Water Supply Situation Research Articles

Perception of the Users Regarding the Water Delivery for Domestic Purposes in Jammu City: A Human Rights Based Approach

The situation of domestic water supply is grim in Jammu City. The crisis is attributed to the city's high functionality and massive population burden. This has led to several unallocated settlements expanding beyond the command of utility providers. Further, the constantly growing needs of the capital city has contributed to the demand-supply imbalance contributing to unevenness in the availability of water utility services. The discrepancy in the interests of stakeholders have threatened the water security and adds vulnerability through deprivation of water as a basic human right in the city. The study discusses the perception of the Users regarding water delivery for domestic purposes in Jammu City with respect to six factors of HRBA namely-availability and accessibility, acceptability, affordability, equity, citizen's participation and accountability dimensions. The implications of poor service delivery for domestic needs have added to the social and economic challenges through the increased intensity of water shortage and high economic burden of water procurement. The statistical validation of this association highlights the fundamental flaws prevailing in the utility delivery mechanism, adding to the misery of residents in Jammu city. The failure is attributed to the unfocused investments and the inappropriate infrastructure in coherence with the needs of the community. The perspective of Human Rights based approach is aimed at ensuring an unwavering commitment from the policymakers to effectively allocate and manage water resources and deliver water and sanitation services under good governance. Further, the community responses with respect to HRBA principles help in picturing the civic familiarity of the problems of domestic water delivery due to institutional failure and the problems associated with it. The shortfalls can prescribe suggestions for the policymakers that coincide with the principles of HRBA in achieving citizen's oriented smooth and efficient delivery of water resources.

Spatiotemporal Comparison of Drought in Shaanxi–Gansu–Ningxia from 2003 to 2020 Using Various Drought Indices in Google Earth Engine

As a common natural disaster, drought can significantly affect the agriculture productivity and human life. Compared to Southeast China, Northwest China is short of water year-round and is the most frequent drought disaster area in China. Currently, there are still many controversial issues in drought monitoring of Northwest China in recent decades. To further understand the causes of changes in drought in Northwest China, we chose Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia provinces (SGN) as our study area. We compared the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought intensity and frequency in Northwest China from 2003 to 2020 showed by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index (NVSWI), Soil Moisture Condition Index (SMCI), and Soil Moisture Agricultural Drought Index (SMADI). All of these indices showed a wetting trend in the SGN area from 2003 to 2020. The wetting trend of the VCI characterization is the most obvious (R2 = 0.9606, p < 0.05): During the period 2003–2020, the annual average value of the VCI in the SGN region increased from 28.33 to 71.61, with a growth rate of 153.57%. The TCI showed the weakest trend of wetting (R2 = 0.0087), with little change in the annual average value in the SGN region. The results of the Mann–Kendall trend test of the TCI indicated that the SGN region experienced a non-significant (p > 0.05) wetting trend between 2003 and 2020. To explore the effectiveness of different drought indices, we analyzed the Pearson correlation between each drought index and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The PDSI can not only consider the current water supply and demand situation but also consider the impact of the previous dry and wet conditions and their duration on the current drought situation. Using the PDSI as a reference, we can effectively verify the performance of each drought index. SPI-12 showed the best correlation with PDSI, with R values greater than 0.6 in almost all regions and p values less than 0.05 within one-half of the study area. SMADI had the weakest correlation with PDSI, with R values ranging −0.4~−0.2 and p values greater than 0.05 in almost all regions. The results of this study clarified the wetting trend in the SGN region from 2003 to 2020 and effectively analyzed the differences in each drought index. The frequency, duration, and severity of drought are continuously reduced; this helps us to have a more comprehensive understanding of the changes in recent decades and is of significance for the in-depth study of drought disasters in the future.

Encounter risk analysis of crop water requirements and effective precipitation based on the copula method in the Hilly Area of Southwest China

