Water Sprinkling Research Articles

Heat stress in dairy cattle – Some potential health risks associated with the nutritional management of the condition

Heat stress occurs when animals are exposed to environmental temperatures in excess of 25oC (the upper critical temperature), particularly in combination with high relative humidity or direct sunshine. Prevention is by providing plenty of good-quality drinking water, providing shade (natural or artificial), and using water sprinklers and/or fans. Changes to the diet, i.e., high energy density and low protein, are also beneficial and often implemented. However, there may be some potential risks associated with the nutritional management of heat stress in dairy cattle; i.e., the animals are at increased risk of developing subacute rumen acidosis, with ensuing laminitis/lameness, and displaced abomasum. This paper discusses how increasing the energy density of the diet (i.e., increasing the grain/forage ratio), as part of the nutritional management of heat stress, may put cows at greater risk of the above-mentioned digestive disorders.

Suppression Efficiency for Dust from an Iron Ore Pile Using a Conventional Sprinkler and a Water Mist Generator

Re-suspension of iron ore dust presents a constant hazard in the working environment within steel production plants. Herein, the optimal operating parameters for maximum dust suppression efficiencies through a water mist generator and a conventional sprinkler for particulate matter (PM) originating from an iron ore pile measuring about 2 m in height and with a stacking angle of about 30° are investigated. The effects of operating parameters including wind velocity, spray angle, and mode of water supply on dust suppression efficiencies are evaluated. Size differentiated PM samples were collected from the upwind and downwind locations of the iron oral pile and the dust suppression efficiencies are determined. The operating parameters with the highest dust suppression efficiencies using the water mist technology are low spray angle, low wind velocity, and intermittent water supply, while those for water sprinkling technology are high spray angle, low wind velocity, and intermittent water supply. The average dust suppression efficiencies for Total Suspended Particles (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 for the mist generators are 80.9%, 77.9%, and 76.9%, respectively, whereas those for the conventional sprinklers are 76.4%, 72.9%, and 72.7%, respectively. For the surfactant to water ratios of 0.024, 0.022 and no surfactant, the ratio of 0.024 had the highest dust suppression efficiencies for TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 at 90.9%, 89.5%, and 89.0%, respectively. Insights from this investigation can be applied to optimize the dust suppression methods to ensure economical consumption of water and energy.

Effect of brackish water sprinkling irrigation with different nitrogen and salinity levels on photosynthesis characteristics and yield of winter wheat

Effect of brackish water sprinkling irrigation with different nitrogen and salinity levels on photosynthesis characteristics and yield of winter wheat

Experimental investigation on IOT interfaced smart gardening system with human path clearance

In the Present era, Sprinkler Irrigation system is inconvenience for most of the people while crossing the Pathway. In this context, sprinklers which is placed in the Pathway should be controlled to prevent human exposure towards moisture content. A field survey has been conducted to gather information about the current water sprinkler system's current and future uses. To overcome the issue, an idea has been proposed to automate the system with turn on and off while the human interruption in the region of sprinkler working. Further, for ensuring sustainability aspects, the climatic and soil conditions are monitored. Sensors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture sensor are employed to study the surrounding climate conditions. An IOT based automation system is exhibited to actuate the mechanism of sprinkler. The mechanical pump is used to supply water to the sprinkler system through a gate valve.Although this device appears to be high-end, proper development in the design and manufacture of a water sprinkler system is still required to minimize water and energy waste via remote control. The soil moisture sensor has two terminals that are used to determine the volumetric water content.Soil moisture monitoring using IoT is used to determine the moist content and for turn on and off.This work uses a switch to turn on/off the sprinkler system and a gauge for monitoring the moisture content in the field. Sprinklers.The soil moisture sensor is directly connected with Wi-Fi module node MCU to show the real time value of the moisture content in their field to the user in the connected device.

