Water-soluble Phosphate Research Articles

Characteristics of Processing Water-Soluble Crystals

Method of processing water-soluble potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP, KH2PO4) crystal is presented in this article. Diamond wire cutting machine “RTS 440“ was used for cutting. Only one of cutting parameters – vertical feed rate of diamond wire – was varied during experiments. Other cutting parameters (speed and strain of wire, cutting method, cutting angle) were constant. Original kerosene cooling system was designed and produced. Results are presented as graphs of dependence of arithmetic average surface profile deviation Ra of KDP and cutting time on vertical feed rate. Optimal interval of feed rates was obtained.

Analogs of the ATP-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Opener Cromakalim with in Vivo Ocular Hypotensive Activity.

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers have emerged as potential therapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma, lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in animal models and cultured human anterior segments. We have prepared water-soluble phosphate and dipeptide derivatives of the KATP channel opener cromakalim and evaluated their IOP lowering capabilities in vivo. In general, the phosphate derivatives proved to be more chemically robust and efficacious at lowering IOP with once daily dosing in a normotensive mouse model. Two of these phosphate derivatives were further evaluated in a normotensive rabbit model, with a significant difference in activity observed. No toxic effects on cell structure or alterations in morphology of the aqueous humor outflow pathway were observed after treatment with the most efficacious compound, (3S,4R)-2, suggesting that it is a strong candidate for development as an ocular hypotensive agent.

Controllable Construction of Biocompatible Supramolecular Micelles and Vesicles by Water-Soluble Phosphate Pillar[5,6]arenes for Selective Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery

The controllable construction of biocompatible supramolecular nanocarriers with different morphologies based on dynamic noncovalent interactions to achieve selective delivery of drugs with different properties remains highly challenging. We herein report controllable construction of two types of supramolecular nanocarriers based on biocompatible water-soluble phosphate-based pillar[5]arene (WP5P) or pillar[6]arene (WP6P) with pyridinium bromide guest G for the selective anticancer drug delivery. Solid supramolecular micelles could be obtained by the amphiphilic host–guest inclusion complex formed from WP5P and G, whereas hollow supramolecular vesicles were acquired from WP6P and G. Both of them showed pH- and Zn2+-responsiveness. Furthermore, the resulting solid micelles were able to encapsulate hydrophobic anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) to achieve DOX-loaded micelles, while hydrophilic anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MTZ) could be successfully loaded into the hollow vesicles. Additionally, the encapsula...

Foam dried composite glass: An alternative to lyophilization for stability enhancement of bendamustine hydrochloride

Bendamustine hydrochloride, a thermolabile biopharmaceutical, in lyophilized form is unsteady proving difficult to maintain activity and shelf life. To counterbalance the thermo-fragile nature of this product and eliminate limitations of lyophilization an alternative method with rational selection of stabilizers is developed. The present research work was aimed to screen sugar-phosphate composite mixtures to enhance storage stability of drug using evaporative foam drying. The effect of foaming agents and their strengths, pH and temperature on product features were investigated. The physicochemical stability of products prepared using sugars, polymer and inorganic water soluble phosphates alone and in combination was studied. The products were characterized for residual moisture, reconstitution time and drug content. The amount of drug retained after processing and at storage was analyzed by HPLC. Foam dried products were tested for short term stability as per ICH guidelines for biologicals. Pluronic® F108 at 0.6% exhibited optimum foamability. Foams were stable at 0.4% polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30. The enhancement in drug stability by evaporative foam drying attributed to electrostatic interaction between protonable groups of drug and deprotonable groups of composite stabilizer mixture during dehydration. The processing and storage stability of drug in composite glass was superior at normal storage. Proper selection of stabilizers for this technique is a key to successful stabilization of drug at ambient temperatures without loss of their activity during shipping and storage without refrigeration. Keywords:.

Lipid-lowering Activity of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Sterols and Stanols.

