Rainfall Dependency and Water quality Assessment of springs of three villages of Rudraprayag District: An analysis of veins of Uttarakhand Himalaya

Evaluation of water quality and potential scaling of corrosion in the water supply using water quality and stability indices: A case study of Juja water distribution network, Kenya

Ground water quality assessment is an important parameter for identification of water quality in watershed. Recently, RS and GIS techniques are important tool to do a spatial analysis of the watershed. Water quality index (WQI) will provide meaningful insight for the health and assessing water quality. In the case of Gujarat floods in 2017, Banaskantha’s Rel river region was one of the most vulnerable regions. To check the water quality many attempts have been made to develop WQI with some selected parameters along four bore wells at different locations. Weighted arithmetic water quality index method and Pearson’s R Matrix method were the main methods used to identify WQI. Furthermore, the obtained result is analyzed using GIS analytical techniques using IDW interpolation, the maps have been prepared detailing WQI, so it is possible to get the WQI of pinpoint locations within the study area. The results are compared with Bureau of Indian Standards IS code 10500:2012 and World Health Organization (WHO). The result will be helpful to decision makers to improve the quality of groundwater in Rel river catchment. It would provide better watershed management practice.KeywordsGroundwaterWater Quality IndexGISWHO

Water Quality Indices (WQIs) generate a single numerical value based on different physicochemical parameters. This facilitates the interpretation of data and assists with monitoring and public health decisions. This work presents the development and validation of a Python-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) WQI Analyzer. It was coded in the PyCharm (Integrated Development Environment) based on the Tkinter library, according to Indian Standard IS 10500:2012. It is made for use in the Palanadu district of Andhra Pradesh. It computes WQI based on eleven major physicochemical parameters: pH, Hardness, Fluoride, Total Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride, Sulphate (SO₄²⁻), Calcium (Ca²⁺), Magnesium (Mg²⁺), Nitrate (NO₃⁻), and Iron (Fe). People can enter real-time measurements or mean values to obtain the WQI score and the corresponding water quality category. Field evaluation using 110 water samples revealed WQI values between "Excellent" to "Poor". Levels at some sites exceeded the levels for Hardness, TDS, Fluorine and Alkalinity. The analyzer is a trusted, user-friendly, and configurable tool for researchers, local government, and public health professionals to enhance drinking water quality assessment and management in rural parts of Palanadu district.

Evaluation of Water Quality and Potential Scaling and Corrosion of the Water Supply Using Water Quality and Stability Indices: A Case Study of Juja Water Distribution Network, Kenya

This work aims to assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the groundwater-based public drinking water supply system of Kamrup District (Rural) of Assam, India. For assessing WQI, water samples have been collected, both raw water and treated water, from seventy-eight public drinking water supply projects over the district for comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The WQI was calculated based on the weightage derived from the literature survey and based on the doctors’ weightage. The derived WQI showed that the water quality falls from poor to very poor quality. However, the concentration of the water quality parameters except Iron, Fluoride, and Manganese are within the permissible limit in all the water supply projects. It shows that the WQI calculated based on the weightage derived, as stated above, is not displaying the actual water quality of the supplied water. As such, a modified method is proposed to calculate the WQI of the supplied water considering the permissible limit of the parameters in deriving the weightage for the parameters. The WQI values calculated using the modified method falls in the range of good water quality to poor water quality and shows the true water quality of the supplied water. The statistical analysis of the water quality parameters and WQI shows that the WQI has a very high correlation with Manganese with a coefficient of correlation value of 0.86, followed by 0.4 with Chloride and 0.34 with Fluoride.