Comparison of an Innovative Mobile Strip Irrigation System with Full-Area Sprinkler Watering

Highlights Innovative stripwise irrigation directs water only to ridge crests, not furrows. Mobile strip irrigation saved 51% of the carrot water requirements. The uniformity coefficient of the irrigation above the ridges was high. No significant differences in the carrot yield were verified between the irrigation systems. The water use efficiency was higher for the mobile strip irrigation system. ABSTRACT. Irrigation plays an important role in agriculture in temperate regions because of the reduction in rainfall frequency during the spring and summer months along with the increase in average temperature and evapotranspiration. To increase irrigation efficiency, we developed an innovative mobile strip irrigation system for ridge culture. The objective of this pilot study was to compare the new technology with a standard full-area sprinkler system and analyze the yield, flow rate, applied irrigation on the ridges, and variability of the irrigation depths expressed by the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) and distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD). The experimental design applied the two treatments to carrots grown on eight ridges covering an area of 210 m2. The experiment was conducted at the University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. The results showed a flow rate ranging from 54.7 to 72.7 l h–1. Good CUC (89%) and excellent CUD (82%) were obtained for the mobile irrigation system, indicating low variability of irrigation depths. The water content in the ridge crest increased to field capacity after irrigation, with a moderate coefficient of variation (14%) among the measurements. In addition, water use reduction with respect to the standard irrigation system of 51% during the treatments, or 29% considering the entire experiment time, was observed, and no significant differences in the total fresh yield between the irrigation systems were verified. Because only a single sprinkler irrigation system with an irrigation efficiency of 80% was used, care must be taken when extrapolating the findings of the present study. High irrigation efficiency sprinkler irrigation systems with multiple sprinklers, which reduce the sprinkler irrigation amount, can be considered in future studies to confirm the increased water usage efficiency of the mobile strip irrigation system. Keywords: Carrots cultivation, Irrigation, Ridge agriculture, Water content, Water distribution, Water saving.

More efficient sources of water distribution for agricultural and general usage

Current irrigation systems that disperse water above ground waste an enormous amount of fresh water. Since fresh water is a limited resource, new irrigation systems are desperately needed to make agriculture more sustainable. To investigate this issue, we tested two new watering systems for water efficiency and successful plant growth compared to traditional overhead sprinklers, systems that spray droplets of water (similar to rainfall) from above, with sesame plants. One system utilizes an underground pipe to distribute water intermittently; the other utilizes an underground cloth saturated with water to provide a continuous and gradual diffusion of water to plants. We hypothesized that both underground methods would be more efficient than the sprinkler method, saving more water and resulting in comparable plant growth. Given that sesame plants have been shown to prefer well-drained soil (and do not do well in standing water), we suspected that the cloth method would be more effective at delivering the minimal amount of water needed for these plants. We found that the underground cloth-based water diffusion method saved more water compared to the other distribution systems; however, it also resulted in a slight reduction of the yield (plant growth). The underground pipe-based water distribution system outperformed the sprinkler system (used less water); however, it still produced the same yield. Based on these experimental results, we propose substitution of the conventional overhead sprinkler watering system with underground methods such as a pipe- based water distribution system or cloth-based water diffusion system to conserve water.

A Review of Infectious Diseases Associated with Religious and Nonreligious Rituals.

Rituals are an integral part of human life but a wide range of rituals (both religious and non-religious), from self-flagellation to blood brotherhood to ritual sprinkling of holy water, have been associated with transmission of infections. These infections include angiostrongyliasis, anthrax, brucellosis, cholera, COVID-19, cutaneous larva migrans, Ebola, hepatitis viruses, herpes simplex virus, HIV, human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), kuru, Mycobacterium bovis, Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, orf, rift valley fever, and sporotrichosis. Education and community engagement are important cornerstones in mitigating infectious risks associated with rituals.

Long‐Term Changes in Runoff Generation Mechanisms for Two Proglacial Areas in the Swiss Alps II: Subsurface Flow

AbstractLateral subsurface stormflow (SSF) is the most important runoff generation mechanism for most hillslopes in temperate climates. It is influenced by pedological, biological, and topographic factors that change during landscape evolution, but so far little is known about how SSF changes over long‐time scales. Therefore, we conducted sprinkling experiments on a silicate and carbonate moraine chronosequence in the Swiss Alps. Each chronosequence consisted of four moraines ranging between a couple of decades and ∼13,500 years in age. On each moraine, we installed three plots and measured shallow SSF in a trench. We added tracers (δ2H and NaCl) to the sprinkling water to identify mixing and flow pathways in the subsurface. The coarse and drainable sediments on the young moraines provoked more frequent and larger SSF responses than for the old moraines. There was no SSF during the sprinkling experiments on the older moraines at the calcareous study area, but SSF occurred during larger natural rainfall events. The pre‐event water fractions in SSF were higher for the old moraines than the young moraines due to the increase in silt, clay, and soil organic matter content, and subsequent increase in the amount of water stored in the soil. The results of this study suggest that soil and vegetation development affect SSF characteristics and help—together with the results for overland flow (companion paper; Maier & van Meerveld, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030221)—to improve hydrological models and our understanding of the changes in near‐surface runoff generation processes during the first millennia of landscape evolution in Alpine areas.