Consumption of plant sterols/ stanols has long been demonstrated to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the lipid-lowering activity and anti-atherogenic effects of natural and semi-synthetic plant sterols/ stanols based on evidence from cell-culture studies, animal studies and clinical trials. Additionally, this review highlights certain molecular mechanisms by which plant sterols/ stanols lower plasma cholesterol levels with a special emphasis on factors that affect the cholesterol-lowering activity of plant sterols/stanols. The crystalline nature and the poor oil solubility of these natural products could be important factors that limit their cholesterol-lowering efficiency. Several attempts have been made to improve the cholesterol-lowering activity by enhancing the bioavailability of crystalline sterols and stanols. Approaches involved reduction of the crystal size and/or esterification with fatty acids from vegetable or fish oils. However, the most promising approach in this context is the chemical modification of plant sterols /stanols into water soluble disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphates analogue by esterification with ascorbic acid. This novel semi-synthetic stanol derivative has improved efficacy over natural plant sterols/ stanols and can provide additional benefits by combining the cholesterol-lowering properties of plant stanols with the antioxidant potential of ascorbic acid. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.

The vascular disrupting activity of OXi8006 in endothelial cells and its phosphate prodrug OXi8007 in breast tumor xenografts

This study describes the vascular disrupting ability and the mechanism of action of the indole-based tubulin-binding compound, OXi8006, and its water-soluble phosphate prodrug OXi8007. Treatment of rapidly proliferating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), used as a model for the tumor vasculature, with OXi8006 or OXi8007, caused potent microtubule disruption followed by extensive reorganization of the cytoskeletal network. The mechanism of action involved an increase in focal adhesion formation associated with an increase in phosphorylation of both non-muscle myosin light chain and focal adhesion kinase. These effects were dramatically diminished by an inhibitor of RhoA kinase, a downstream effector of RhoA. Cell cycle blockade at G2/M and cytotoxicity toward rapidly proliferating HUVECs were also observed. Capillary-like networks of HUVECs were disrupted by the action of both OXi8006 and OXi8007. The prodrug OXi8007 exhibited potent and rapid dose-dependent antivascular activity assessed by dynamic bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in an MDA-MB-231-luc breast cancer xenograft mouse model. By 6 hours post treatment, over 93% of the BLI signal was abolished with only a slight recovery at 24 hours. These findings were confirmed by histology. The results from this study demonstrate that OXi8007 is a potent vascular disrupting agent acting through an anti-microtubule mechanism involving RhoA.

Content and distribution of different phosphorus forms in broiler chickens.

To understand the background value of phosphorus in chickens, the quantitative distribution of different phosphorus forms, including total phosphorus (TP), free phosphate (FP) and phospholipid (PL), in viscera, blood and bones of broiler chickens was investigated. Results showed that phosphorus contents exhibited significant differences in different parts of chickens. TP content of breast and thigh meat was over 5.0 g/kg, in which most of the phosphorus was in the form of water-soluble phosphates. TP content in viscera was higher than that in meat, and spleen was observed to contain the highest amount of phosphorus (10.0 g/kg). In all tested organs, FP and PL contents in liver were the highest, ranging between 1207-1989 and 81-369 mg/kg respectively. TP content in chicken bone was in the range of 52,716-136,643 mg/kg, and FP content in the bone was relatively lower than that in chicken meat.

Measurement and Analysis of Calcium Content in Wild Chinese Dwarf Cherry (<em>Prunus humilis</em>) Fruits by Inductively Coupled Plasma-optical Emission Spectrometer

