Spring Water Research Articles

Interannual differences vs small-scale spatiotemporal variability of spring zooplankton in the Crimean marine hypersaline lake

Ecosystems in the shallow marine hypersaline environment, such as marine lakes, are among the most changeable and have significantly lower species richness than freshwater and marine. It could be assumed that the intricate interconnections in hypersaline water ecosystems are easier to understand than in other aquatic ecosystems. Interannual differences vs small-scale spatiotemporal variabilities were studied in the spring zooplankton of hypersaline Lake Moynaki from 2019 to 2023. Salinity, water temperature, wind speed and direction were measured along with zooplankton sampling. The average spring wind speed and water temperature varied significantly from year to year, seemingly with a certain cyclicity. In total, 17 species were noted in zooplankton. The copepods Acanthocyclops vernalis and Arctodiaptomus salinus were not previously recorded in the lake. Bottom species were found in the plankton, among which the oligochaete Nais pseudobtusa, the gastropod Bittium reticulatum, and dragonfly larvae Gomphus sp. had not previously been found in the lake. Only four species, Gammarus aequicauda, Eucypris mareotica, Moina salina, and Cletocamptus retrogressus were regularly observed en masse. On average, the total zooplankton abundance near the windward shore was 2 times higher than that near the leeward shore and the abundance of individual species was from 2 to 5 times higher. If the values near only one coast were used, then the range of interannual differences would be underestimated or overestimated by approximately 2–4 times. Based on the zooplankton similarity in different years, all years except 2019, are grouped into a single cluster. Various changes are occurring in the lake, which are difficult to present as a complete picture of the cause-and-effect relationships that determine them.

Stock identification of sympatric Atlantic cod populations in the Gulf of Maine and mixed stock fishery analysis using otolith-based techniques

Sympatric populations of Atlantic cod with distinct spawning times in winter and spring have been identified within the Gulf of Maine. A new western Gulf of Maine stock assessment unit in U.S. waters lumps winter and spring spawning populations into a single stock unit and future monitoring and assessment of their abundance will require mixed stock analysis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of otolith-based stock identification techniques to discriminate spawning populations. Significant differences in otolith structure and microchemistry were identified between winter and spring spawners with the highest degree of classification accuracy based on both features. Mixed stock analysis applied to fishery samples of unknown origin indicated the contemporary (2015-2016) commercial fishery is dominated by winter spawners. Exploratory classification of historical fishery samples suggested a change over time with spring and winter spawners present in near equal proportion in the early 1990s and winter spawners dominating in the early 1980s. Otolith-based stock composition analysis has the potential to support monitoring and assessment of cod populations in the Gulf of Maine.

Hydrochemical gradients driving extremophile distribution in saline and brine groundwater of southern Poland.

Extreme environments, such as highly saline ecosystems, are characterised by a limited presence of microbial communities capable of tolerating and thriving under these conditions. To better understand the limits of life and its chemical and microbiological drivers, highly saline and brine groundwaters of Na-Cl and Na-Ca-Cl types with notably diverse SO4 contents were sampled in water intakes and springs from sedimentary aquifers located in the Outer Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep basin and its basement in Poland. Chemical and microbiological methods were used to identify the composition of groundwaters, determine microbial diversity, and indicate processes controlling their distribution using multivariate statistical analyses. DNA sequencing targeting V3-V4 and V4-V5 gene regions revealed a predominance of Proteobacteriota, Methanobacteria, Methanomicrobia, and Nanoarchaea in most of the water samples, irrespective of their geological context. Despite the sample-size constraint, redundancy analysis employing a compositional approach to hydrochemical predictors identified Cl/SO4 and Cl/HCO3 ratios, and specific electrical conductivity, as key gradients shaping microbial communities, depending on the analysed gene regions. Analysis of functional groups revealed that methanogenesis, sulphate oxidation and reduction, and the nitrogen cycle define and distinguish the halotolerant communities in the samples. These communities are characterised by an inverse relationship between methanogens and sulphur-cycling microorganisms.