The effective precipitation (Pe) and crop water requirements (ETc) can reflect the agricultural water supply and demand situations under natural precipitation conditions, and the encounter risk analysis of Pe and ETc is a prerequisite for regional water resources allocation and irrigation planning. Considering an entire growing season of rape-maize in the Hilly Area of Southwest China during 1961–2017, this study employed the popular copula functions to fit two-dimensional joint distribution of annual ETc and Pe, and analyzed the natural agriculture water shortages risk of different encounter situations. The results indicated ETc and Pe presented a negative relativity, and the Gaussian copula was found to be more suitable to estimate the joint distribution of ETc and Pe. The asynchronous encounter probability was higher two times than the synchronous encounter probability, and the pairs (rich Pe-poor ETc, poor Pe-rich ETc) had the greatest probability with value of 16.59%, indicating the natural water supply and demand usually was unmatched. The conditional probability of Pe without exceeding a certain value for different ETc states increased with increased Pe, and the conditional probability of ETc with exceeding a certain value for different Pe states decreased with increased ETc. The conditional probability of Pe without exceeding Pe 37.5%, Pe 62.5%, Pe average (ETc exceeding ETc 37.5%, ETc 62.5%, ETc average) for different ETc (Pe) states was 44.97–69.12% (the corresponding return period was 1.45–2.22 years), showing natural agriculture water shortages risk was high under general situations. However, the conditional probabilities of extremely high ETc (low Pe) with given low Pe (high ETc) were less than 3%, so extreme water shortages rarely occurred in the Sichuan Hilly Area. This study successfully applied the copula method to regional agricultural water shortages risk analysis and could provide a theoretical basis for regional water resources management and planning.

Recent Developments on Magnetically Separable Ferrite‐Based Nanomaterials for Removal of Environmental Pollutants

The current water supply situation demonstrates the predominance of contamination caused by industrial effluent runoff. Polluted waters have contributed to significant health and environmental risks, calling for an acceptable alternative to address the effects. However, diverse chemical and treatment physical stages commonly used for dye effluent processing are more cost‐intensive, less effective, and time‐consuming. Instead, nanomaterials have developed as a good alternative for dye removal and degradation because of their special chemical reactivity and superior surface features/properties. In this regard, the ability of modified or hybrid ferrite‐based magnetically recoverable nanomaterials in dye effluent treatment has been extensively explored. The present study especially emphasizes magnetic ferrite (Fe3O4 + X) or metal‐doped ferrite (MFe2O4 + X) nanocomposite for dye degradation (where M consists of Co, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Ni, etc., and X consists of reduced graphene oxide, graphene oxide, metal, or metal oxide). Several dye degradation efficiencies of various ferrite and metal ferrite nanomaterial were discussed. Degradation is carried out using direct sunlight, and various lamps (e.g., visible light/UV‐C lamp/halogen lamp/Mercury‐Xenon lamp/UV lamp with UV filter for visible light) are used as a source. This review article covers the degradation of various dyes from wastewater using ferrite‐based nanomaterial as an efficient catalyst and making water pollution free.

Rapid Assessment of the Water Chemistry of Public Water Supply in Abeokuta, SouthWest Nigeria

The study examined the water supply situation in Abeokuta, with emphasis on the quality of water distributed by the Ogun State Water Corporation from the treatment plant of the Abeokuta Water Scheme. Water samples were collected from standpipes (taps) across the city randomly selected using the stratified random sampling method and was analysed for physical and chemical parameters: pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrate, bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride. The result of the physical and chemical parameters was subjected to statistical analyses using the multivariate t-test. The result of the treated water was further compared with the result of the analyses of raw water obtained from the source of water used in the treatment plant.

INVESTIGATIONS OF PEOPLE PERCEPTION ON DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SITUATIONS IN KANO METROPOLIS NORTHWESTERN, NIGERIA

The problem of portable water supply has become an issue of global concerned as governments all over the world are trying to make house-holds water accessible to all as easier as possible to meet the challenges for sustainable development goals. This research has been conducted to determine the people’s perception on domestic water supply situation in Kano metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. A self-designed questionnaire developed and distributed to the subjects using stratified sampling technique, and the data obtained has been presented in frequency and percentage. The results obtained revealed that, there is a scarcity of portable water supply to households in Kano metropolis. The problem emanated from lack of pipe-borne water which necessitated the dependence of the house-holds water supply on vendors that obtained water from boreholes and some hand-dug wells lacking proper hygienic practices. More so, the respondents were willing to pay for pipe borne water delivery, yet, they depend on vendors as their major water suppliers as alternatives. The unhygienic practices of the vendors and water sources posed threat to public health concerned

INVESTIGATIONS OF PEOPLE PERCEPTION ON DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SITUATIONS IN KANO METROPOLIS NORTHWESTERN, NIGERIA

The problem of portable water supply has become an issue of global concerned as governments all over the world are trying to make house-holds water accessible to all as easier as possible to meet the challenges for sustainable development goals. This research has been conducted to determine the people’s perception on domestic water supply situation in Kano metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. A self-designed questionnaire developed and distributed to the subjects using stratified sampling technique, and the data obtained has been presented in frequency and percentage. The results obtained revealed that, there is a scarcity of portable water supply to households in Kano metropolis. The problem emanated from lack of pipe-borne water which necessitated the dependence of the house-holds water supply on vendors that obtained water from boreholes and some hand-dug wells lacking proper hygienic practices. More so, the respondents were willing to pay for pipe borne water delivery, yet, they depend on vendors as their major water suppliers as alternatives. The unhygienic practices of the vendors and water sources posed threat to public health concerned.