Water quality index is crucial for improving water quality and clean water supply to achieve sustainable development goals directly related to water, agriculture, biodiversity, health, and climate actions. Water quality index examines the vital relationship between water supply and demand, focusing on the critical role that water quality (WQ) plays in sustainable development and integrated environmental management. This study evaluates the methodology and limitations of several studies by doing a thorough examination of regional and global WQ indices and synthesizing the results. Water Quality Indices (WQIs) have been used to measure WQ since the 1960s, offering a mechanism for changes in WQ at specific needs and environmental challenges. This review study assesses overall water quality using global and regional WQ indexes based on several studies and aims to provide a detailed analysis of various WQIs utilized across the globe. The WQIs stated WQ measurements into a single number, which are categorized as poor, marginal, fair, excellent, and exceptional, to depict changes clearly and understandably in WQ. However, region-specific WQIs are required due to the variety of standards established by national and international organizations, as well as different pollution prevention elements. Thus, there is continual interest in developing exact WQIs suitable for a region or geographic area. Still, structured and in-depth literature analysis is required to examine current WQIs to research, evaluate, and highlight the drawbacks of various methodologies employed in each development phase. This review offers insightful information for researchers, decision-makers, and practitioners tackling the ever-changing problems of water quality in the interest of sustainable water resource management. The debate concentrates on various WQI-related topics, such as how multiple WQIs have evolved, what variables define their parameter requirements, what restrictions WQIs have, how widely WQIs are used, and what benefits WQIs have over one another regarding worldwide applicability.

The contamination of public water supply and groundwater resources is a major concern in many parts of developing nations. Polluted water poses serious health risks to humans and the environment. This research was conducted to investigate the seasonal variations of the water quality parameters in the public water supply. To assess the supply water quality in different blocks of Ambala District, hydro-chemical analysis was conducted after a series of systematic sampling in various locations. The statistical tools for water quality indexing including water quality indexing (WQI), heavy metal pollution indexing (HMPI), pollution indexing (PI), overall pollution indexing (OPI), metal indexing (MI), and hazard indexing (HI) were used for data as well as the health hazard analysis through water pathway. Overall, 40 water samples were taken from the public water supply systems covering winter and summer seasons, and the levels of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), EC, F- , Cl- , NO3 - , SO4 2- , HCO3 - , As, B, Cd, Co, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Mn were investigated. The weight arithmetic index method was used for WQI, and water pollution indices such as HMPI, PI, OPI, and MI were calculated using different models to check the severity of contamination. The mean hazard quotient and hazard index values calculated using the concentration levels of As, B, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, F- , and NO3 - reveal that supply water may pose a significant health risk to both adults and children that further varies with temporal and spatial changes. During both seasons, a high carcinogenic risk for both adults and children was observed in the studied area because of high levels of As, Pb, Cd, and NO3 - . PRACTITIONER POINTS: The quality of public supply water was assessed at the selected sites of Ambala, India. High levels of NO3 - , As, Cd, and Pb were observed posing a health risk to adults and children via water pathway. 95% of the samples qualified for the excellent water quality category with respect to the levels of F- , Cl- , NO3 - , SO4 2- , HCO3 - , pH, EC, and TDS. Statistical analysis (HMPI, PI, MI, OPI, HI) using different models revealed water contamination with reference to the levels of NO3 - , As, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd. Immediate measures are needed to uphold the safety and health of the natives.

Ganesh Chaturthi, known as Vinayagar Chaturthi in Tamil Nadu, is a prominent Hindu festival observed across India, typically during the months of August and September. Traditionally, clay idols of Lord Ganesha are installed in homes and public spaces for worship and subsequently immersed in nearby water bodies. However, in recent years, many idols have been crafted using non-biodegradable materials like plaster of Paris and thermocol, and adorned with synthetic paints. The immersion of such idols has led to contamination of water bodies, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems. To mitigate this environmental impact, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued comprehensive guidelines for the manufacture and immersion of idols and mandated State Pollution Control Boards to monitor water quality before, during, and after immersion events. District Administrations designate specific water bodies for this purpose. In Tamil Nadu, the State Pollution Control Board undertakes water quality monitoring and publishing the reports. Water Quality Index (WQI), a dimensionless scale ranging from 0 to 100, is used to assess water quality by consolidating various parameters. These values are interpreted using classification categories such as excellent, good, fair, poor, and highly polluted, based on Indian Standard IS 10500:2012, CPCB norms, and international benchmarks like those of the World Health Organization and the European Commission. This study evaluates the water quality of the water bodies by means of WQI in nine selected districts of Tamil Nadu, wherein idols were immersed during the 2024 Vinayagar Chaturthi festival. The results indicate that idol immersion activities have led to noticeable degradation of water quality, with most sites falling under the Fair/Poor category. The findings underscore the need for greater public awareness on the use of eco-friendly materials and strict adherence to CPCB guidelines and the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, for idol immersion and disposal of decorative waste materials.

