Water Wheel Research Articles

Hydro Matrix Power Wheels Generate More than 5 GW/h from Main Branch Canals (River Nile) in Egypt

In this paper, a new hydromatrix power wheels generation unit is presented. This presented hydromatrix power unit is aimed to convert the water movement in the main river branches into electrical power. It is found that the generated power based on the proposed hydromatrix power can be generated about 5 GW/h in Egypt. The proposed hydromatrix power unit based on the under shot water wheel type and the generated electrical power using this proposed unit is calculated at head; difference equal to 1 meter is presented.

Swede Midge, Diamondback Moth, and Imported Cabbageworm Control With Insecticides Allowed for Organic Production, 2014

This trial was conducted to evaluate insecticides approved for use in organic production. The trial was conducted on a field managed using practices allowed for organic production since 2008 at Cornell’s New York State Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. Broccoli ‘Belstar F1’ with 3–4 true leaves was transplanted on 2 Jun 2014. The transplants were set by hand using a Water Wheel transplanter (Rain-Flo Irrigation, Lancaster, PA) with a solution of 0.5oz/gal Fertrell fish oil emulsion into raised beds with 1.25 mil black polyethylene and drip irrigation tape. Annual ryegrass was seeded between the rows for weed control and mowed as needed. Six treatments and an untreated check were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Each plot consisted of six plants spaced 12 inch apart with 7 ft between rows and 2 ft between treatments. Sprays (with the exception of Surround) were applied with a CO …

A Study on Park Seosaeng(朴瑞生)’s Academic Foundation and Introduction of a Water Wheel(水車) during King Seojong’s Reign

A Study on Park Seosaeng(朴瑞生)’s Academic Foundation and Introduction of a Water Wheel(水車) during King Seojong’s Reign

The effect of an angle on the impact and flow quantity on output power of an impulse water wheel model

Nowadays, the world is more focused on hydraulic energy, which scientists have initiated thorough analyses of hydropower resources. The potential of wind power generation is immense. It is an historical source of energy but wind power is not applicable in this case. In India, water can be used for both - as a source of electricity and for irrigation and agricultural use. Impulse type water wheels were employed until flow is accessible. According to available literature, there are three types of water wheels and the application of a particular type of water wheel depends upon the stream of water. In this article, an extremely uncomplicated category impulse water wheel is fabricated. To fabricate this water wheel, little engineering is required. The experimental results obtained indicate that intensity of generated power depends upon the angle of water impact on the turbine blade, height, quantity of water flowing in pipe etc. The aim of this article is to suggest an alternative source of economical and environmentally friendly green energy for a small quantity of fluid flowing. There are various sources of small quantity water such as large society storage tank water, sewer line water, canals water and many more. The construction cost of water wheels is not as much since it does not have an intricate blade profile.

Analysis of the influence of binder properties on the mechanical response of bituminous mixtures

Asphalt mixtures are composed by a mass of aggregates (more than 90% of their total weight), which are bonded by a bituminous binder. Despite the fact that the binder is not the main component of these materials (around 5% of their total weight), it exerts a high influence on their mechanical response. In this sense, the service life of asphalt pavements will directly depend on the type of binder used, and thus an adequate choice is crucial to construct more durable roads. Because of this fact, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the bitumen in order to reduce the impact of different distresses that appear on roads. For this purpose, this paper studies the influence of the binder properties in the appearance of the main distresses that affect asphalt pavements around the world (stripping, fatigue cracking and plastic deformations). Five bitumens with different properties have been analysed during this research using diverse binder (UCL, multiple stress creep and recovery test and dynamic shear rheometer time sweep) and mixture (water sensitivity, wheel tracking and UGR-FACT) tests. The results obtained show that the properties of the binder influence the long-term performance of bituminous mixtures. In this sense, it can be said that flexible binders which are able to recover plastic deformations could extend the service life of the pavements.

Output power and power losses estimation for an overshot water wheel

Thanks to a new sensibility to renewable energy and to local and smart electricity production, traditional water wheels are regarded again as a clean and accessible way for pico-micro hydro electricity generation, especially in presence of very low heads and small flowrates. In particular, among the different kinds of water wheels, the overshot ones exploit the lowest flowrates with the highest efficiency (efficiency up to 85–90%).Therefore, in order to determine the performance characteristics and to estimate the power losses and the output power for overshot water wheels, theoretical and experimental analyses are here developed. By a numerical optimization process, the power losses and the mechanical output power are theoretically quantified. A critical angular velocity is also identified (about 65% of the runaway speed). When the wheel rotation speed approaches the critical velocity, volumetric losses at the top of the wheel begin to increase linearly with the rotational velocity, while the other power losses start to decrease, due to the lower amount of water available to the wheel.