Different forms of calcium in wild Chinese dwarf cherry (Prunus humilis) fruits (two genotypes, small- fruit-type and big-fruit-type) were sequential extracted and measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The calcium content variation after postharvest storage was also studied, to provide the theory basis for the active nutritional ingredient evaluation of Chinese dwarf cherry (Prunus humilis). The results showed that, wild Chinese dwarf cherry (Prunus humilis) fruits in mature stage were rich in calcium nutrition element and mainly composed by water soluble calcium and calcium phosphate which absorbable to human. Absorbable calcium (including water soluble calcium and calcium phosphate) content in small-fruit-type (63.79%) was significantly higher than that of big-fruit-type (54.97%). After postharvest storage, the water soluble calcium content was increased while the calcium pectate and calcium oxalate content dropped. Especially to the big- fruit-type, the absorbable calcium content increased to 75.49% compared with just picking 54.97% (small-fruit-type increased from 63.79% to 68.86%). The study suggested that Chinese dwarf cherry (Prunus humilis) was a natural and biological calcium supplement to people; meanwhile, small-fruit-type was more suitable, especially after postharvest storage.

Determination of water-soluble phosphate content of soil using heterogeneous exchange reaction with 32P radioactive tracer

The nutrient uptake by plants is significantly influenced by the quantity of phosphate in the soil solution. Optimal fertilization rate demands the determination of water soluble phosphate quantity, the rate of desorption and phosphate exchange between the soil and soil solution at steady state. The aim of this paper was to determine the ratio of water-soluble/exchangeable to mineralized/organic phosphate after incubation of the soil with different phosphate quantities. The sorption process of phosphate on soil was studied by heterogeneous isotope exchange using a radioactive isotope of phosphorous. Using the correct mathematical analysis of the kinetics of heterogeneous isotope exchange, the rate of phosphate exchange was established under steady state condition. The distribution of radioactivity in equilibrium provided information on the reversibility or irreversibility of phosphate sorption. The results revealed that during a relatively short incubation period, the water-soluble/exchangeable phosphorous quantity, namely the portion of phosphate which can easily be taken up by plants, was proportional to the added phosphorous quantity. The tightly sorbed phosphorous quantity, however, reached a limit, suggesting that the reactants leading to tight sorption are consumed. The exchange rate of phosphorous between the soil and the solution was found to be proportional to the phosphorous quantity in the soil solution, showing that the rate-determining step of the heterogeneous isotope exchange process was the diffusion of phosphate ions.

Biotransformed product, genistein 7-O-phosphate, enhances the oral bioavailability of genistein

Research has indicated the health beneficial effects of soyfoods. Genistein, one of the primary bioactive agents in soybeans, has a number of pharmacological and biological activities; however, its low water solubility and low intestinal permeability may lead to the depletion of genistein absorption from dietary intake and contribute to its poor oral bioavailability. Previous study revealed a water-soluble phosphate conjugate of genistein, genistein 7-O-phosphate (G7P), generated by biotransformation of Bacillus subtilis var. natto BCRC80517 with genistein. This study aimed to investigate the dissolution profile, intestinal permeability and oral bioavailability of genistein and G7P. G7P improved water solubility and also enhanced intestinal permeability in vitro and in situ, and greatly increased plasma exposure to genistein after oral administration in rats. The aqueous solubility of genistein is the absorption barrier to its oral bioavailability. G7P may be a promising and efficient alternative to genistein.

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH2PO4, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl2, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP+OA, and the TCLP-Pb was <5mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was <5mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.

Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel thioether pleuromutilin derivatives as potent antibacterial agents.

A series of novel thioether pleuromutilin derivatives incorporating various heteroaromatic substituents into the C14 side chain have been reported. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies resulted in compounds 52 and 55 with the most potent in vitro antibacterial activity among the series (MIC = 0.031-0.063 μg/mL). Further optimization to overcome the poor water solubility of compound 55 resulted in compounds 87, 91, 109, and 110 possessing good in vitro antibacterial activity with increased hydrophilicity. Compound 114, the water-soluble phosphate prodrug of compound 52, was also prepared and evaluated. Among the derivatives, compound 110 showed moderate pharmacokinetic profiles and good in vivo efficacy in both MSSA and MRSA systemic infection models. Compound 110 was further evaluated in CYP450 inhibition assay and displayed intermediate in vitro inhibition of CYP3A4.