Water constitutes an indispensable resource for various aspects of daily life, encompassing essential needs such as drinking, cooking, sanitation, and irrigation. Beyond household applications, diverse livelihood activities, including livestock management, gardening, crop cultivation, food processing, aquaculture, and fisheries, also rely on water. The assessment of customer satisfaction holds paramount significance in driving performance enhancements for service providers, even within government-owned entities offering critical services like water supply. This research aims to scrutinize the interplay between overall satisfaction with water services and its determinants, including satisfaction with water quality, and various parameters such as water supply hours, tap pressure, supplied water quantity, management responsiveness and communication, and water tariff. Anticipatedly, water supply hours, quantity, and quality are expected to exert a crucial influence on user satisfaction. Although users express a satisfaction level above neutral, it falls short of reaching a fully satisfactory level. Key contributors to user satisfaction involve aspects such as water supply hours, pressure, quantity, and quality, while complaints about water supply yield slightly lower satisfaction. Satisfaction with water service hours, quantity, and quality emerges as a driving force for overall satisfaction. The analysis reveals no significant association between overall satisfaction and demographic variables such as occupation, gender, age, education, and the main income source. However, a noteworthy association exists between satisfaction with water pressure and the water collection method, and a robust link is observed between satisfaction with water quality and respondents' water treatment practices. The provision for complaints is significantly associated with satisfaction regarding management responsiveness and communication. Multiple regression analysis underscores a positive relationship between overall satisfaction with water services and satisfaction with water quality and supply hours, indicating that higher satisfaction with these factors enhances overall satisfaction with water services.

In this work, a hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Lake Nubia based on a two-dimensional, laterally averaged and finite difference hydrodynamic and water quality code, CE-QUAL-W2. The model was calibrated and verified using data which were measured in the years of 2006 and 2007 during low flood periods, respectively. Measurements during the flood season are not available. The results of the presented model show a good agreement with the observed hydrodynamic and water quality records.
\nTwo water quality indices (WQIs), NSF WQI and CCME WQI, have been developed to assess the state of water quality in the investigated case study, Lake Nubia, during the first low flood period of January 2006. The CCME WQI has been modified to use the Egyptian standards (objectives) of raw water. Moreover, another two trophic status indices, Carlson TSI and LAWA TI, have been developed to evaluate the trophic status of Lake Nubia during the same period of January 2006. Results of the previously developed hydrodynamic and water quality model for Lake Nubia were used to validate the model. According to the developed water quality indices results, Lake Nubia has a good water quality state during the low flood period. The modified CCME WQI (based on measured data) indicates that the Lake Nubia water quality state is excellent according to the Egyptian standards of water quality for surface waterways. Results of the applied trophic status indices show that the Lake Nubia trophic status is eutrophic during the studied period. 
\nThe effect of the global climate change on the hydrodynamic and water quality characteristics of Lake Nubia was conducted for the 21st century. To do that, the outputs of eleven global climate models for two global emissions scenarios combined with hydrological modeling were used. A theoretical process algorithm has been simplified, further developed and calibrated to modify the initial conditions of dissolved oxygen due to the global climate change effects. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted by using each of the predicted air temperature and inflow data separately in the model in order to investigate its effect on the characteristics of the hydrodynamic and water quality. Three hydrodynamic characteristics of the reservoir were investigated with respect to the climate change: water surface levels, evaporation water losses and thermal structure. In addition, eight water quality characteristics of the reservoir were investigated with respect to the climate change: dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, ortho-phosphate, nitrate-nitrite, ammonium, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and potential of hydrogen (pH). Moreover, the climate change effects on the water quality and trophic status indices have been studied. The results of the climate change study show partially significant impacts on the examined hydrodynamic and water quality characteristics, while the water quality and trophic status indices are slightly affected by the climate change scenarios.