Performance characteristics, power losses and mechanical power estimation for a breastshot water wheel

Breastshot water wheels were in widespread use in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth century for the production of energy; although they represent an economic, efficient and sustainable technology, only a small amount of research has been paid to water wheels nowadays, in particular to the breastshot ones.In this work a theoretical approach is adopted to estimate the different kinds of power losses occurring inside a breastshot water wheel, in order to predict its mechanical output power. The theoretical results are then validated with experimental results on a physical steel model. The characteristics experimental curves of the wheel are also illustrated, reporting the wheel efficiency and output power versus the flowrate, stream and wheel velocity.The average estimated error between the experimental and the estimated theoretical output power is 9%, which is much lower than that calculated using some past formulations found in literature. The theoretical results show that the big power losses are the dissipation of the stream kinetic energy against the blades and the hydraulic losses in the headrace, after the passage through the sluice gate; therefore, a better design of the inlet and blades geometry may improve the efficiency of the wheel.

Wasserkraftschnecke und oberschlächtiges Wasserrad im Cordier-Diagramm

Wasserkraftschnecke und oberschlächtiges Wasserrad im Cordier-Diagramm

Micro-Hydro Generator using Eco-wheel system for Domestic and Industrial Building Applications

The paper presents the research undertaken to design and develop a 3D sustainable renewable power station model that is sustainable, competent and of high efficiency at reasonable cost. The paper focuses on the optimization of the 1D micro Hydropower systems. The constant and secure supply of green power is made possible through combined power plant using renewable energies resources. Studies reveal that water wheels are not as efficient as turbines but could offer efficiency in excess of 80% for overshoot & undershoot water wheels, with 75% for breastshot water wheels. The technical issues that limit the water wheel efficiency have been studied and a new design is presented in this paper. The simulation to the new design is hereby presented and some experimental measurements of efficiency and power can be delivered Keywords: 3D sustainable power station, Hydro wheels / turbines, efficiency.

Clarification of the Continuation or Abolishment of Irrigation Water Wheel Usage over the Past 30 Years

Clarification of the Continuation or Abolishment of Irrigation Water Wheel Usage over the Past 30 Years

Effect of Flow Condition on Undershot Water Wheel Performance

This study focused on the development of an undershot open cross-flow turbine that is applicable in extremely low head hydropower conditions, especially in rapid and shallow streams such as agricultural waterways in mountain areas. A model of the cross-flow turbine was constructed and examined experimentally. The authors evaluated the effect of the flow conditions on undershot wheel power performance. The effect of the number of blades and the blade thickness on runner performance was also investigated. It was found that the power coefficient changed drastically with varying impinging flow thickness and runner installation height. Power could be generated when the impinging flow thickness was less than 28% of the runner diameter. The maximum power coefficient, CPmax, increased as the impinging flow thickness was decreased. Furthermore, a higher CPmax was obtained as the runner installation height was lowered. This was because the water flow was inclined between the runner and the bottom wall of the channel. In this study, the highest CPmax obtained was 0.401.

Management Science: Natural Gas and Electricity Industries Should Foster Innovation, Which Can Be Learned

Ever since the physician Scribonius Largus slapped an electric torpedo fish on the forehead of a headache sufferer in the early days of the Roman Empire, energy resources have been pursued by mankind to solve problems. Energy has always been the primary power to elevate societies, economies, and, in particular, the living standards of mankind. While the Industrial Revolution certainly marked a major turning point in history, it was the world's first public electricity supply powered by water wheels on the river Wey in Godalming, United Kingdom, in September 1881 that changed every aspect of mankind's daily life.

