimulation responsiveness but rather differentially altered it. The present results in µ-opioid receptor knockout mice are consistent with the suppressive involvement of µ-opioid receptors in both positive incentive motivation associated with intracranial electrical stimulation and negative incentive motivation associated with depressive states. In contrast, the results in dopamine transporter knockout mice are consistent with the involvement of dopamine transporters in positive incentive motivation, especially its persistence. Differences in intracranial electrical stimulation in µ-opioid receptor and dopamine transporter knockout mice underscore the multidimensional nature of reward.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE SISTEM CONTROL OTOMATIS INTAKE PLTMH MENGGUNAKAN PROPOTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE (PID)

Water is one of the energy sources that are environmentally friendly and relatively easy in the can, because of the potential energy stored water (water falls) and kinetic energy (water flow). Hydropower (Hydropower) is energy obtained from yamg water flow. The energy of the water can be harnessed and used in wujut mechanical energy and electrical energy. Energy utilization of water is mostly done using a water wheel or water turbine which utilizes a waterfall or water in the river. In the design of sluice pengontorlan automatically on the MHP, the water in the dam will flow through the sluice gates to discharge water to the required standard. This design comes flow sensors, flow sensors serves as an input to control the sluice gates that automatically open and close the floodgates. And also uses a DC motor which berfunfsi to open and close the sluice controlled by the flow sensor. And there is also using LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is one of the media appear that use liquid crystal as the main viewer is used to display numeric characters, experimental results on the opening and closing of the sluice gates using PID is functioning properly. When the value of Kp 35, 0001 Ki, and Kd 0.1 percent error then can the average 38.34% and while the value of Kp 25, 0001 Ki, and Kd 0.1 percent error then can the average 64.91%. And a good result is to use the value of Kp 35, 0001 Ki, and Kd 0.1 with an average error of 38.34%.

Alternative blade materials for technical and ecological optimization of a hydraulic pressure machine

The Hydraulic Pressure Machine (HPM) is an energy converter to exploit head differences between 0.5 and 2.5 m in small streams and irrigation canals. Previous investigations show that efficiencies above 60% are possible. Several case studies indicate good continuity for aquatic life (e.g. fish) and bed load for the technology. The technology is described as an economically and ecologically viable option for small scale hydropower generation. Primary goal of this research is to improve the HPM blade design regarding its continuity properties by maintaining good efficiency rates. This is done by modifying the blade tip and testing within a large physical model under laboratory condition. Blade tips from steel (conventional - reference case) and a combination of EPDM rubber and steel as sandwich construction (rubber, steel, rubber - adhesive layered) are tested and compared. Both materials reach similar values for hydraulic efficiency (approx. 58%) and mechanical power output (approx. 220 W). The variation of different gap sizes pointed out the importance of small clearance gaps to reach high efficiencies. For assessing the two blade tip materials regarding continuity for aquatic life, fish dummies were led through the wheel. Analysis of slow motion video of dummies hit by the blade show significant advantages for the EPDM blade tip. The EPDM rubber allows to bend and thus reduces the shock and the probability for cuts on the fish dummy. It was shown that blade tips from EPDM have certain advantages regarding continuity compared to standard blade tips from steel. No compromise regarding energy production had to be made. These results from the HPM can be transferred to breast shot water wheel and may be applied for new and retrofitting projects.

DESIGN OF HYDROKINETIC ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM

Along with technological developments and increasing population, people are in need of more energy sources. This need has led researchers to go towards new energy generation methods. One of these methods is hydrokinetic energy generation, which has been studied intensively in recent years. In this study, complete design of a hydrokinetic turbine that converts kinetic energy into mechanical and electrical energy with the most efficiency using tidal water is proposed. Moreover, an undershot water wheel system is designed to gain the least dissipationless conversion of kinetic energy. The design of the hydrokinetic energy generation system is developed considering the environmental and maintenance factors, maximum efficiency and buoyancy. Calculation for the velocity of the turbine is made by using Betz’s law, usually used for wind energy conversion systems. Conversion of obtained mechanical energy from the turbine to electrical energy is supplied by using a proper alternator system.