Safe drinking water is a human need and right of the people. This study focuses on water quality analysis of the Urun-Islampur city which is in the Maharashtra state of India. Water quality testing is very important to check the quality of drinking water to avoid waterborne diseases and improve health. Water Quality Index (WQI) is important to determine the depletion of the water quality of the study area. The Urun-Islampur city is divided into fourteen wards. The values of WQI of those fourteen wards were compared, where from each ward three water samples were taken for the test. In order to assess the water quality, we calculate the WQI with physical, chemical and biological parameters. In water quality tests, various parameters are measured, including pH, total hardness, chloride content (Cl−), electric conductivity, residual chlorine and total dissolved solids (TDS), all those parameters compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards of water quality; also in the present research paper classification of water samples of the 14 wards was an investigation into the basis of TDS, anions, cations, and total hardness. This article highlights the importance of using the WQI, and it is very useful to analyze the water quality. After water sample testing, it was observed that the pH of all water samples was found almost neutral. The TDS, conductance and hardness increased toward the old water supply line as compared to a new water supply line. The results of the Water Quality Assessment done in Urun-Islampur city show that all parameters were within the permissible limits as per WHO standards. The Water Quality Index (WQI) in the range of 86 to 90 was also good. But it may be affected by water distribution lines which were older than 30 years, so there is a need for proper maintenance of the distribution system and chlorination to avoid waterborne diseases.

Arid and semi-arid areas are among the most threatened ecosystems on the planet. The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve (TCBR), in southeastern Mexico, is an arid and semi-arid area with high biological diversity and human settlements of eight ethnic groups. Two rivers drain the reserve, Río Grande (RG) and Río Salado (RS), which are not subject to water quality monitoring by government agencies; however, measures of water quality of these rivers are needed to focus conservation actions on this resource. This work aimed to test the effectiveness of participatory water quality monitoring with the participation of three actors: Reserve management leaders, local communities, and academics, to monitoring water quality in the rivers of the TCBR. Ninety-two residents were trained to carry out water quality biomonitoring using the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) index calibrated for the reserve. The BMWP uses macroinvertebrate families to display numerical and categorical water quality scores. Additionally, the Water Quality Index (WQI) was assessed and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the riparian zones was estimated in each study site. The mean WQI scores were 69.24 for RS (no treatment necessary for most crops and necessary treatment for public water supply) and 75.16 for RG (minor purification for crops requiring high-quality water and necessary treatment for public water supply). The BMWP showed five water quality categories (Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, and Poor), showing higher water quality scores in the upper portion of the basins and capable of discriminating study sites with lower scores close to human settlements. At one study site, data from participatory monitoring impelled actions taken to address a pollution source and influenced policy focus, reaching the maximum level of participatory-based monitoring. This led to avoid the discharge of wastewater into the river to conserve and protect the water resource. WQI is closely related to BMWP; however, the latter was far more sensitive to detecting areas affected by domestic water discharges. The NDVI presented low values for the TCBR, being lower in RS (the driest area). Although the NDVI showed a weak relationship with BMWP values, areas with higher NDVI values generally achieved higher BMWP values. The results of this study highlight the high sensitivity of the BMWP to detect several water quality conditions in the rivers running through the TCBR when compared to WQI. In addition, the usefulness of biomonitoring using the BMWP index was evident, as well as the importance of the participation of local inhabitants contributing to the knowledge of water quality in biosphere reserves and carrying out timely measures that allow the rivers in these reserves to be maintained in good condition.

