Quality Of Water Supply Research Articles

Regional Government Obligations in Fulfilling the Right to Clean Water

This study examines the regional government’s obligations in fulfilling the right to clean water to achieve public utility benefits, focusing on the Regional Water Utility Company (PDAM) in Bone Regency. The research adopts an empirical juridical method, combining field studies on the implementation of existing laws with data gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the fulfillment of the right to clean water by PDAM Bone Regency is not optimal. Challenges persist in three key aspects: quality, quantity, and continuity of water supply. The water quality often fails to meet standards, with issues such as turbidity reported by consumers. The quantity of water distributed remains insufficient to meet the needs of all citizens, particularly during extended dry seasons, and the continuity of water flow is inconsistent, disrupting daily activities. These issues hinder the realization of public welfare and equitable access to clean water, as mandated by Indonesia’s legal framework and human rights principles. This study highlights the need for improved management, infrastructure upgrades, and policy interventions to ensure the right to clean water is upheld for all citizens of Bone Regency.

Will vegetation restoration affect the supply-demand relationship of water yield in an arid and semi-arid watershed?

Natural processes, combined with human activities, determine the inherent quality of regional water supply and demand. However, the interaction between artificial vegetation restoration and water supply-demand dynamics remains insufficiently understood, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin (JRB) in the central Loess Plateau, aiming to investigate the changes in supply and demand of ecosystem water yield services and analyze factors affecting the water supply-demand relationship during the vegetation restoration, using the InVEST model, scenario analysis, and the Geodetector. The key findings are as follows: (1) Water shortages in the basin are concentrated in the southern and northern areas, while the southwestern and central areas exhibit water surpluses. Between 2000 and 2020, the water supply showed a first decline and then increase trend, whereas water demand exhibited an opposite trend, with 2009 and 2013 as turning points, respectively. These changes mitigated the basin's water scarcity. (2) Assuming constant meteorological factors and fixed water use indicators, water supply in the vegetation restoration areas decreased by 47.4 million m3, but water demand decreased by 89 million m3, indicating that vegetation restoration did not threaten human water availability. (3) Water supply is primarily influenced by meteorological factors, while water demand and the water supply-demand ratio (WSDR) are mainly driven by socio-economic factors. The influence of precipitation on water yield (q=0.69) outweighs that of land use (q=0.14), indicating that the reduction in water yield due to vegetation restoration is offset by the increased precipitation. This study provides insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of water yield services and the relationship between vegetation restoration and water supply-demand in the arid and semi-arid regions.

Integrated Earthquake Risk Assessment and Application Study for Urban Areas Considering Water Supply System Performance

In this study, we evaluated the risk to urban areas due to the hydraulic and water quality availability of water supply facilities caused by medium- and large-scale earthquakes, applied the results to City A in Korea, and compared and analyzed them. The analysis confirmed that the damage to hydraulic availability increased rapidly as the earthquake magnitude increased, but the water quality did not deteriorate compared to hydraulic availability. This suggests that the water quality supply risk is low except for extreme interruption in the water supply route. However, if an earthquake of a certain magnitude or greater occurs, the building risk, evacuation risk, fire risk, and water outage risk are at a certain level or higher. When considering the water quality supply risk, the overall comprehensive earthquake risk in urban areas increased. Thus, uniformly applying the weights of all factors in the earthquake risk assessment does not correctly reflect the characteristics and environment of the region, and a process of realistically calculating the weights of each factor through various methods is necessary.

Assessing the Relationship Between Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids of Different Water Resources in a Large-scale Irrigation Scheme in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkiye

Climate change and the growth of the population have led to changes in both the quantity and the quality of water resources. In Turkiye, a Mediterranean country, over 75% of its surface water is used for irrigation. Given the average annual precipitation (574 mm) of Turkiye, except for the Black Sea Region, all arable land in the country relies on irrigation to maintain sustainable food production. Agriculture constitutes 6% of Turkiye’s gross domestic product (GDP), with exports including crops such as cotton, corn, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, nuts, citrus orchards, and various fruits. As a result, the water provided for irrigation in any irrigation system must meet acceptable water quality standards to ensure sustainability of irrigation and food security. This study aims to a) investigate two essential irrigation water parameters: Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and b) evaluate their empirical relationship using samples collected from various water sources within a large-scale irrigation district, covering an area of 9495 ha in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkiye. Water samples were collected over one year, from October 2022 to September 2023. A total of thirteen locations were considered: a) Seven agricultural drainage channels, b) Four irrigation water sources (Seyhan River, Ceyhan River, one spring, and one groundwater well), c) Two outlets - the existing research catchment outlet and the other downstream. EC values of water samples were determined by using a benchtop type EC meter in the laboratory and TDS was determined by gravimetric method. Research results showed that there was a statistically significant correlation (r≥0.98) between EC and TDS across all water samples. The proportionality constant (K) ranged predominantly between 400-800 and was consistent with literature indicating the linear relationship between EC and TDS. Research findings suggest that the quality of different water supplies is suitable for the irrigation of all kinds of crops grown in the Lower Seyhan Plain of Turkiye. The overall characteristics of the average EC and TDS values throughout the year are reflected in the proposed equations for each water body. However, in future research, we suggest that the water sample volume should be at least 100 ml in order to provide more accurate results for water quality assessment.

The sustainable development goals, master plans and the school curriculum: an interdisciplinary scoping review

The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, through the 2030 Agenda, seeks to address the various problems affecting the global population. For this, 17 goals and 162 subgoals were established, agreed by the member countries in 2015 at the COP 21 event in Paris. Therefore, the objective of this Scoping Review was to collect data produced in the world literature, which addressed themes linked to sustainability, education, curriculum, water and basic sanitation, in an integrated way, which dealt more specifically with goals 4 (Quality Education) and 6 (Water and Basic Sanitation) of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It also aimed to find teaching networks in the most diverse countries, which used the curriculum, to bring the themes proposed by the UN into the classroom. To search for articles published in Portuguese, Spanish, and English, the period from June 2017 to June 2022 was taken into account. In addition, official guiding documents were also investigated. A total of 2,803 potential items were obtained. From this total, around 2,720 were eliminated for not meeting the guiding strings in this research, leaving 83 articles/documents. After further reading, 44 articles/documents met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was found on all continents and in the most diverse countries, with different priorities. The countries that are part of the OECD have worked on these issues intending to improve their indicators. The so-called emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, China, India, South Africa, and Turkey, among others), on the other hand, treat the same data to improve educational metrics and universalize the quality of water supply and sanitation. Finally, in the countries that fall into the peripheral group, the findings were based on a rights guarantee approach, i.e., still from the perspective of implementing and consolidating public policies, such as some Latin American countries, South/Southeast Asia, and the vast majority of sub-Saharan African countries.

Expropriation of real estate - key tool in achieving sustainable cities and communities

This article presents an analysis of the issues related to the emergence of the need for expropriation of real estate as a principal instrument for the creation of sustainable cities and communities. Therefore, following the analysis, it can be concluded that with the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union by the Republic of Moldova, it is necessary to develop the country according to European standards. Consequently, an important component of the Sustainable Development Objective is the development of infrastructure. The development of infrastructure inevitably entails the expropriation of real estate for the construction of technical and public utilities, as well as road networks. The quality of road infrastructure, the quality of water supply, and the quality of electricity supply at the international level were subjected to analysis. Given that all infrastructure development projects are financed with foreign funds, an analysis was conducted of the volume of investments allocated by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and their distribution. In order to gain insight into the current state of affairs in Moldova, an investigation was conducted into the provision of technical building infrastructure elements by the country's development regions. It was found that, at this time, investments are required for infrastructure development, as a significant proportion of localities lack the necessary water supply and sewerage networks, as well as natural gas (see Table 1). It thus follows that the principal instrument for achieving these objectives is the expropriation of real estate for public utility.

Mutagenic drinking water and different levels of emerging micropollutants in Southern Brazil: A new challenge

This study investigated the presence of mutagenic compounds in raw and treated waters at four water treatment plants (WTP01 to WTP04), in southern Brazil. Samples were concentrated using Amberlite XAD4 resin and the acidic and neutral pH fractions tested by mutagenesis in Salmonella/microsome assay, using TA98, TA100 and YG7108 strains in presence and absence of metabolic activation (in vitro human S9). Mutagenesis in raw water was found only by strain TA98 at WTP03, with and without S9. In treated water, significant results were found for TA98 and TA100 strains, the latter being the most sensitive, with prevalence in acidic extract tests without S9. A chemical analysis was performed in the water samples, prioritizing the investigation of the presence and concentration of globally used Emerging Micropollutants (EMs). These compounds in water sources have the potential to contaminate drinking water due to the inefficiency of the conventional treatment employed and can generate disinfection by-products. WTP04 site had the highest total EMs in raw and treated waters, followed by WTP03 in treated water. These WTPs expressed an EMs removal capacity of 45% and only 23%, respectively. Some pharmaceuticals and caffeine showed the highest concentrations, and the latter was directly related to the disposal of domestic sewage in the aquatic ecosystem. The presence of EMs in water after treatment for all WTPs investigated suggests the importance of expanding guidelines that include EMs to establish better standards for the protection of aquatic life and better quality of the drinking water supplies.