Similar sources but distinct δ13C signatures in adjacent low-temperature travertines from Laguna Amarga (Southern Patagonian Andes)

This study examined the waters and carbonates from two cold spring travertines (ca. 13 °C) located on the sun-exposed (north-facing travertine) and sun-shaded (south-facing travertine) margins of Laguna Amarga, an alkaline lake from the semiarid region of the eastern Patagonian Andes (51°S).The travertines are composed of calcite + low-Mg calcite ± aragonite. Both exhibit similar sedimentological transitions along their longitudinal profiles. In the proximal zones, biologically-influenced carbonates form in wetland-like environments. Spherulitic calcite precipitates in association with extracellular polymeric substances in microbial biofilms containing cyanobacteria-like molds at the vent of the south-facing travertine, while aragonite spherulite formation at the north-facing travertine vent also involves sulfate-reducing bacteria, as indicated by their close association with framboidal pyrite. Downstream, in the intermediate and distal zones, crystalline dendrites predominantly precipitate due to increased turbulence-induced CO2 degassing.Both travertines share a similar range of carbonate 87Sr/86Sr composition (0.70720–0.70740) and isotopic signatures of the spring waters, including δ2H (ca. -110 ‰ VSMOW), δ18Owater (ca. -14 ‰ VSMOW) and δ13C-DIC (ca. -5 ‰ VPDB), suggesting common sources and processes influencing fluid composition. This points to the dissolution of carbonates from mudstone-rich marine units of the Lower Cretaceous (δ13C ca. -1 ‰ VPDB) and Upper Cretaceous (δ13C ca. -10 ‰ VPDB) during shallow subsurface circulation of meteoric waters through the bedrock. The carbon isotopic composition of the deposits resembles those of endogenic travertines (δ13Ctrav − 1.2 to 5.3 ‰ VPDB), with the highest δ13Ctrav values associated with carbonates from the vents. However, the involvement of deep CO2 sources is unclear and epigenic processes capable of producing the observed 13C enrichments are discussed.Despite their common sources, similar sedimentological features and δ18Otrav compositional range (−12.4 to −10.1 ‰ VPDB), the δ13Ctrav values are lower in the south-facing travertine (−1.2 to 1.9 ‰ VPDB) compared to the north-facing travertine (1.8 to 5.3 ‰ VPDB). This disparity is inferred to result from variations in local environmental conditions due to different levels of insolation, which favored the incorporation of soil-derived CO2 in the south-facing travertine and likely increased photosynthetic productivity in the north-facing travertine, thereby shifting their δ13Ctrav signatures to lower and higher values, respectively. These relationships highlight the sensitivity of low-temperature spring carbonates to subtle environmental changes at basin scales.

Effect of an 8-week hot spring water exercise program on body composition, knee isokinetic muscle function, range of motion, and the Korean Western Ontario and Mcmaster Universities index in middle-age females with osteoarthritis in Republic of Korea: experiment study

Effect of an 8-week hot spring water exercise program on body composition, knee isokinetic muscle function, range of motion, and the Korean Western Ontario and Mcmaster Universities index in middle-age females with osteoarthritis in Republic of Korea: experiment study

Natural deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of pesticides in drinking waters combined with GC-MS/MS detection

The current research aims to develop a new analytical method applying a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by vortex and using an environmentally friendly extractant for the preconcentration of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis. The extractant (i.e., natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)) is safe, cheap, biodegradable and can be prepared by simply mixing DL-menthol and decanoic acid (molar ratio 2:1). The main experimental factors affecting the extraction of all analytes evaluated (19 organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides) have been optimised using a multivariate analysis consisting in two steps: a Plackett-Burman design followed by a central composite design (CCD). Seven experimental factors have been evaluated: (i) sample volume; (ii) NADES volume; (iii) sample pH; (iv) extraction time; (v) centrifugation time; (vi) centrifugation speed; and (vii) ionic strength (NaCl %, w v−1). For the significant variables, the optimum values were 10 mL sample and 45 μL NADES. No pH adjustment as well as addition of NaCl were needed. The other variables were set at 3 min extraction time, 5 min centrifugation time and 900×g centrifugation speed, respectively. Under the optimised extraction conditions, the limit of quantification (LOQ) values ranged between 0.2 and 78 ng L−1 for all analysed pesticides. Furthermore, the proposed analytical method has been successfully applied to drinking water (bottled spring water). The recovery study (n = 3) has been evaluated at 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 μg L−1 spiking levels, obtaining relative recovery values within the range of 70 % and 117 % and RSD values between 1 % and 20 % for all the analytes studied, except for p,p-DDT (56–77 % in high conductivity water samples).