Enhancement of Solar Still Efficiency by Using Cellulose Cooling Pad and Water Sprinkler

Enhancement of Solar Still Efficiency by Using Cellulose Cooling Pad and Water Sprinkler

A New Sustainable and Novel Hybrid Solar Chimney Power Plant Design for Power Generation and Seawater Desalination

This study presents a case study of a novel hybrid solar chimney power plant (HSCPP) design’s performance in the city of Doha, Qatar. The HSCPP construction is similar to the traditional solar chimney power plant (SCPP) but with the addition of water sprinklers installed at the top of the chimney. This allowed the solar chimney (SC) to operate as a cooling tower (CT) during the nighttime and operate as an SC during the daytime, hence providing a continuous 24-h operation. The results showed that the HSCPP produced ~633 MWh of electrical energy per year, compared to ~380 MWh of energy produced by the traditional SCPP. The results also showed that the HSCPP was able to produce 139,000 tons/year of freshwater, compared to 90,000 tons/year produced by the traditional SCPP. The estimated CO2 emission reduction (~600 tons/year) from the HSCPP is twice that of the traditional SCPP (~300 tons/year). The results clearly show that the HSCPP outperformed the traditional SCPP.

IoT based Automation of Public Garden and Botanical Garden

People in urban areas appreciate and enjoy the beauty of nature as carefully manicured grass and flowers in public gardens. Senior citizens find this place best for their social networking, while children enjoy their recreational activities here. Botanical garden generally refers to a place where, variety of flora species are planted and grown for the purpose of scientific study. Maintaining a garden or botanical garden takes lot of maintenance effort along with monitoring various parameters such as moisture and light; ambient factors like temperature and humidity of air are also important factors. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate and implement a cost-effective way to monitor and control soil moisture, ambient air temperature and humidity in such gardens by means of controlling drip irrigation pumps and water sprinklers.

Autonomous robotic fire detection and extinguishing system

Firefighting is a dangerous job with a high death rate. Robotics is the new way to protect the environment and human lives. This work proposes an autonomous robot system that can inevitably discover fire using the flame sensor and extinguish it. This project includes Arduino UNO, flame sensor, servo motor, motor driver, relay module, Bluetooth HC-06 module, and water pump. Besides, using the push Bluetooth app at the transmitting end, commands are sent to the receiver to control the robot’s movement. The motors are connected to the microcontroller and used to move the robot and sprinkle water on the fire. A water tank and a water pump are mounted on the robot body and automatically detected by the infrared. An ATMEGA328 series microcontroller controls the flame sensor and the whole operation. A motor driver IC, L298N, is interfaced to the microcontroller through which the controller drives the motors. As a result, the robot can detect fire from a distance. The average length for detecting flame is approximately 5.11cm, and Bluetooth transmission is about 300cm. It has the potential to reduce human error and limitations associated with fire extinguishing tasks.

The Effect of Curing Methods on Compressive Strength of Concrete

Concrete curing is an effort made to optimize the results of concrete casting. This action needs to be done because it has a major effect on the quality and strength of the concrete, one of which is so that the concrete does not lose moisture too quickly, because later this condition will lead to excessive shrinkage in the concrete. As a result, the concrete can experience cracks. This will cause the construction work to be less qualified and endanger construction users. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of concrete treatment methods on the value of normal concrete compressive strength. Concrete curing can be carried out by several methods according to the type and condition of the structural elements to be treated. From the results of the study, it was found that the curing method of concrete had an effect on the value of normal concrete compressive strength, namely that the average compressive strength value in the fresh water immersion treatment method was 23.730 MPa, the treatment method for wrapping concrete with gunny sacks was 22.349 MPa, the treatment method of wrapping concrete with plastic is 22.306 MPa, and in the treatment method of pouring concrete with fresh water is 21.199 MPa. The average value of the maximum compressive strength occurred in the treatment method with fresh water immersion, namely 23.73 MPa, and the minimum compressive strength value that occurred was found in the treatment method with fresh water sprinkling, namely 21.199 MPa. Thus, that concrete curing is good, namely, by soaking the concrete with fresh water.