Improving the technology of drinking water purification at the water treatment facilities of the Chernorechensk reservoir during the flood period

The paper considers the natural and technical aspects that contribute to the supply of substandard quality water to the water treatment facilities of the city of Sevastopol during the flood period, which caused repeated shutdown of water treatment facilities. Options for retrofitting the existing water supply and purification scheme are considered, with the determination of the enlarged cost. The paper presents a technological justification for the application of a two-stage sedimentation scheme, which can be implemented within the framework of existing equipment and a small technological re-equipment.

Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Groundwater Bacterial Strains: A Community-based Study

Background: The microbial quality of private and community water supply from groundwater is mostly not monitored nor assessed by any established government agencies in Nigeria. Contamination by pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant microbial agent, and the potential of resistant genes transfer from environmental bacteria to human pathogens is a major risk for public health in these water systems. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality and safety in terms of antibiotic resistance bacterial profile of groundwater sources in a typical peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Methodology: Bacterial contaminants were isolated by membrane filtration technique, characterized and analyzed using standard microbiological approach. Results: A total of 22 and 8 Gram negative and positive bacteria respectively were isolated. The isolates comprised 7 bacterial genera with Klebsiella and Enterobacter species having the highest incidence of 20% respectively, followed by Bacillus (17%) and least being Shigella with 7% incidence. All the isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, followed by 76.7% and 73.3% resistant to vancomycin and meropenem respectively. The least resistance of 3.3% was against ciprofloxacin. Resistance in borehole storage tank water was highest (80%) against vancomycin followed by 70% for meropenem, while 75% resistance was against vancomycin and meropenem respectively in the well water, Seventy-three percent (73%) of the isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern, and a multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that groundwater source in the studied community is contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and underscores the public health implication and concern for monitoring of groundwater supply in Nigerian communities.

Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Ecosystem Services and Human Footprints Under Different Human Activity Gradients: A Case Study of Xiangjiang River Basin

Clarifying the relationship between human activities and the provision of ecosystem services has received significant interest in recent years because of a growing need for sustainable socio-ecological system development. Using multi-source remote sensing data, we assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of the human footprint index and five ecosystem services under four human activity gradients from 2010 to 2020 in the Xiangjiang River Basin. The five ecosystem services include water supply, soil conservation, food production, habitat quality, and carbon sequestration. The relationship between human footprint and ecosystem services was analyzed from quantitative and spatial perspectives. The results showed that over the past 10 years, water supply and habitat quality decreased by 4.59% and 16.49%, respectively. The other three services increased, and the upstream area of the basin had a higher level of ecosystem services provision. The human footprint index increased by 28.83% over the 10 years and was characterized by point and patchy clustering in the middle and lower reaches. In terms of quantitative characteristics, the relationship between human footprint and ecosystem services was primarily negative. The ecosystem services were sensitive to the human footprint index within the 0−0.4 range. In terms of spatial characteristics, the relationship was dominated by trade-offs. The risky “high–low” trade-offs were mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches. As the gradients of human activity increased, the maximum fluctuation in ESs was 43%, and the maximum fluctuation in human footprint was 28%, making their relationship more complex. Our results identified response thresholds of ecosystem services to human activities, providing a guide for ecological management and sustainable development of basins.

Optimizing water use efficiency in greenhouse cucumber cultivation: A comparative study of intelligent irrigation systems.

This study investigated the use of an intelligent irrigation system for greenhouse cucumber cultivation, aiming to manage water consumption efficiently. During the initial phase, irrigation was tested at four levels: 80%, 90%, and 100% of Field Capacity (FC), and Conventional Flood Irrigation (CFI). Data on environmental conditions and water usage were meticulously recorded. Optimal yields and crop quality (measured by size and firmness) were achieved at CFI and 100% FC, with CFI consuming the most water (0.148 m3/m2) Consequently, 100% FC was identified as the best practice, informing the intelligent system's calibration in the subsequent phase. This adjustment resulted in reduced water consumption and a 15.6% improvement in Water Use Efficiency (WUE) over CFI. Additionally, by examining the product performance and the color characteristics, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis of the leaves, it was observed that the quality and optimal water supply and the product performance were maintained in the smart irrigation system. The study concludes that, considering long-term outcomes, the intelligent irrigation system is preferable to CFI, offering significant water savings and enhanced WUE without compromising crop quality.