Eficacy of sulfurous water from Mangalia in Helicobacter Pylori infection: a clinical study

Mangalia balneary resort is situated in the south of the Black Sea and uses sulphurous water springs for rehabilitation therapy. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Mangalia sulphurous water on Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) infection. Considering that sulfurous water has a bacteriostatic effect and that most gastritis are caused by H. Pylori infection, we propose that a group of 27 H. Pylori positive patients with or without digestive symptoms ingest sulfurous water daily, for a few days. At the end of the study, 15 of the patients tested negative for H pylori antigen. The curative effects are due to the bacteriostatic effect of sulfurous water and its stimulating action on the digestive tube.

Multivariate Statistical Approach and Assessment of Pollution of Water and Sediments in Karstic Springs of Transboundary Aquifer Žumberak–Samoborsko Gorje Mountain (Croatia/Slovenia)

This study highlights the geochemistry of water and sediments of the karstic springs of the transboundary aquifer (TBA) Žumberak–Samoborsko Gorje Mt. (NW Croatia). After calculating pollution indices, the analysis showed that the sediments are unpolluted. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed only the elements Ba and Rb, indicating moderate levels of pollution, with the highest values in springs Vapnik and Bistrac. Statistical analysis confirmed their natural origin. The water of these springs is under possible anthropogenic influence as indicated by elevated concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). According to a principal component analysis (PCA) for elements in sediments, PC1 described a combined lithogenic and oxidative–reductive influence, PC2 described a combined geological background including total organic carbon (TOC) content and oxidative–reductive influence, while TOC had the greatest influence on PC3. Depending on element composition, the factor scores related to PC1 and PC2 resulted in two different groups of sites, while the factor scores concerning PC1 and PC3 did not show separation in two groups. The hierarchical cluster analysis showed three clusters in relation to the content of the elements. The correlation coefficient between the sediment and related water samples showed that the springs placed in a low-permeability formation (dolomite) had a strong positive coefficient of correlation.

Evaluation of potential human health risks associated with Li and their relationship with Na, K, Mg, and Ca in Romania's nationwide drinking water.

Increasing lithium (Li) demand worldwide due to its properties and role in renewable energy will raise water reservoir pollution and side effects on human health. Divergent results regarding Li concentration in water and affective disorders are found in the literature, which is why regional reports are expected. The present study evaluated the occurrence and human health risks resulting from oral exposure, respectively, and the relationship between alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) and minerals (Mg, Ca) in balanced purified water (bottled) and spring water. The ICP-MS technique was used to measure a national database with 53 bottled and 42 spring water samples randomly selected. One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and HCA analysis were applied to assess the possible relationship between metals in water. The possible side effects of Li poisoning of water resources on human health have been evaluated using the Estimated Daily Intake Index (EDI) and Total Hazard Quotient (THQ). The toxic metals (As, Hg, and Pb) were measured, and the results indicate values above the detection limit of 22.3% of samples in the case of lead but not exceeding the safety limits. Depending on the water sources, such as bottled and spring water, the Li concentration varied between 0.06-1,557 and 0.09-984% μg/L. We found a strong positive correlation between Li and Na and Mg, varying between bottled and spring waters (p% <%0.001). Li exceeded the limit set by the Health-Based Screening Level (HBSL) in 41.37 and 19% of bottled and spring water samples. The oral reference doses (p-RfDs) for the noncancer assessment of daily oral exposure effects for a human lifetime exceeded threshold values. The THQ index shows potential adverse health effects, requiring further investigations and remedial actions in 27.58% of approved bottled waters and 2.38% of spring waters. We can conclude that water is safe based on the Li concentration found in drinking water and supported by a gap in strict regulations regarding human Li ingestion. The present study can serve decision-makers and represent a starting database with metals of interest for further clinical studies. Decision-makers can also use it to find solutions for sustainable management of clean and safe drinking water.