Antakya’nın Tarihi Su Dolapları “Naura”lara Işık Tutan ‘Alvân Su Kemeri Kalıntısının Mimarî-Tarihî Analizi ve Restitüsyonu

Constructed for the purpose of water-lifting through the rivers to the high residential areas and fields, naura (noria) is a type of monumental water wheel in which a wooden wheel and masonry elements comprise a functional features as well as aesthetic aspects. The researches and investigations conducted on the ruins of the aqueduct which is located by side of Asi River in Haraparasi district of Antakya city have shown that this structure descends from a naura type that has not survived to the present day. Suggestions related to the original condition of the aqueduct remnants whose layout plan and facade surveys are produced after an on-the-spot-check by making consistent restitution plans and three-dimensional modeling with some historical records, old photographs and measurements are put forward. Accordingly, the aqueduct remnant, which is resolved and reviewed as the set-out part, arched and solid part having diverse features from the west to the east, originally belongs to a twin wheel naura structure. The wooden wheels, existing among the towered pillar units jointed to the west end of the aqueduct and raising water from the river to the aqueduct by means of the divisions within by turning with the driving power of the river current, serve to water the famous Alvân Gardens of the region. Naura and the aqueduct belonged to a big complex which consistsed of two buildings of a mill. The proposed naura bears the characteristics special to Antakya region's surroundings having different features of samples which are widely known and available in Hama

Major historical developments in the design of water wheels and Francis hydroturbines

The first record of water wheels dates back to ancient Greece. Over the next several centuries the technology spread all over the world. The process of arriving at the design of the modern Francis runner lasted from 1848 to approximately 1920. Though the modern Francis runner has little resemblance to the original turbines designed by James B. Francis in 1848, it became know as the Francis turbine around 1920, in honor of his many contributions to hydraulic engineering analysis and design. The modern Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine design today, particularly for medium head and large flow rate situations, and can achieve over 95% efficiency.

Simultaneously Harvesting Electrostatic and Mechanical Energies from Flowing Water by a Hybridized Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Flowing water contains not only mechanical kinetic energy, but also the electrostatic energy owing to the triboelectric charges caused by its contact with surrounding media such as air. In this paper, a water wheel hybridized triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), composed of a water-TENG part and a disk-TENG part, has been developed for simultaneously harvesting the two types of energies from the tap water flowing from a household faucet. The wheel blades of the hybridized TENG are composed by superhydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films with nanostructures, which are used as water-TENG to harvest the electrostatic energy from the flowing water. In addition, the flowing water impacted on the wheel blades also causes the rotation motion of disk-TENG and can be used to harvest the mechanical kinetic energy. The short-circuit current of the water-TENG and the disk-TENG at a flowing water rate of 54 mL/s can reach 12.9 and 3.8 μA, respectively. The hybridized TENG is also demonstrated to harvest wind energy and acts as a self-powered sensor to detect the flowing water rate and wind speed. All these results show the potentials of the hybridized TENG for harvesting multiple types of energies from the environment.

Technical and Economic Perspective for Repowering of Micro Hydro Power Plants: A Case Study of an Early XX Century Power Plant

Nowadays many countries have dramatically cut the incentives for solar photovoltaic and wind farms; consequently many new investors and entrepreneurs pay more attention to small and mini hydro power plants. Hydropower currently respect to other renewable sources has not negligible benefits as lower cost of installation to equal installed capacity, higher reliability, higher energy production and more intensity and consistency over time. Many aspects as well as the sensibility to environmental issues related to civil works and the introduction of incentives for the production of renewable energy from small plants (< 1 MW) drive the attention to small Hydro Power Plants (HPPs). The thousands of historic mills, water wheels, inoperative hydropower stations or unrealized potential offer an interesting opportunity for small and micro hydropower generation.This article evaluates technical and economic feasibility of the repowering of one of the oldest Sicilian hydro power plant currently abandoned and disused. The reactivation of the Catarrate hydropower plant allows producing energy from renewable source contributing to the energy independence of the local community, with an energy yearly production of about 220 MW. Moreover, this study demonstrates the attractiveness of small hydropower as a local investment vehicle and at same time an occasion to preserve the historical industrial heritage of disused hydro plants.