Очистка торфяных грунтовых вод методом ультрафильтрации и ионного обмена

Purpose: assessing the effectiveness of peat groundwater purification using a combination of two methods of ultrafiltration and membrane purification. Identify specific characteristics of the composition of peat or groundwater, determine possible possible methods of treating these waters to ensure compliance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.3684–21 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the maintenance of territories of urban and rural settlements, for water bodies, drinking water and drinking water supply to the population, atmospheric air, soil, residential premises, operation of industrial and public premises, organization and implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures” to the quality of drinking water. Determine the list of composition indicators that require cleaning. Conduct an assessment of wastewater treatment methods used to treat peat groundwater. Togo, Conduct research on the composition of purified groundwater before and after treatment, determine the effectiveness of the treatment methods used according to various indicators. Determination of the concentrations of groundwater composition components was carried out using approved methods in accordance with GOST R 57164-2010 clause 5; GOST R 57164-2010 clause 6; PND F 14.1:2:4.207-04; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.121-97; PND F 14.1:2:4.114-97; GOST 31594-2012 Method A; PND F 14.1:2:4.50-96; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.111-97; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.111- 97; PND F 14.1.2:3.154-99; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.123-97; GOST 31859-2012; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.4-95; GOST 31940-2012 clause 6; PND F 14.1.2:4.178-02; PND F 14.1.2:4.214-06. An analysis of the results of laboratory studies of the composition of peat groundwater before and after treatment was carried out, and the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and membrane water purification methods was determined. The results of studies of the effectiveness of purification of peat groundwater using ultrafiltration and membrane purification methods show that purified groundwater meets the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the quality of drinking and domestic water supply established by SanPiN 2.1.3684-21. Practical significance: the results obtained from studies of the effectiveness of peat groundwater treatment using ultrafiltration and membrane treatment methods indicate the possibility of using these methods, because they ensure that water quality meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.3684-21.

Hydrogeological and historical aspects of the water supply of Benevento town since Roman times

The research analyses the historical evolution of the water supply systems of the city of Benevento (southern Italy) during centuries. We focused on three main historical periods, namely the Roman, Lombard and Papal times, and the recent-present times. During this long historical time, the water supply amount and quality have changed many times, and this has probably affected the well-being and growth of the city. The best water quality characterized the Roman times, when large karst springs were tapped, feeding the town for centuries. In this period, the town experienced the largest population expansion. On the other hand, the most depressed period was the Papal times, coinciding with the isolation of the city, as it was an enclave of the Pontifical State. During this period, the water supply from external sources was not guaranteed and therefore it primarily derived from the local, low-quality water resources. Only after the unification of Italy, and also after the Second World War, the water supply systems have been improved, and new aqueducts have brought again high-quality waters to Benevento coming from karst aquifers. Nowadays, the drinking water management of Benevento is still a matter of debate. In the near future, the water from a dam-reservoir (Campolattaro dam, Tammaro River) will be exploited to guarantee the water needs of the city, and water-supply systems will undergo further changes . The knowledge about the historical evolution of the water supply of Benevento represents an essential requirement for consciously analyzing the future planning and management of water resources.