The Effect of New Formula Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Water Sprinkling on Urban Portable Rice Fields

The spread of the corona virus is the impact of the community's household economy and the decline in community food security. Goals Growth and production of upland rice through the provision of a new formula liquid organic fertilizer (POC FB) in bucket media above the house to meet people's food during the covid-19 pandemic. Place in Gambesi from March to August 2020. Upland rice seed ingredients, new formula liquid organic fertilizer (POC FB). Treatment with 5 levels (FOC FB) with doses / pot as follows: 0 cc / liter of water (B0), 10 cc / liter of water (B1), 15 cc / liter of water (B2), 20 cc / liter of water (B3) , 2 5 cc / liter of water (B4), 30 cc / liter of water (B5). Lack of water as a dissolved material and the availability of small bucket media or upland rice plants can affect upland rice growth and yield variables. The results of the analysis of variance showed a new formula liquid organic fertilizer at a dose of 30 cc / liter of water / bucket (B5). yielded 70 cm high and 42 tillers, 44 cm panicles and 39 g dry weight when compared with other treatments. POC FB is a liquid organic fertilizer that provides macro and micro elements so that it accelerates the growth, development, height, tiller, panicle and harvest weight of upland rice plants.

Steel Fiber Enhancement upon Punching Shear Strength of Concrete Flat Plates Exposed to Fire Flame

In this study, the effect of fire flame on the punching shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete flat plates was experimentally investigated using nine half-scale specimens with dimensions of 1500×1500 mm and a total thickness of 100 mm. The main investigated variables comprised the steel fiber volume fraction 0, 1, and 1.5% and the burning steady state temperature 500 and 600 °C. The specimens were divided into three groups, each group consists of three specimens. The specimens in the first group were tested with no fire effect to be the reference specimens, while the others of the second and third groups were tested after being exposed to fire-flame effect. The adopted characteristics of the fire test were; (one hour) burning time duration and 500 and 600 °C steady state temperature with sudden cooling process (water sprinkling directly after burning). The test results proved that exposing to direct fire effect for one hour caused a reduction in the punching shear strength with an increase in the ultimate mid-span deflection. Also, it was noticed that using steel fiber in the concrete mix leads to a significant increase in the punching shear strength for both the unburned and burned specimens. The ultimate punching load increased by about 11 and 16.6% for the unburned specimens with 1.0 and 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction, respectively, and by about 22.4 and 19% for the burned specimens at 500 °C with 1.0 and 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction, respectively. While, it was increased by about 29.2 and 21.5% for the burned specimens at 600 °C with 1.0 and 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction, respectively, as compared with the reference specimen of each group. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091751 Full Text: PDF

Exploration or Multipurpose Electric Vehicle for Agriculture Using IOT

Objectives: Objective: In this paper suggests a multipurpose portable type agricultural vehicle which can perform many functions of agriculture like seed sowing, water sprinkling and fertilizer spraying using a single agricultural vehicle. In the present scenario the agriculture is becoming of less interest even for the skilled people due to the increase in capital cost and decrease in the selling price. It is the time for introducing different machines with less human interference and also better with automated vehicles. There are different modern machines/tools that are accessible to farmers in order to perform various functions in agriculture. Each machine/tool can perform its own intended function. Methods: This agricultural vehicle is an automated vehicle where the control is based on IOT and can be controlled remotely. The proposed system involves PMDC motors as a driving mechanism and servomotor is used for controlling the output. The entire mechanism is controlled by NImyRIO embedded system. The programming of NImyRIO is developed using LabVIEW which is a visual programming language for easy user interface. Results & Conclusions: This exploration of multipurpose unmanned electric vehicle surely paves the ways to smart implementation scheme to the agriculture society including tobacco plantations.

An Innovative Design of a Solar Double-Chimney Power Plant for Electricity Generation

The present work involves a new and novel upgrading design to the classical solar chimney power plant (SCPP) structure. The SCPP design was modified by adding a co-centric secondary external chimney to the SCPP structure to enhance energy production. In the new improved design, named the solar double-chimney power plant (SDCPP), the internal chimney, operates like a traditional SCPP to produce electricity during the daytime whereas the secondary external chimney operates as 10 cooling towers (CT) in a series. Each CT is equipped with a turbine and water sprinklers for further energy production. The new design offers the operation of the SCPP during the day and the continuous operation of the CT (day-and-night). A mathematical model that includes the energy and mass balance equations of the system was built using MATLAB. The SDCPP system produced up to 993 MWh of electrical energy, which is 2.6 times higher than the traditional SCPP (377 MWh). The new design configuration achieved a percentage of thermal efficiency (%ηth) of 1.6%, which is 200 times greater than the SCPP. The economic assessment of the new system revealed a 50% reduction in the localized cost of energy (LCOE) compared with traditional SCPP. The key advantage of the new design is related to the use of low-cost material in constructing the secondary chimney to reduce the fixed capital cost and prompt the economic feasibility of the system. Overall, the proposed SDCPP offers a feasible and economic solution to produce electricity and to potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of caregivers of children with epilepsy in Sudan