Evolution Characteristics of Heilongtan Spring Discharge and Its Response Law to Precipitation in Lijiang City, China

The contradiction between water supply and spring preservation issues is becoming increasingly apparent as Lijiang City develops. An investigation into the dynamic variations in the discharge rate of Heilongtan Spring in Lijiang City and the response law between the water level of the spring and precipitation is crucial for safeguarding the landscape water of Heilongtan Spring. This study employed linear regression analysis, Mann–Kendall (MK) mutation test, wavelet analysis, and vector autoregression (VAR) to examine the fluctuating pattern of the Heilongtan Spring discharge and the response of the Heilongtan Spring water level to precipitation in Lijiang City. Furthermore, the study discussed the influence of human activities on the alteration of Heilongtan Spring. The results indicate that the mean discharge rate of Heilongtan Spring is 0.94 m3/s, with an annual variation of 0.05 m3/s. The time series analysis reveals that the variation pattern of Heilongtan Spring discharge aligns with the precipitation trend in Lijiang City. Nevertheless, there is a distinction between the timing of the Heilongtan Spring discharge station point and the precipitation mutation point in Lijiang City. The significant primary cycle of spring discharge change occurs every 18 months, with a cycle length of 12 months. The vector autoregression (VAR) model demonstrates a lagged relationship between the water level of Heilongtan Spring and the precipitation in Lijiang City. Specifically, the water level of Heilongtan Spring has a four-month lag response to precipitation variability in Lijiang City. The results can provide a beneficial reference for preserving spring water and managing regional water resources.

The Ecological Niches and Interspecific Associations of the Dominant Fishes in the Xiamen Seas, China

Fish are vital in enhancing the stability of marine ecosystems. Therefore, understanding the ecological niches and interspecific correlation characteristics of their dominant species provides a good scientific basis for the protection and management of marine biodiversity. In this study, on the basis of survey data from trawls conducted in the waters off Xiamen in the spring (April) and autumn (November) of 2021, the ecotopes and interspecies connectivity of the dominant fish species were investigated using the relative importance index (IRI), χ2 tests, the association coefficient (AC), and Pearson and Spearman analyses. According to the IRI, there were 23 fish species with higher values, including 15 species in spring and 15 species in autumn. The 15 dominant fish species could be subdivided into wide-, medium-, and narrow-ecotope species, of which there were 2 and 3 wide-ecotope types in spring and autumn. The niche overlap indices exhibited a range of 0.000–0.809 in the spring and 0.000–0.915 in the autumn, showing small differences between the two seasons. The interspecific correlations between the dominant fishes in Xiamen’s waters in spring and autumn were weak, and both showed non-significant positive correlations, indicating that the correlations between the dominant fishes in this sea area are relatively independent. The findings of this investigation provide a fundamental database and theoretical framework for researching the adaptive mechanisms of marine fish in the Xiamen Seas.

The presence of microplastics in Baran's newt (Neurergus barani Öz, 1994) and the spotted newt (Neurergus strauchii Steindachner, 1887).

Microplastics (MPs), tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size, have emerged as a common and worrying pollutant in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments worldwide. In this study, we revealed the microplastic exposure of two endemic newt species for Türkiye. We found that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was the predominant microplastic polymer type in both species, with the blue fiber shape in particular. We also found that there was a negative correlation between microplastic size and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) weight, but there was no significant difference between body length and GIT weight of both species. Our findings might be surprising as the studied species live in natural spring waters in remote, high-altitude areas. However, the detection of water bottles in their habitats appears to be the reason for their exposure to microplastic pollution. Therefore, reducing the use of single-use plastics is predicted to contribute to the conservation of these endemic newts.

Chemometric evaluation, source apportionment, and health risk analysis of natural spring water in Murree, outer Himalayas