Modeling streamflow driven by climate change in data-scarce mountainous basins

The impacts of climate change on the water environment have aroused widespread concern. With global warming, mountainous basins are facing serious water supply situations. However, there are limited meteorological stations on mountains, which thus creates a challenge in terms of accurate simulation of streamflow and water resources. To solve this problem, this study developed a method to model streamflow in data-scarce mountainous basins. Selecting the two head waters originating in the Tienshan mountains, Aksu and Kaidu Rivers, we firstly reconstructed precipitation and temperature dynamics based on Earth system data products, and then integrated the radial basis function artificial neural network and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise to model streamflow. Comparison with the observed streamflow according to hydrological stations indicated that the proposed approach was highly accurate. The modeling results showed that the El-Niño Southern Oscillation, temperature, precipitation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation are the main factors driving streamflow, and the streamflow decreased in both the Aksu River and Kaidu River between 2000 and 2017.

Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation in Bishan Guracha Sub-City in West Arsi Zone

It is well known that water is a natural resource without which all living things cannot exist. It is a natural requirement for all living things to have access to water if they have to be alive. It seems so why the 70 percent of our planet, earth, covered by water though the world population is facing water scarcity. Such scarcity of water is urging people to use water from unprotected sources which the world urban poor and rural population are highly affected by. As it is known ‘water is life’ because it gives life for all, on the contrary many are dying as a result of unsafe drinking water. The objective of this study was to assess the water supply and sanitation situation in the Bishan Guracha. By conducting an assessment one can determine water supply and sanitation coverage and identify water supply and sanitation problems in the sub-city and then propose solutions to improve water supply and sanitation coverage. In this research finding the main defined objective ideas are current water supply coverage, distribution system, water quality, demand analysis at present and future forecasting, analysis the sanitation status, and finally sate the solution for every weak part of the research results specifically. Water supply coverage status 20% water supply fulfills from the water points and the rest 80% of water supply requirement is fulfilled by hand dug well and in some extent rain fall collecting. The quality condition of water supply as WHO and Ethiopian drinking water quality standard both water points and hand dug well water are evaluated. Sanitation coverage is defined as the percentage of the population with access to adequate (improved) sanitation facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Keywords: Design period, population forecasting, peak demand, peak hour DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-4-03 Publication date: June 30 th 2021

Using “Water Evaluation and Planning” (WEAP) Model to Simulate Water Demand in Lobo Watershed (Central-Western Cote d’Ivoire)

Climate change continues to pose a threat to the sustainability of water resources while, water need is increasing. In spite of the efforts made by the state authorities to build water infrastructure, a large majority of the population is not having access to drinking water. In this study, Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to model the current situation of water supply and demands, to create scenarios for future water demands and supply. The results show that, in contrast to the livestock sector, which has a zero DNS, huge deficits are observed in reference scenario. These unsatisfied demands (DNS) are dominated by deficits in rice irrigation. The analysis of the evolution of demand according to the growth scenarios has shown that the deficits already observed in the reference scenario will reach 100.45 × 106 m3 in 2040. To mitigate the effects of such deficits, water management optimization measures have been proposed. Strengthening the water supply to urban centers from the creation of dams could considerably reduce the observed deficits. These results are an important decision support tool for sustainable water resource management in the Lobo watershed. However, these strategies to improve access to water depend on the government’s political will on water and economic opportunities.

Identification of Water-Reuse Potentials to Strengthen Rural Areas in Water-Scarce Regions—The Case Study of Wuwei

Due to water scarcity, which is worsening due to climate change, rural areas often face the challenge of rural exoduses. Limited water resources restrict local farmers as the opportunities for cultivation in the fields are reduced. This makes rural areas increasingly unattractive. To strengthen rural areas, sustainable water management with a focus on water-reuse is required. Since treated wastewater is a daily resource with calculable quantities available, reused water can contribute to the sustainable strengthening of a region. Therefore, an analysis of water-reuse potentials must be conducted to develop a water-reuse concept and thus increase the application of reused water. For this purpose, a case study of Wuwei as a rural and water-scarce region in China was chosen. By using a geoinformation system, the unfulfilled water-reuse potential can be identified by intersecting the results of the analysis regarding the current water supply and disposal situation with spatial and regional information, such as population data. Hence, the study presents the potential to increase wastewater treatment and water-reuse for, e.g., agricultural irrigation. It is shown that, in the best case, reused water can be increased from 5479 m3 per day to 207,461 m3 per day. Resource efficiency can be further increased by combining water-reuse concepts with land-use strategies adapted to climate change. This will ensure a more sustainable water supply in the future.