ObjectiveTo explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of caregivers of children with epilepsy. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 107 consecutive caregivers of children diagnosed with epilepsy, attending the neurology outpatient clinic in a Pediatric tertiary university hospital, in Khartoum, Sudan for regular check-up. Data were obtained by an interviewer through a structured questionnaire, while clinical parameters of children with epilepsy were taken from medical records. ResultsMost respondents knew that epilepsy is not an infectious disease (92.5%), while the least proportion of caregivers (41.1%) knew that epilepsy did not emanate from a supernatural origin. The majority of caregivers were with the idea that epilepsy caused lost opportunities for study (66.4%) and that epilepsy was looked upon negatively by others (64.5%). Less than half (39.7%) of these caregivers rolled their child on to the side during a seizure, and more than a third (37.2%) admitted to sprinkling water over the child during his/her seizure. Caregivers’ of children with Generalized Tonic-Clonic (GTC) convulsions, reported significantly lower knowledge scores than caregivers whose children did not experience GTC seizures (p = 0.016). Caregivers of children with GTC seizures were more likely to believe epilepsy was for the most part hereditary (p = 0.006), and that children with epilepsy lost consciousness during a seizure (p < 0.001). ConclusionOur findings suggest that caregivers require periodic epilepsy-related educational programs. This study is an invaluable tool for tailoring the delivery of information and support resources for caregivers in our region.

The Impact of Hybrid Fibers on Punching Shear Strength of Concrete Flat Plates Exposed to Fire

This study presents an investigation about the effect of fire flame on the punching shear strength of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete flat plates. The main considered parameters are the fiber type (steel or glass) and the burning steady-state temperatures (500 and 600°C). A total of 9 half-scale flat plate specimens of dimensions 1500mm×1500mm×100mm and 1.5% fiber volume fraction were cast and divided into 3 groups. Each group consisted of 3 specimens that were identical to those in the other groups. The specimens of the second and the third groups were subjected to fire flame influence for 1 hour and steady-state temperature of 500 and 600°C respectively. Regarding the cooling process, water sprinkling was applied directly after the burning stage to represent the sudden cooling process. Generally, the obtained results exhibited a significant increase in the punching shear capacity of the fiber-reinforced slabs as compared to the corresponding no fiber-reinforced slabs even at elevated burning temperatures 600°C. The ultimate load was increased by about 16.6, 19, and 21.5% at temperatures of 25, 500, and 600°C respectively, for steel fiber reinforced slabs and by about 13.9, 27.2, and 34.6% for slabs containing two mixed types of fibers (steel and glass), as compared with the reference specimen at the same temperatures respectively. In addition, the results indicated that fibers' presence in concrete resulted in gradually punching failure with more ductile mode, whereas the failure was sudden with a brittle mode in the slabs that did not contain fibers.

Heat and mass transfer of evaporative cooler with elliptic tube heat exchangers- an experimental study

In the present study, an evaporative cooling test system consisting of an elliptical-heat exchanger was examined. Tests were conducted for various airflow rates of 52, 68, 81, 96 Cubic Meter per Minute (CMM), sprinkler water flow rates of 30, 40, 50 Liter per Minute (LPM), and hot water flow rates of 18, 22, 28 LPM. The sprinkle nozzle types and outside wet-bulb temperatures were also investigated. The convective heat transfer of the sprinkle water film outside the tubes and the mass transfer between air and water film on tube bundles were probed. The film thickness and sprinkle water picture were studied using high-speed cameras and image processing techniques. The results show that the mass transfer performance of the evaporative cooler was enhanced with the growth of the airflow rate. When the sprinkler water flow rate rose to 50 LPM, the heat-mass transfer coefficient of the evaporative cooler decreased since the water film on the tube was thickened. The low hot water flow rate at the tube side (18 LPM) resulted in a superior performance due to a high local temperature and improved local mass transfer. The experimental data were used to obtain empirical correlations for the heat coefficient of the liquid film and mass transfer.