Flow visualization of simple pipe and channel flows obtained by MRI time-slip method

Herein, time-resolved magnetic resonance imaging, a noninvasive medical diagnostic imaging technique, was evaluated as a noncontact measurement tool for intuitively understanding fluid machineries. Simple pipe flows and channel flows are investigated by the 2D time–spatial labeling inversion pulse (2D time–SLIP) method, which can track a labeled water mass and visualize it using two-dimensional images. In this article, moving water masses of steady and pulsating pipe flows in a straight single pipe and a double cylindrical pipe (which are often seen in fluid machines and heat exchangers) are described. Then, abruptly contracting and expanding channels were tested and compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements or numerical simulations to evaluate their validity. In addition, as a feasibility test, a rotating water wheel and a fluidic diode with a strong swirling flow were tested to estimate this method’s applicability to fluid machines. The results suggest that the time-SLIP method of tracking a labeled water mass is sufficiently accurate for use in simple fluid machinery under low Re number conditions.

A miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART) as a compact breaking wave analogue

Abstract. In order to understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols, repeatable, controlled methods for their generation are required. A new system, the miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART), has been designed after the success of the original MART system, to approximate a small oceanic spilling breaker by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The smaller tank utilizes an intermittently plunging jet of water produced by a rotating water wheel, into an approximately 6 L reservoir to simulate bubble plume and foam formation and generate aerosols. This system produces bubble plumes characteristic of small whitecaps without the large external pump inherent in the original MART design. Without the pump it is possible to easily culture delicate planktonic and microbial communities in the bulk water during experiments while continuously producing aerosols for study. However, due to the reduced volume and smaller plunging jet, the absolute numbers of particles generated are approximately an order of magnitude less than in the original MART design.

Hydraulic Behavior and Performance of Breastshot Water Wheels for Different Numbers of Blades

AbstractThanks to their efficiency and simplicity of contruction, breastshot water wheels represent an attractive low head hydropower converter. In this work, a breastshot wheel is investigated by numerical simulations, and the results are validated with experimental tests. The average discrepancy between the numerical shaft torque and the experimental torque is lower than 5%. The numerical model is then used to investigate the performance and the hydraulic behavior of the wheel for different numbers of blades (16, 32, 48, and 64 blades) and at different hydraulic conditions. The increase in efficiency from 16 blades to the optimal blades number ranges between 12 to 16% in function of the hydraulic conditions. Empirical laws are also reported to quantify the improvement in efficiency with the blades number. These laws can support the design process of similar breastshot water wheels. The optimal blades number for this kind of wheel is identified in 48.

Simplified Water Requirement Calculators for Fruits and Vegetables

New users of drip irrigation in Myanmar had no idea how much water to apply to their crops with drip and could not afford tensiometers or other soil moisture monitoring tools. The concept of a simple paper calculator was born out of their need for an easy-to-use yet inexpensive tool to estimate horticultural crop water requirements. We used a generalized crop coefficient and growth stage approach together with average evapotranspiration (ET) for the vegetable crops “Water Wheel” calculator and a canopy cover approach for the tree fruit calculator. Differences among published crop coefficients are relatively small for a large number of vegetables and single coefficients were used for groups of crops without putting farmers’ crops at risk. Vegetable crops were divided into two groups based on whether water requirements during harvest remained the same as for the flowering and fruiting stage or were reduced for the harvest period. A simplified canopy cover approach was used to determine water requirements for perennial fruit, tree, and vine crops. Our faith in the ability of farmers to make their own adjustments gave us confidence to simplify ET-based water requirements and make them available in the form of simple rotating disc calculators printed in color on laminated card stock. The calculators were welcomed by our staff and enabled them to provide reasonably reliable recommendations for new users of drip irrigation. When surveyed, field staff responded that 74% of farmers they advised followed Water Wheel recommendations. Rough estimates of fruit and vegetable water requirements reached a large number of new drip users in a form they could easily understand, thereby lowering adoption barriers for an unfamiliar technology. This paper describes the Water Wheel concept and design so nonspecialists might develop their own calculators using local climatic data.