Characterization of Inorganic Elements in Woody Biomass Bottom Ash from a Fixed-bed Combustion System, a Downdraft Gasifier and a Wood Pellet Burner by Fractionation

The direct combustion of biomass residues produces large quantities of bottom ash. Environmental sustainable management requires that ash recycling should be carried out whenever possible. Suitable applications of bottom ash are based predominantly on its chemical properties. The presence of major ash forming and trace elements along with other intrinsic properties unique to bottom ash, suggest its potential as a soil additive. But, ash quality must be of a high standard to prevent environmental pollution. This comparative study characterizes bottom ash obtained from three types of bioenergy systems - a fixed-bed boiler, a downdraft gasifier and a wood pellet burner. The chemical properties were analyzed and discussed for each bottom ash, together with their respective particle fractions that were obtained by sieving. The pH of the starting ash samples for the gasifier, boiler and pellet burner were 10.36, 12.49 and 13.46, respectively. Ni with a concentration of 229 mg/kg in the pellet burner ash, exceeded the maximum limit for soil amendments (in British Columbia, Canada) within the particle size fraction ? 850 µm but < 2000. All samples were significantly enriched in both Ca (50-61%) and K (10-26%). The elements Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, P and Na each contributed 10% or less to the inorganic portion of the ash. Concentrations of inorganic contents varied with particle size. Water soluble phosphates were very low in the samples. The results suggest that size fraction separation can be a useful method to isolate fractions containing higher (or lower) amounts of some metals. This method may be a useful technique for managing ash that contains elements exceeding environmental limits.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Sources and Application Time on Grain Yield and Nutrient Composition of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp)

The appropriate time to apply water-soluble phosphate fertilizer sources for the production of cowpea (IT84E-2246-4) was evaluated in an Oxic Paleustalf at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. Cowpea growth and yield were significantly improved by single superphosphate (SSP) and triple superphosphate (TSP), each applied to supply 45 kg P2O5.ha . The increase in vegetative growth and nodulation enhanced earliness to flowering and the combined effects produced significantly higher grain yield from TSP and SSP compared to NPK 15-15-15 and the control (0kg P.ha) treatments. P fertilizer applied at sowing enhanced early vegetative growth and produced the highest number of nodules, flowers and pods.plant which ensured significantly higher grain yield than withholding the application till 3 and 5 weeks after sowing. The low grain yields obtained from application of P fertilizer at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing were not significantly different which favour applying P fertilizer at sowing time as the recommended practice. Original Research Article American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(12): 1517-1525, 2014 1518

The evolution of autotrophy in relation to phosphorus requirement

The evolution of autotrophy is considered in relation to the availability of phosphorus (P), the ultimate elemental resource limiting biological productivity through Earth's history. Work on microbes and plants is emphasized, dealing in turn with the main uses for P in cells, namely nucleic acids, phospholipids, and water-soluble low molecular mass phosphate esters plus metabolically active inorganic orthophosphate. There is a greater minimum gene number and minimum DNA content in autotrophic than in osmochemoorganotrophic archaea and bacteria, as well as a lower rate of biomass increase per unit P (P-use efficiency) in autotrophs than in osmochemoorganotrophs, in eukaryotes as well as bacteria. This may be due to the diversion of rRNA from producing proteins common to all organisms to producing highly expressed proteins specific to autotrophs. The P requirement for phospholipids is decreased in oxygenic photolithotrophs, and some anoxygenic photolithotrophs, by substituting galactolipids and sulpholipids for phospholipids in the photosynthetic, and some other, membranes. The six different autotrophic inorganic carbon assimilation pathways have varying requirements for low molecular mass water-soluble phosphate esters. In oxygenic photolithotrophs, there is no clear evidence of a different P requirement for growth in the absence (diffusive CO2 entry) relative to the presence of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). P limitation increases the expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in facultative CAM plants, decreases the extent of inorganic carbon accumulation in algae with CCMs, and (usually) their inorganic carbon affinity and the water-use efficiency of growth of terrestrial plants, and the light-use efficiency of photolithotrophs.