IntroductionContamination of water is a critical threat to human health at a global level. Water pollutants, such as heavy metals, can have adverse effects on the well-being of humans, animals, and the natural ecosystem of a region. Study AreaMurree is the most visited tourist destination in Pakistan. The rural population of Murree uses natural spring water for drinking, household use, and irrigation. MethodsThis study assessed the elemental concentration of water from 20 natural springs in Murree using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Source apportionment and spatial distribution of heavy metals were assessed using statistical approaches such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and interpolation. The study assessed the quality of water for drinking and irrigation in Murree's natural spring water using the metal index, sodium absorption ratio, magnesium absorption ratio, percentage sodium, Kelly's ratio, and salinity hazard. The health risks associated with heavy metals were assessed by computing Average daily dose, Hazard quotient, Hazard Index, and Cancer Risk. ResultsThe mean concentration of metals in mgL-1 varied in the following order: Ca (51.23) > Na (22.3) > Mg (16.26) > Si (6.51) > K (1.59) > Se (1.17) > Sr (0.48) > Ba (0.209) > Al (0.060) > Li (0.015) > Zn (0.005) > Fe (0.0033) > Ni (0.0032) > Cr (0.001). Metal index was calculated for Al (0.3), Ba (0.29), Cr (0.024), Ni (0.14), Fe (0.004), Zn (0.002), Sr (0.07), Mg (0.32), and Ca (0.25), revealing low levels of metal pollution. The geology of the study area was identified as the primary source of heavy metals in the water. The estimated values of health hazards showed that ingestion is the primary exposure pathway, with children having a higher risk. The health hazards posed by the heavy metal contact from the waters of Murree are not alarming. Quality indices show that the irrigation water sourced from the natural springs is of satisfactory quality. ConclusionThe study concluded that the spring water of Murree has low concentrations of heavy metals; their concentration is dependent upon the geology of the study area and is good for drinking and irrigation.

The quality of the Zygmunt Spring water (southern Poland) – preliminary results

The quality of the Zygmunt Spring water (southern Poland) – preliminary results

Chemical and isotopic constraints on fluid origin and genesis of geothermal systems in the Tingri-Tangra Yumco rift, southern Tibetan Plateau

Numerous geothermal systems are hosted by extensional rifts that transect the Himalayas and Lhasa block in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. However, the relationships between hydrogeological processes and geothermal fluid circulation in different tectonic units remain unclear. Here, we report an integrated dataset of chemical and isotopic compositions (including major and trace elements, δD, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) of thermal spring water from the Tingri-Tangra Yumco rift to assess their origins and circulation processes. δ18O (− 21.3 to − 17.0‰) and δD (− 166 to − 135‰) values of thermal springs indicate dominant recharge of meteoric waters from areas with elevation of > 6000 m and minor addition of magmatic fluids. Meteoric water could infiltrate to depths of about 1700–2900 m along the faults, whereby it is influenced by geothermal gradient and/or conductive heat transfer of magmatic fluids. The thermal spring waters are mainly Na-HCO3 type and are controlled by dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals and mixing with deep fluids. The results of chemical and multicomponent geothermometers indicate reservoir temperatures of 115 − 195 ℃, corresponding to a convection heat flux of 3.96 × 105 J/s to 1.78 × 107 J/s from geothermal systems, which are comparable to that of the low-enthalpy geothermal systems in southern Italy. Geochemical modeling is conducted to assess the water–mineral equilibria in the reservoir. Trace elements and 87Sr/86Sr data suggest spatially variable controlling factors for the rift-related geothermal systems: (1) interaction with granitoid and carbonate in the Himalayas; (2) cold groundwater mixing with that leaching from granite and volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block; (3) the input of vapors from magmatic degassing. The geochemistry of thermal springs associated with extensional rift is largely induced by the interaction between fluid and different reservoir rocks in the Himalayas and Lhasa block. Based on these findings, a genetic model is proposed for exploration and development of geothermal resources in the Tingri-Tangra Yumco rift.

Springs of the Arabian Desert: Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of Abu Jir Springs, Central Iraq

The Arabian Desert is characterised by very low rainfall and high evaporation, yet over 210 springs are on its northeastern edge in central Iraq along the Abu Jir lineament, which represents the western depositional margin of a foreland basin infilled by the floodplain sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; there is little evidence of faulting. The springs discharge from gently east-dipping Paleocene–Eocene limestones, either where groundwater flowpaths intersect the ground surface or where groundwater flow is forced to the surface by confining aquitards. Calculated annual recharge to the aquifer system across the Arabian Desert plateau (130–500 million m3) is significant, largely due to rapid infiltration through karst dolines, such that karst porosity is the primary enabler of groundwater recharge. The recharge is enough to maintain flow at the Abu Jir springs, but active management of groundwater extraction for agriculture is required for their long-term sustainability. The hydrochemistry of the springs is determined by evaporation, rainfall composition (high SO4 concentrations are due to the dissolution of wind-blown gypsum in rainfall), and plant uptake of Ca and K (despite the sparse vegetation). Limestone dissolution has relatively little impact; many of the springs are undersaturated with respect to calcite and lack tufa/travertine deposits. The springs at Hit-Kubaysa contain tar and high levels of H2S that probably seeped upwards along subvertical faults from underlying oil reservoirs; this is the only location along the Abu Jir lineament where deep-seated faults penetrate to the surface. The presence of hydrocarbons reduces the Hit-Kubaysa spring water and converts the dissolved SO4 to H2S.