Bacteriological Quality Determination of Borehole Water Supply in Hostels of Rivers State University Main Campus, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Water serves as a vehicle for the transmission of various diseases to man and animals, and have been associated with both acute and chronic health syndromes. This study was carried out to determine the bacteriological quality of borehole water supply in the Hostels of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Borehole water samples were collected from six (6) hostels for each study period, and subjected to standard bacteriological Procedures. Results obtained indicated that the highest mean total heterotrophic bacterial count of 3.6±1.7 X 105cfu/ml was recorded in the Hostel C water sample, while the least mean bacterial count of 5.5±0.35 X 104cfu/ml was observed in FCMB Hostel. The total coliform count had the highest value (3.3±3.82 X 104cfu/ml) recorded in Hostel D and the lowest value of 2.0±0.14 X 103cfu/ml was obtained in the Hostel H water sample. The faecal coliform count recorded the highest value in FCMB Hostel (1.5±0.71X 103 cfu/ml) and lowest in Hostel H (8.5±4.95 X 103 cfu/ml). The staphylococcal count was highest in Hostel B (8±9.9 X 104 cfu/ml) and lowest in Hostel C (0.6±0.57 X 104cfu/ml). Six bacterial species were identified, which included Bacillus spp (100%), Staphylococcus spp (100%), Pseudomonas spp (83.3%), Klebsiella spp. (66.6%), Salmonella spp (16.6%) and Escherichia coli (16.6%). Data obtained showed that all the isolates were biofilm producers, albeit at varying percentages, as 52.9%, 55.5%, 60%, 30%, 33.3%, and 100% of Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, respectively were positive for biofilm formation. The hemolysis result indicated that 28.3%, 10%, and 61.7% of the isolates were alpha, beta and gamma hemolytic, respectively. The study indicated the presence of bacteria of public health importance, thereby, making the need for regular monitoring and treatment of these water sources very necessary to check bacterial proliferation and ensure continuous access to safe water in the hostels.

Land-Use Pattern-Based Spatial Variation of Physicochemical Parameters and Efficacy of Safe Drinking Water Supply along the Mahaweli River, Sri Lanka

Exploration of the pollution status of river-based water sources is important to ensure quality and safe drinking water supply for the public. The present study investigated physicochemical parameters of surface water in the upper segment of River Mahaweli, which provides drinking water to the Nuwara Eliya and Kandy districts of Sri Lanka. River surface water from 15 intakes and treated water from 14 Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) were tested for pH, water temperature, turbidity, EC, COD, 6 anions, 21 cations, 3 pesticides, and 30 antibiotics once every 3 months from June 2022 to July 2023. Except for turbidity and iron concentrations, all other parameters were within the permissible range as per the Sri Lanka Standard Specification for Potable Water (SLS 614:2013). The uppermost Kotagala WTP raw water had a high concentration of iron due to runoff from areas with abundant iron-bearing minerals. Turbidity increased as the river flowed downstream, reaching its highest value of 13.43 NTU at the lowermost Haragama. Four intakes had raw surface water suitable for drinking as per the Water Quality Index (WQI). Pollution increased gradually towards downstream mainly due to agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and urbanization. Poor water quality at the upstream Thalawakale-Nanuoya intake was due to highly contaminated effluent water coming from Lake Gregory in Nuwara Eliya. Cluster analysis categorized WTP locations in the river segment into 3 clusters as low, moderate, and high based on contaminations. Principal component analysis revealed that the significance of the 41.56% variance of the raw water was due to the pH and the presence of heavy metals V, Cr, Ni, Rb, Co, Sr, and As. All treated water from 15 WTPs had very good to excellent quality. In general, heavy metal contamination was low as indicated by the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI). The treatment process could remove up to 94.7% of the turbidity. This is the first attempt to cluster the river catchment of the Mahaweli River based on physicochemical parameters of river water. We present here the land-use pattern-based pollution of the river and efficacy of the water treatment process using the Mahaweli River Basin as a case study. Regular monitoring and treatment adjustments at identified points are recommended to maintain the delivery of safe drinking water.

Filling Discrepancies between Consumer Perception and Actual Piped Water Quality to Promote the Potable Use of the Municipal Water Supply in Indonesia

Although piped water is a safely managed water source, many people prefer drinking packaged/bottled water, which undermines environmental sustainability by creating waste plastics. Thus, to encourage drinking tap water, this study aimed to identify and fill the discrepancy between consumers’ perception of and the actual quality of the municipal water supply in Indonesia. Through questionnaire surveys in three cities, i.e., Malang, Bogor, and Semarang cities, we found that the majority of the residents, namely, 82%, 58%, and 66%, respectively, drank packaged water. Although the piped water supply from Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) has a good appearance, color, taste, and water quality, sporadic microbial contamination was detected due to the depletion of residual chlorine. However, packaged water was also contaminated by indicator bacteria owing to storage methods. There was a notable discrepancy between the residents’ perceptions of tap water safety and their choices of drinking water sources. The residents perceived spring water as a clean source, which influenced their selection of water sources more than the costs of water. Public drinking stations installed by PDAM helped to win consumers’ trust in PDAM water, indicating that installing more public drinking stations will encourage more people to drink piped water.