ANALISIS PERILAKU ALIRAN TERHADAP KINERJA RODA AIR ARUS BAWAH UNTUK PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK SKALA PIKOHIDRO

Energy of water is one of the renewable energy that can be converted into electrical energy without pollution. Rotation, torque, and power generated by the water wheel can be used directly both for irrigation pumping and for running a rice mill even move the alternator and electrical generators. The purpose of this study was to find the best water wheel performance indicated by torque, rotation, and power as well as the relative speed of the water at the side of the blade. The results obtained in the preliminary test were the average water velocity of 2.50 m/s, the average rotation shaft of 79.78 rpm, the average torque on the shaft of 58.98 Nm, the average power of 510,67 W. The second results were also obtained as given the results and discussion section. It was found that the best water wheel performance based on the analysis was shown in the second test results.

Further Exploration on the Rhapsody of a Watermill by Zhang Shunmin and Its Relationship With the “Three-Function Water Wheel” Designed by Wang Zhen

Further Exploration on the Rhapsody of a Watermill by Zhang Shunmin and Its Relationship With the “Three-Function Water Wheel” Designed by Wang Zhen

Chemically amplified molecular resists based on noria derivatives containing adamantyl ester groups for electron beam lithography

In this study, the authors examined the synthesis and resist performance of positive-tone chemically amplified molecular resist materials based on noria (water wheel in Latin) derivatives with pendant adamantyl ester (AD) groups (noria-AD) using an electron beam (EB) exposure tool. The physical properties of synthesized noria derivatives with various ratios of AD groups and their patterning properties were examined in an EB exposure tool. Furthermore, lithographic performances such as the etch durability and line width roughness of resist patterns were also investigated. These results showed that the physical properties and resist performance of the noria-AD were consistent with the ratio of AD groups, and noria derivatives have high potential to offer higher-resolution resist patterns for EB lithography.

A Parametric Study about Blade Shapes and Blade Numbers of Water Wheel Type Tidal Turbine by Numerical Method

In this paper, a numerical experiment on a tidal turbine was performed based on a water wheel design using the commercial CFD code ANSYS-CFX to contribute to the development of water wheels. The water wheel type tidal turbine was studied with different numbers of rotor blades (including ten, twelve and twenty blades types) and with different blade shapes (Straight, Curved and Zuppinger types) for comparison at several values of tip speed ratio (TSR) ranging from 0.7 to 1.2. The numerical results indicated that the 10-bladed type and the Straight-bladed type turbines absorb the highest power efficiency, up to 43 % at TSR 0.9. In addition, the 20-bladed and the Curved-bladed types showed the lowest performances in all cases of TSRs comparing with the others. Besides that, it was found that this turbine operates much effectively at low range of TSR, especially at TSRs 0.9 and 1 for all cases of blade shapes and all numbers of blades.

Optimization of breastshot water wheels performance using different inflow configurations

Breastshot water wheels are gravity hydraulic machines employed in low head sites. The scope of this work is to test the performance of a breastshot water wheel with two geometric inflow configurations: a sluice gate at different openings and two vertical overflow weirs. With the sluice gate, the maximum efficiency of the plant is 75%, constant over a wide range of flow rates, while the efficiency with the weir is increasing in the same flow rate range. Therefore, the wheel with the weir can exploit higher water volumes, and also it performs better at high power input. In practical applications, the inflow configuration can be effectively controlled to optimize the operative working conditions of breastshot water wheels, depending on the external hydraulic ones. The experimental results are also discussed in dimensionless terms, in order to support engineers in the design of similar breastshot water wheels.

Experimental and dimensional analysis of a breastshot water wheel

ABSTRACTWater wheels can be efficient hydropower converters at low heads and low discharges. The paper presents the results of a study of a breastshot water wheel in a laboratory experimental channel. The obtained data show that breastshot water wheels can reach a maximum efficiency of about 75%, at a rotational velocity which is about 60% of the runaway velocity. The maximum efficiency is constant over a wide range of flow rates. A dimensional analysis is then carried out and a simple relationship for estimating the maximum mechanical power output of geometrically similar wheels is determined, relating the Newton number (dimensionless maximum power output) to the Reynolds number (function of the hydraulic conditions and channel geometry).