Changes in snow‐dominated streamflow quantity and timing following an extensive wildfire in British Columbia

AbstractThe length and frequency of extreme fire weather has increased across the globe in recent decades, with potential deleterious consequences to streamflow quantity, timing and quality. Changes in the hydrologic regime following wildfire can have substantial downstream consequences, affecting communities and ecosystems through flooding, erosion, loss of habitat and degraded water quality. While there are many studies that address post‐wildfire hydrology across the globe, there are few studies in the snow‐dominated regions. The 2017 Elephant Hill wildfire in south‐central BC burned across or adjacent to four watersheds with long‐term streamflow gauges providing a rare opportunity to evaluate hydrologic change. Several approaches were used to identify patterns of change following the wildfire, all of which suggest increased post‐fire flows. The before‐after‐control‐impact design showed significant increases in annual, spring and summer water yield from the small (49 km2) Arrowstone Creek watershed (30%, 21% and 86%, respectively). Significant increases in spring water yield were observed in the larger (5318 km2) Bonaparte River watershed (48%). Annual and summer water yield increased in the Bonaparte River (31% and 58%, respectively) but these changes were not statistically significant. In both the Bonaparte River and Arrowstone Creek, the onset of spring freshet (26 days earlier in both) was significantly advanced, however, the timing of maximum snowmelt discharge was significantly advanced (27 days earlier) only in Arrowstone Creek. Smaller changes were also observed in the reference watersheds; however, these were not statistically significant. The difference in results between the small and large watershed, as well as the effects of weather and watershed attributes, highlight the need for continued research into the relationships between wildfire and hydrologic regime across diverse landscapes.

53678 Comparative randomized split face clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerance of a serum containing Angiopausin and Avène Thermal Spring water in adult women with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

53678 Comparative randomized split face clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerance of a serum containing Angiopausin and Avène Thermal Spring water in adult women with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

Mineralisation controls for the diverse Cape manganese occurrences, South Africa

Abstract The Cape Fold Belt, comprising folded sedimentary sequences from predominantly the Palaeozoic Cape Supergroup, hosts a multitude of manganese occurrences and mineral deposits, many of which were subject to historical mining activity. Although size, grade and quality issues negate their modern-day exploitation for the steel-making process, the mechanisms by which Mn has enriched at these sites holds scientific value for our understanding of low-temperature Mn (bio-)geochemical cycling. Deposits located within the Cape Fold Belt comprise structure-hosted Mn deposits and a little described class of Mn mound deposits associated with chalybeate thermal springs (temperature = 41 to 48°C). Although the relationships between the two remain tenuous, detailed study of both classes provides insight into the conditions that favour Mn accumulation in the near-surface and sub-aerial environments. Comparisons between the physicochemistry of manganiferous- and non-manganiferous thermal springs suggest that manganese solubility is favoured by warm, acidic and slightly reducing fluids with elevated salinity. Transport, and associated fluid focusing typically within highly permeable sandstone units, serves to locate Mn mineralisation in near-surface structurally-complex trap sites that provide both accommodation space and conditions that are sufficiently oxidising. Where manganiferous spring waters spill out at surface, oxidation is caused by contact with atmospheric O2 to form Mn mound deposits, and ambient Mn-oxidising microbiota (e.g., genus Ramlibacter, and members of Burkholderiales, Rhodocyclaceae, and Oxalobacteraceae) are likely to play a role in enhancing the kinetics of this process. Relative to the structure-hosted deposits, these Mn mound deposits are typically lower grade (higher iron content) and relatively friable (high porosity and fine grain sizes). Supergene and diagenetic processes can lead to localised upgrade of the Mn mound material, although typically not to ore grade.

52888 Tolerance and efficacy of a serum containing Angiopausin and Thermal Spring water in adults with rosacea

52888 Tolerance and efficacy of a serum containing Angiopausin and Thermal Spring water in adults with rosacea