An understanding of the trend and relationship between rainfall patterns and water quality dynamics can provide valuable guidelines for the effective management of water resources. The aim of this study was to reveal the synchronous trends in rainfall and water quality and to explore the potential connection between seasonal variation in rainfall volume and the water quality index. This study scrutinised the seasonal temporal trends of rainfall and water quality parameters of three water supply reservoirs in the Toowoomba region of Australia by applying the modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test and innovative trend analysis (ITA) methods from data collected over 22 years (2002–2022). The models showed a significant increasing trend of rainfall in two rainfall stations during autumn season. The water quality parameters, such as PO43−, exhibited a significant decreasing trend in all seasons in three reservoirs. On the other hand, the water quality index (WQI) showed a decreasing trend in the Cooby and Cressbrook reservoirs, excepting the Perseverance reservoir, which exhibited an increasing trend. In addition to the detection of trends, this study investigated the potential correlation between seasonal variation of rainfall volume and the water quality index using the wavelet transform coherence (WTC) method. The data of twelve rainfall stations were brought into this analysis. The WTC analysis displayed an apparent correlation between the water quality index and rainfall pattern for 70% of the rainfall stations across 8–16 periods. The highest coherency was noticed in 8–16 periods from 2002–2022, as observed at both the Cooby Creek rainfall station and in the WQI of the Cooby reservoir. This evaluation revealed the intertwined dynamics of rainfall patterns and water quality, providing a deeper understanding of their interdependence and implications, which might be useful for environmental and hydrological management practices.

This paper presents a comparative research study between a number of data mining techniques, knowledge discovery tools, data analysis and software packages to be used in a Decision Support System (DSS) for Smart water supply chain resources management. The case study deals with the evaluation and comparative research of water quality of city water supply within New Delhi city area. In the case of New-Delhi water supply alternative actions for improving of water supply and quality are defined for efficient supply in distributed area. The real time water quality monitor uses given standards by Water Quality Index (WQI) and Statistical analysis done on it suggests the shortest path between supply station and local area distribution Centre by used WEKA mining tool (decision tree) and OLAP. The results show that the city water isn't supplied efficiently in the city and not within the standard quality criteria of (WHO) standards and Indian standards. Leanings and research challenges observed during this comparative study have also been enumerated.

Drinking water quality is a critical factor affecting human health particularly in natural resource-dependent countries including Nigeria. Hydrocarbon related pollution, mining waste, microbial load, industrial discharge and other anthropogenic stressors degrade drinking water quality in coastal communities and pose serious public health and ecological risks. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of drinking water in selected communities (Okerenkoko, Kurutie, and Oporoza) located in Gbaramatu Kingdom, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, in order to assess the water quality using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and pollution models. Nitrate, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Aluminium, pH, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Cyanide, and Residual Chlorine were measured in twelve selected locations across the three communities.  The WQI results of the analyzed water samples in the area indicated that they exceeded the critical WQI value of 100, with a mean pH of 8.11 ± 0.32, indicating unsuitability for consumption. Nickel ranging from 0.014 to 0.176 mg/L and residual chlorine 11.6 to 7407 mg/L were the major contributors to the degradation of water quality and exceeded the WHO recommended limit of 0.02 and 0.25 respectively. While groundwater had better organoleptic properties compared to surface and rain water, the geo-accumulation index showed that water sources in the area vary from moderately to heavily contaminated with Ni and Cd. These WQI and pollution model results necessitate an urgent response from local stakeholders to address the water quality deterioration, such as providing alternative water supplies, to minimize the potential health risks to the local population.   Key words: Water quality index, contamination index, oil pollution, chemical parameters, geo-accumulation index.