Synthesis of a 2-Aryl-3-aroyl Indole Salt (OXi8007) Resembling Combretastatin A-4 with Application as a Vascular Disrupting Agent

The natural products colchicine and combretastatin A-4 are potent inhibitors of tubulin assembly, and they have inspired the design and synthesis of a large number of small-molecule, potential anticancer agents. The indole-based molecular scaffold is prominent among these SAR modifications, leading to a rapidly increasing number of agents. The water-soluble phosphate prodrug 33 (OXi8007) of 2-aryl-3-aroylindole-based phenol 8 (OXi8006) was prepared by chemical synthesis and found to be strongly cytotoxic against selected human cancer cell lines (GI₅₀ = 36 nM against DU-145 cells, for example). The free phenol, 8 (OXi8006), was a strong inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 1.1 μM) of tubulin assembly. The corresponding phosphate prodrug 33 (OXi8007) also demonstrated pronounced interference with tumor vasculature in a preliminary in vivo study utilizing a SCID mouse model bearing an orthotopic PC-3 (prostate) tumor as imaged by color Doppler ultrasound. The combination of these results provides evidence that the indole-based phosphate prodrug 33 (OXi8007) functions as a vascular disrupting agent that may prove useful for the treatment of cancer.

Synthesis of structurally diverse benzosuberene analogues and their biological evaluation as anti-cancer agents

Diversely functionalized, fused aryl–alkyl ring systems hold a prominent position as well-established molecular frameworks for a variety of anti-cancer agents. The benzosuberene (6,7 fused, also referred to as dihydro-5H-benzo[7]annulene and benzocycloheptene) ring system has emerged as a valuable molecular core component for the development of inhibitors of tubulin assembly, which function as antiproliferative anti-cancer agents and, in certain cases, as vascular disrupting agents (VDAs). Both a phenolic-based analogue (known as KGP18, compound 39) and its corresponding amine-based congener (referred to as KGP156, compound 45), which demonstrate strong inhibition of tubulin assembly (low micromolar range) and potent cytotoxicity (picomolar range for KGP18 and nanomolar range for KGP156) are noteworthy examples of such benzosuberene-based compounds. In order to extend the structure–activity relationship (SAR) knowledge base related to benzosuberene anti-cancer agents, a series of eleven analogues (including KGP18) were prepared in which the methoxylation pattern on the pendant aryl ring as well as functional group incorporation on the fused aryl ring were varied. The synthetic approach to these compounds featured a sequential Wittig olefination, reduction, Eaton’s reagent-mediated cyclization strategy to achieve the core benzosuberone intermediate, and represented a higher-yielding synthesis of KGP18 (which we prepared previously through a ring-expansion strategy). Incorporation of a fluorine or chlorine atom at the 1-position of the fused aryl ring or replacement of one of the methoxy groups with hydrogen (on the pendant aryl ring of KGP18) led to benzosuberene analogues that were both strongly inhibitory against tubulin assembly (IC50 approximately 1.0μM) and strongly cytotoxic against selected human cancer cell lines (for example, GI50=5.47nM against NCI-H460 cells with fluoro-benzosuberene analogue 37). A water-soluble phosphate prodrug salt of KGP18 (referred to as KGP265, compound 44) and a water-soluble serinamide salt (compound 48) of KGP156 were also synthesized and evaluated in this study.

English

Phosphorus is a critical nutrient for crop production. The soil phosphorus deficit in sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most important constraints on crop productions. Resulting from the high phosphorus fixation capacities of highly weathered acidic soil coupled with the relatively low total phosphorus, the impact of this deficit is particularly pronounced in the case of rice cultivation. Phosphate rock is a promising alternative to water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers, but its low solubility has so far prevented its widespread adoption in the region. This study examined the results of a direct application effect of phosphate rock produced in Burkina Faso phosphate rock (BPR) on rice yields in on-farm trials conducted in the Guinea savannah and Equatorial forest zones, and on a phosphate rock decision support system (PRDSS) model. We initially hypothesized that BPR direct application will show little effect on rice yield due to its low solubility as same as previous studies. However, our study found that direct application of BPR has an effect on rice grain yield comparable to that of chemical water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, although according to PRDSS simulations, direct application of BPR had little effect compared to the effect of water-soluble phosphate fertilizers. The recognition of BPR effect on rice yield can enhance rice cultivation along with the aspect of usage of indigenous phosphorus resource in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Phosphate rock, direct application, phosphate rock decision support system (PRDSS), lowland rice, Ghana.