Study on Production, Domestic and Ecological Benefits of Reservoir Water Supply Based on Emergy Analysis

As an important water conservancy project, it is necessary to evaluate its water supply benefit. Based on the emergy analysis theory, a reservoir water supply benefits evaluation model (RWSBEM) was established. Firstly, the emergy transformity of natural and engineering water body was calculated. Secondly, the water resource values (WRV) of different water users (industrial, agricultural, domestic, ecological) were calculated. Finally, combined with the water supply situation of the reservoir, the various water supply benefits of the reservoir were calculated. Taking Hekoucun reservoir as an example, its ecological water supply benefit is the largest and agriculture is the smallest, followed by industry and life. The results showed that the trend of WRV was domestic > industry > ecology > agriculture, which reflected the contribution and utility of water resources in different industries. Under the condition of current water resources, the planned water supply benefits of the reservoir can be guaranteed in the wet and normal years, but in the dry years, the ecological benefit will be reduced. Therefore, the industry water-saving needs to be further strengthened, and the interannual regulation function of the reservoir should be applied more effectively to maximize the comprehensive benefits of reservoir water supply.

Driving forces and future trends on total nitrogen loss of planting in China

Nitrogen production is one of the major aspects of global change over the past century. Nowhere is this change more dramatic than in China. Understanding the variations and driving forces of nitrogen loss from planting is critical to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. Here we found total nitrogen (TN) loss of China showed an overall downward trend from 2007 to 2016, as a result of abatement strategies for China on “Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization” and “Reducing Fertilizer Application while Increase the Efficiency”, based on the data of National Agricultural Pollution Survey. The results of structural equation model showed that the path coefficient of anthropogenic drivers and natural conditions on TN loss were 0.934 and −0.137 respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic drivers had greater effects on TN loss than natural conditions. In terms of anthropogenic drivers, fertilizer usage and consumption of chemical pesticides were the two major factors affecting TN loss with path coefficients of 0.958 and 0.946, respectively, which was mainly related to their over-application. For natural conditions, relative humidity, water supply situation, and annual precipitation were found to be the dominant factors affecting TN loss, revealing that moist soils increased TN loss by enhancing ammonia volatilization, denitrification and nitrogen leaching. Forecasts for 2050, under two scenarios especially for the high TN loss scenario, the indication sifts that China will face a high risk of increasing TN loss from planting, suggesting that China’s abatement strategies cannot be slackened. Here, the current status and future trends of China’s nitrogen loss provide direction and pertinence to Chinese abatement strategies for nitrogen, effectively preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution.

Energy and Water Conservation Technology Analysis of Water Supply and Drainage of the Building

At present, China's social and economic development is faster and faster. At the same time, people pay more and more attention to the construction concept of energy and water conservation. We can see the popularization and development of the concept of energy saving and water saving in every major field of our country, the same is true in the construction field. In order to effectively protect the ecological environment and maximize the use of limited resources, the energy-saving and water-saving technology of the building, as well as water supply and drainage technology should be actively used. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the application significance of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology in the construction field, analyzes the current situation of water supply and drainage in China, and proposes the application of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology of the building for reference.

Towards a global day zero? Assessment of current and future water supply and demand in 12 rapidly developing megacities

Urbanisation is increasing in many countries, leading to the establishment of 33 megacities, representing huge water demand which is increasingly difficult to supply, exemplified by the recently avoided Day Zero event in Cape Town (2018) and the ongoing water crisis in Chennai, India. The ongoing growth of megacities could lead to the potential for further Day Zero events in countries ill-equipped to deal with such a situation. This study analyses the water supply and demand situations in 12 megacities hosting 194 million people. Water demand outstrips supply in 11 of the cities, with a supply deficit of 5.27 billion m3. Physical water losses amount to 4.7 billion m3, enough to supply almost 100 million people with 135 L day−1. Population projections suggest demand increases up to 39 % from the present day. It is posited that future Day Zero events may be demand driven rather than climatologically supply driven. To avoid devastating Day Zero events, strict demand management is required, together with governance reforms, investment strategies for infrastructure, and supply augmentation. Hypothetical analysis shows that demand reduction measures are more effective than reducing water losses in closing deficits. Both measures must be considered to ensure the sustainability of global megacities.