Model Design for Water Wheel Control System of Heumgyeonggaknu

Heumgyeonggaknu (欽敬閣漏) is powered by a water-hammering-type water wheel. The technique that maintains the constant speed of the water wheel is assumed to be the one used in the Cheonhyeong (天衡) apparatus in Shui Yun Yi Xiang Tai (水運儀象臺) made by the Northern Song (北宋) dynasty in the 11th century. We investigated the history of the development and characteristics of the Cheonhyeong apparatus, and we analyzed ways to transmit the power of Heumgyeonggaknu. In addition, we carried out a conceptual design to systematically examine the power control system. Based on the conceptual design, we built a model for a water wheel control system that could be used in experiments by drawing a 3D model and a basic design.

Umm Kulthum's Water Wheel

In a scene in Michal Goldman's documentary film Umm Kulthum: A Voice Like Egypt, two female friends of Umm Kulthum are reminiscing about her decision in the 1930s to purchase land for a villa in Cairo's Zamalek district. At the time, the women relate, Zamalek had very few buildings and was considered a remote location, far from the city center. “What were you thinking about to buy something so far away?” one of the women recalls her mother telling Umm Kulthum. At this point, the other woman, who had been distractedly knitting a scarf on her lap, suddenly brightens up and enters the conversation: “Do you remember the water wheel on the river in front of her house?” she excitedly asks her companion. “There was a waterwheel.” She imitates its high-pitched whirring sound as she turns her hand to trace the circular path of the wheel itself. “People used to say she kept it to remind her of the old days.”

Numerical Investigation on Effect of Immersed Blade Depth on the Performance of Undershot Water Turbines

Energy, especially electricity, plays a vital role in global social and economic development. High annual rain rate in Malaysia seems a good potential for electricity generation especially through small hydro powers. Undershot water turbines are one of the hydropower turbines used for many years. However, the effect of blade depth immersed in the flowing water is not fully investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the effect of immersed blade depth for straight blade undershot water turbine in power generation by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. ANSYS CFX 15.0 was used to perform three dimensional analysis under steady state, incompressible, and non-isothermal conditions. The water wheel with number of blades of 6 and four different immersed depth was applied for each simulation. There are four different immersed depth was applied to each simulation, which are 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm. From the simulation result, it was found that the optimum immersed depth is 40 mm where the torque load and power generated were 0.264 N.m and 1.318 Watt respectively.

表層潮流発電システムの普及可能性

Some kinds of the generation systems for the mass-production using alternative energy have been already developed. In this, we have considered the surface-tidal power generation system has a performance to recover the ocean energy using the current water wheel with a rectangular channel guide in the actual sea, and it was estimated that this systemt has 550[kwh] output monthly and gets an even cost performance if it has 4times scale-up and 25years life. And in order to spread these systems they have to design as the open cycle like a creature. Therefore insurance system and financial policy are important factors to spread these alternative energy systems. If these conditions are prepared, the alternative energy system will spread autonomy repeating renewal of the subsystems. Becase we cannot predict what these systems affect to the environment as the life of these systems are very long over several generations.

Water Discharge Rate and Lifting Rate of Treadle Water Wheel

Water Discharge Rate and Lifting Rate of Treadle Water Wheel

低落差小流量の河川水を活用したマイクロ水力発電システムの開発と性能評価

The objective of this study is to evaluate the power generation performance of the axial flow propeller turbine, and ascertained that effective as a micro-hydroelectric power propeller in conditions of low-drop (drop the number of 1-5m) and small flow (Flow rate 0.1 ㎥/s or less). Further, we propose a micro-hydropower generation systems that combines a water wheel, controller, and generator to contribute to the spread of energy's local production for local consumption. In this experiment environment, measured a maximum generation output of 145W using a hydropower generation systems that power generation cost of 800,000 yen/kW. We has future subject to further improve the power generation efficiency of this system improving shape of the propeller, guide vanes of the installation, and ensure the effective head, etc. because the axial flow propeller turbine efficiency was 60% as low.