Abstract 2475: Design and development of combretastatin based unsymmetrical terphenyls as small molecule antimitotic agents.

Abstract The microtubule system of the eukaryotic cell plays indispensable role in the process of separating duplicated chromosomes before the cell division. Due to this essential function, they have been an important target for the development of cancer therapeutics. Several natural products such as Taxol, Vinca alkaloids, colchicine and their synthetic analogues that target microtubules have been used to treat several malignancies. However, cancer cells develop resistance to several of these agents by altering drug transporters and signaling pathways. Recently, combretastatins (CA) a group of diarylstilbenes isolated originally from stem wood of the South African tree Combretum caffrum have received much attention due to their potent anticancer activity against wide variety of human cancers including those that are multidrug resistant. These molecules specifically bind to the colchicine-binding site of the tubulins and prevent their polymerization required for the mitotic tubule formation thus possesses anti-proliferative and antivascular activities. A water soluble disodium phosphate derivative of CA has shown promising results in clinical trials of several malignancies, thus stimulating significant interest in a variety of CA analogues. However, the cis configuration of CA favors to form thermodynamically more stable trans isomer during storage and administration, producing a dramatic reduction in both tubulin binding and antiproliferative activities. Considering these limitations, we designed and synthesized a series of 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-2-phenylbiphenyl derivatives as cis-restricted CA analogues and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity, inhibitory effects on tubulin polymerization, cell cycle effects and apoptosis induction. Moreover, we adopted a novel strategy to synthesize these low molecular weight unsymmetrical terphenyls by a new synthetic methodology using Suzuki coupling in a one pot operation without isolating the biaryls intermediate. A majority of these compounds demonstrated significant anti-proliferative activity against most of the cell lines tested including that are multi-drug resistant. Interestingly, some of these compounds elicited DNA damage response in a dose dependent manner. Specifically, the compounds with acetamido and acetyl functional groups exhibited significant inhibitory activities in tubulin polymerization and growth inhibition. Consistent with their FACS profiles, Immunocytochemistry and biochemical analysis revealed loss of intact microtubule structure, up regulation of cyclin B1 and aurora kinase B mRNA levels, corresponding to growth arrest in the G2/M. More importantly, our one pot synthesis strategy of unsymmetrical terphenyls of this structural class paves the way for design and development of novel anticancer agents. Citation Format: Surendra Reddy Punganuru, Sadanandam Palle, Kaushlendra Tripathi, Komaraiah Palle. Design and development of combretastatin based unsymmetrical terphenyls as small molecule antimitotic agents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2475. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2475

Studies of Inorganic Anions at Different Depth of Agriculture Soil and its correlation with Ground Water Pollution

The present research study has been conducted in the vicinity of industrial city, Kota in Rajasthan where six agriculture fields ,two each of paddy, soyabean and wheat crops were selected for analysis work.. Chemical fertilizers applied in these fields were mainly urea, diammonium phosphate, zinc sulphate and potassium chloride. Soil samples have been collected from every field at various depths prior to and after the crop as well as during the crop growth pH, E.Ce. and water soluble Nitrate (NO3 - ), Chloride (Cl - ), Sulphate (SO4 2- ) and Phosphate (PO4 3- ) were estimated in all collected samples. An effort has been made to find the change in soil characteristic of the field before and after the crop. Ground water quality of rural areas of four major district that is Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar of Hadoti region of Rajasthan were also assessed to find out correlation between leaching of anions and water pollution.