Effects of storm events on nutrient characteristics in a stratified drinking water reservoir: Behavior, transmission pathways and management strategy

Storm events result in nutrient fluctuations and deterioration of reservoir water supply quality. Understanding of nutrient dynamics (e.g., concentration, composition, loads and transport pathways) and adoption of effective management strategies are critical for safeguarding water quality. A comprehensive monitoring was conducted for three storm events during the rainy season in 2023. Results showed nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics demonstrate a significant response to hydrological process. Rainfall resulted in the highest event mean concentrations (EMCs) of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total phosphorus (TP), and particulate phosphorus (PP) in the runoff being 1.97, 2.15, 2.30, 44.17, and 62.38 times higher than those observed in baseflow. On average, NO3−-N/PP accounted for 82 %/96 % of N/P exports. Hysteresis analyses reveal that NH4+-N and PP were mainly transported by surface runoff from over-land sources, whereas TN and NO3−-N were primarily delivered by subsurface runoff. Additionally, nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in the intrusive layer in reservoir compared to the pre-storm period, which gradually decreased from the tail to the head as particulate sedimentation and water column mixing occurred. Water-lifting-aerators (WLAs) were employed to alter the reservoir thermal stratification regime via artificial mixing to affect the intrusive layer of storm runoff. Comparison of the intrusive layer for three storms reveals that WLAs triggers the storm runoff to form an underflow via increasing the reservoir bottom water temperature above that the runoff, ensuring that water quality at the intake position remains unaffected by inflows. These findings serve as a reference for the response of reservoir eutrophication levels to storm events and present practical engineering experience for enhancing water quality safety during the rainy season.

Rainfall Dependency and Water quality Assessment of springs of three villages of Rudraprayag District: An analysis of veins of Uttarakhand Himalaya

A spring is a crevice in the substrate that forms naturally and allows water to pour out directly from the earths subsurface. Every major river in the country has a system of springs that serve as a symbolic representation of its source. But this very fundamental source of many resources is in peril. The problem is mainly related with the reduced discharge rate of water from the spring. The reason of truncate discharge rate is variability in the rainfall pattern in the recharge area due to the climate change over the years.To ensure the quality and security of the public's water supply, regular quality assessments of drinking water sources are required. In consequence, this study not only analyse the rainfall dependency of springs but also evaluated the spring water quality for drinking, using water quality index, in three villages located in Jakholi block of Rudraparayag district, Uttarakhand. The ten foremost physiochemical elements that regulate water quality—Nitrate, Fluoride, Iron, pH, Turbidity, Chloride, Residual Chlorine, Magnesium, sulphate, and Hardness—were investigated to ensure compliance with guidelines defined by the Bureau of Indian Standards IS: 12500:2012. After examining the data, it became apparent that all of the indicators pointed to acceptable water quality, making it ideal for drinking. However, because of its low discharge and great reliance on rainfall, its position is getting more detrimental.

Vulnerability of drinking water supply and respondent’s perception on the quality of water supply in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Vulnerability of drinking water supply and respondent’s perception on the quality of water supply in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Municipal Supply Water in Dhaka South Area, Bangladesh

This project aimed to find out the microbiological quality of municipal supply water in Dhaka South area and if the current regime of microbiological quality testing can determine the risk to public health from supply water satisfactorily. Water samples were collected from six different points of the water distribution network of Dhaka’s south locality, starting from the source (Shitalakhyariver, Narayanganj) to Jagannath University, Dhaka. The dominant taxonomic units were isolated using standard culture techniques, followed by biochemical identification, VITEK2 identification, and biofilm-forming potential of each isolate individually and co-cultured with other isolates. Presumptive identification of isolates from the Shitalakhya River revealed the presence of Citrobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., and Pseudomonas putida. The sample from Saydabad Water Treatment Plant yielded Vibrio mimicus, Pseudomonas fluorescence, and Alcalimonas. The major aerobic bacteria in the water specimen from the community overhead tank included S aureus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Lactococcus sp. Tap water revealed the presence of Escherichia coli, Lactococcus, Enterobacter, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as anaerobic bacteria. Biochemical tests and VITEK2 yielded different results. Potential biofilm formers such as Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterococcus, Aerococcus, Enterobacter, and Cronobacter indicated quality deterioration potential inside the piped water supply system. Alteration in the major taxonomic units throughout the municipal water distribution network and the presence of opportunistic pathogens and biofilm-formers indicate the necessity for an updated water treatment, quality control, and in-line maintenance system.