Performance Characteristics of Spiral Water Wheel and Optimal Structure to Micro-hydropower System

Performance Characteristics of Spiral Water Wheel and Optimal Structure to Micro-hydropower System

SWEDE MIDGE CONTROL WITH INSECTICIDES ALLOWED FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION, 2013

This trial was conducted to evaluate insecticides allowed for organic production. The trial was conducted on a field managed using practices allowed for organic production since 2008 at Cornell’s New York State Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. An overwintered red clover cover crop was plowed under in May. Broccoli (‘Belstar F1’) with 3-4 true leaves was transplanted on 17 Jun. The transplants were set by hand using a Water Wheel transplanter with a solution of 0.5oz/gal Fertrell fish oil emulsion into raised beds with 1.25 mil black polyethylene and drip irrigation. Annual ryegrass was seeded between the rows for weed control and mowed as needed. Five treatments and an untreated control were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Each plot consisted of six plants spaced 12 inch apart with 7 ft between rows and 2 ft between treatments. Sprays (with the exception of Surround) were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 40 psi delivering 40 gal/acre through two TeeJet 8002VS flat fan nozzles spaced 19 inch apart. Surround was applied to thoroughly cover the foliage, using a hand pump pressurized sprayer with a single nozzle. Treatments included Azera (pyrethrum plus azadirachtin) at 3.5 pt/acre, Ecotec (rosemary, peppermint, and wintergreen oils) at 4 pt/acre, Grandevo (Chromobacterium substugae strain PRAA4-1 and spent fermentation media) at 3 lb./acre, Surround (kaolin clay) at 0.5 lb./gal, Venerate (heat-killed Burkholderia sp.) at 2 gal/acre and an untreated control. Nu Film P was added to all treatments to improve spray adhesion. The first spray was applied 24 Jun. Five more sprays were applied on 2, 9, 16, 24, and 31 Jul. The last application occurred just before head formation. On 14 Aug plots were rated for damage using a visual damage rating scale (Hallett 2007), where 0 is no damage, 1 is mild twisting of stem or leaves and/or mild swelling of petioles, 2 is severe twisting of stem and/or crumpling of leaves and/or swelling of florets, and 3 is death of apical meristem and/or multiple compensatory shoots. Broccoli with a damage rating of 0 or 1 at harvest would be considered marketable. As heads matured between 14 and 27 Aug, they were measured (diameter) and harvested. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test because of the qualitative nature of the damage rating data and the lack of fit to the normal distribution of the head formation data. Steel-Dwass All Pairs comparisons were conducted on damage ratings, head diameter, and head formation data to separate treatments (Table 1). Average maximum temperatures for 24-30 Jun, Jul, and 1-27 Aug, were 76.5, 79.9, and 75.4 F; average minimum temperatures were 59.2, 64.5, and 59.1 F. Rainfall amounts (inches) were 0.9, 4.8, and 4.1 for 24-30 Jun, Jul, and 1-27 Aug, respectively.

Antidepressant Effect of Dimeric Dipeptide GSB-106, an Original Low-Molecular-Weight Mimetic of BDNF

A large amount of clinical and experimental data suggest the involvement of neurotrophins, in particular the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in depression pathogenesis. However, the therapeutic use of BDNF is limited because of its instability in biological fluids, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and the presence of side effects. A low-molecular-weight mimetic GSB-106, which is a substituted dimeric dipeptide bis(N-monosuccinyl-L-seryl-L-lysine)hexamethylenediamide, was designed and synthesized based on the BDNF fourth loop structure at the V.V. Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology (RAMS). GSB-106 was found to exhibit an antidepressant activity in various models of depressive-like state when administered intraperitoneally to outbred mice and rats. An effect for the substance, when administered daily for 4-5 days, was detected in the Porsolt forced swimming test (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) and in the tail suspension test in mice (1.0 and 1.5 mg/ kg). An effect for GSB-106 at doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg was observed after a single application in experiments on rats in the Nomura water wheel test. The obtained evidence supports the hypothesis on the involvement of BDNF in the pathogenesis of various depression conditions, thus opening prospects for searching for new original antidepressants.

Performance Testing of Pico Hydro Generator for Electricity Generating

This research paper presents the testing results of the electricity generating from the pico hydro generator, for save in a battery 12 V. A testing of pico crossflow turbine with 0.6 m diameter of wheel and a 20 blades water turbine which has a semi-circle shape at 0.1 m diameter of blade, connected with the generator at gear up ratio of 1:3 and 1:5 respectively, was undertaken. The results from the test run of pico hydro generator by varying flow rate from 60 to 120 L/min at 0.0127, 0.0190 and 0.0254 m diameter of nozzle respectively, showed that the gear ratio between the water wheel and the generator, the diameter of nozzle and the volume flow rate are important variables that affect the electric production. A combination of water flow rate at 120 L/min, 0.0127 m diameter of nozzle and gear ratio of 1:3 gives the maximum electric power of 121.68 watts.