Development and Utility Evaluation of a Multi-Composite Water Balance Model

This study aimed to develop a water balance model capable of daily analysis of the water supply situation in a multi-composite area, evaluate the utility of the model, and conduct a water balance analysis. The multi-composite water balance model, which was developed to determine the daily water balance in an area, includes five modules: "Weather data build and area mean data," "Rainfall-runoff analysis," "Benefit area and demand estimation," "Reservoir water balance analysis," and "River basin water balance analysis." The study selected eight cities in northwestern Chungcheongnam-do in Korea as target areas and evaluated the utility of the water balance model. Further, the study used observation and model simulation data for its analysis, which found a high degree of accuracy as well as correlation. In addition, daily water balance analysis was conducted to estimate the potential supply, demand, supply, shortage, surplus supply, and shortage days in the river basin, while the ratio of shortage to demand was also determined to identify areas vulnerable to drought. In the future, it will be possible to establish drought countermeasures and facility operation plans by identifying areas with water supply vulnerability using the developed model.

Analysis of hybrid demand pattern on a water distribution network with transition from intermittent to continuous water supply in Riberas de Sacramento, Chihuahua

Abstract This paper establishes a methodology to characterize the experiment design and analyze the hybrid demand pattern for a water distribution network in transition from intermittent to continuous supply and thus have a basis for the definition of a management model that defines adequate operation of a water distribution network for a sector based on the demand and the type of supply available. An analysis of the water supply situation during transition from intermittent to continuous supply in a referent sector called Riberas de Sacramento was carried out on the behavior of the network, the operating criteria of the system and the demand of the sector. For the consumption analysis, three consecutive years of data collected by government institution from micro meters were analyzed. In order to characterize the hybrid demand pattern to operate the network, prior site analysis determined the minimum amounts of pressures and consumption records to obtain series of data for analysis. After the review of the transition from intermittent to continuous water supply and the establishment of methodology to characterize the hybrid demand pattern, the need for a hybrid demand pattern is required, and this experiment design gives part to achieve it.

Assessment of a hybrid system that uses small modular reactors (SMRs) to back up intermittent renewables and desalinate water

Because water is easier to store in substantial quantity than electricity, this paper examines the possibility that a U.S. domestic market for factory-manufactured small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) might be developed to use the constant output of an SMR to perform water desalination when wind or solar power are producing high output and generate electricity for the grid when wind or solar power output is low. In the first part of the paper, we compare powering desalination systems with electricity from SMRs and from natural gas plants that are equipped with a system that performs carbon capture and geological sequestration (NG CCS). We show that mass-produced SMRs could have costs that are comparable to, but probably somewhat higher than those of systems based on NG CCS. We find that the cost of CO2 emissions would have to rise to roughly 200 $/ton for the SMR solution to be clearly dominant. In the second part of the paper, we examine the uneven water supply situation across the U.S, focusing on the southwestern and western regions, and conclude that over the next several decades serious shortages are likely to develop only in a few local markets, such as West Texas and the Monterey Peninsula. Even if factory mass production of SMR's were more successful in reducing costs than experts have estimated, and costs could be reduced to that of NG CCS systems, the commercial risks and siting difficulties likely to accompany SMRs would probably preclude their wide adoption in the U.S. over the next few decades. Globally there are regions where a significant market for desalination supported by nuclear power might develop. However, aggressive changes in U.S. regulatory and export policy will be needed if U.S. SMR manufacturers are to play a role in those or similar markets in the face of aggressive Chinese, South Korean, and Russian programs of reactor exports.

Current Situation and Issues of Water Supply

Current Situation and Issues of Water Supply

Urban domestic water supply crisis in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe

The research assessed the urban domestic water supply crisis in Gweru’s Mkoba 19 suburb. The descriptive case study research design was used as it enabled accurate portrayal of the water supply situation in Mkoba 19. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used incorporating questionnaire surveys, household water quality tests, interviews and field observations. Sixty-four questionnaires were administered to Mkoba 19 residents who were selected through the use of stratified random sampling technique. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants. Convenience sampling was used to select households for water quality sampling. Results revealed that water supply to Mkoba 19 varies within the suburb depending on elevation with the most elevated parts of the suburb hardly receiving any water. The difference between samples tested for coliforms, E. coli, turbidity and residual chlorine collected from Mkoba 19 and the control suburb, Mkoba 16 proved to be significant [p < 0.05; (total coliforms p = 0.03; E. coli p = 0.03; turbidity p = 0.02; residual chlorine p = 0.04)]. The results showed that there is a relationship between intermittent water supply and water quality. Chi square test proved that there was a strong positive association (p < 0.05; p = 0.018) between household income and the type of coping strategy adopted by households. The study recommends the renovation and maintenance of the water distribution system in Gweru to improve the quantity and quality of water supply to Mkoba 19.