Abstract
The direct combustion of biomass residues produces large quantities of bottom ash. Environmental sustainable management requires that ash recycling should be carried out whenever possible. Suitable applications of bottom ash are based predominantly on its chemical properties. The presence of major ash forming and trace elements along with other intrinsic properties unique to bottom ash, suggest its potential as a soil additive. But, ash quality must be of a high standard to prevent environmental pollution. This comparative study characterizes bottom ash obtained from three types of bioenergy systems - a fixed-bed boiler, a downdraft gasifier and a wood pellet burner. The chemical properties were analyzed and discussed for each bottom ash, together with their respective particle fractions that were obtained by sieving. The pH of the starting ash samples for the gasifier, boiler and pellet burner were 10.36, 12.49 and 13.46, respectively. Ni with a concentration of 229 mg/kg in the pellet burner ash, exceeded the maximum limit for soil amendments (in British Columbia, Canada) within the particle size fraction ? 850 µm but < 2000. All samples were significantly enriched in both Ca (50-61%) and K (10-26%). The elements Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, P and Na each contributed 10% or less to the inorganic portion of the ash. Concentrations of inorganic contents varied with particle size. Water soluble phosphates were very low in the samples. The results suggest that size fraction separation can be a useful method to isolate fractions containing higher (or lower) amounts of some metals. This method may be a useful technique for managing ash that contains elements exceeding environmental limits.
Highlights
The employment of wood combustion technologies have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of woody-biomass residues for energy production
It was observed that the pH increased for all ash samples as the particle size fraction decreased, with the exception of the particle size fractions < 150 μm for the for BA
The increase in pH may have been due to the increase in concentrations of the alkali earth metals as the particle size fractions decreased potentially leading to higher concentrations base-forming metal salts
Summary
The employment of wood combustion technologies have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of woody-biomass residues for energy production. A disadvantage of using biomass for energy production is that large amounts of residual ash are generated (Dahl, Nurmesniemi, Poykio, & Watkins, 2010). Ash from these combustion processes vary in quality depending on the fuel type, operating conditions of the system and the type of combustion system (Obernberger, Biedermann, Widmann, & Riedl, 1997). Biomass ash should be recycled whenever possible, but large amounts of wood ash are typically landfilled (Picco, February 2010) Countries such as Sweden and the United States of America (USA) use landfills to dispose majority of their ash (Clarholm, 1994; Vance, 1996; Demeyer, Voundi-Nkana, & Velow, 2001). Until adequate research is carried out the majority of ash generated in B.C. may be limited to landfilling or other uses outside of soil applications
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