Water Ozone Research Articles

Sorption of the Main Dose-forming Radionuclides of Nuclear Power Plants Drain Water on Natural Bentonite in the Process of their Co-ozonation

The article presents the general pattern of the combined process of oxidative decomposition of organic components of simulated nuclear power plant (NPP) drain water and sorption interaction of the imitators of main dose-forming radionuclides (Cs – radiolabel for 137Cs; stable isotopes of Co, Sr, Mn salts) on natural bentonites from the Cherkasy deposit in presence of sorption-reagent compounds — iron (II) and manganese (II) salts. Hydroxides, oxyhydroxides and oxides of Fe and Mn formed during ozonation are predominantly localized on the surface of bentonite. The chemical composition of the main elements of bentonite after drain water ozonation with the addition of iron and manganese salts remains almost the same as that of natural bentonite. The phase composition of bentonite is presented by the main rock-forming mineral montmorillonite and secondary mineral quartz. The iron-containing phases of the ozonised bentonite are Fe(II)- Fe(III) layered double hydroxides (Green Rust), goethite α-FeOOH and magnetite Fe3O4, and the manganese-containing phases are hausemannite Mn3O4, manganese oxide (II) and manganese oxyhydroxide MnO(OH)2. The iron- and manganese-containing phases deposited on the bentonite surface during ozonation are predominantly weakly crystallized or amorphized structures. At the concentration of salts of iron (50 mg/dm3) and manganese (100 mg/dm3) in the drain water, the specific surface area of bentonites with the formed layer of iron and manganese hydroxides, (oxy)hydroxides and oxides increases compared to natural bentonite (34.2 m2/g) and equals to 55 and 51 m2/g, respectively. The degree of radionuclide removal during ozonationof the simulated solution with the initial concentration of cations (Fe2+ — 5 mg/dm3; Mn2+ —10 mg/dm3; Ca2+ — 5 mg/dm3) in the presence of natural bentonite is 137Cs — 78% ± 2%, Sr2+ —97.55% ± 1%, Co2+ — 96.5% ± 1%, Mn2+ — 99.7% ± 0.5%. To preserve the efficiency of 137Cs and Co2+ radionuclide removal, the initial concentration of cations in the solution can be increased to the following values: Fe2+ — 50 mg/dm3, Mn2+ — 100 mg/dm3, Ca2+ — 50 mg/dm3, and to: Fe2+ —500 mg/dm3, Mn2+ — 1,000 mg/dm3, Ca2+ — 500 mg/dm3 for Sr2+ and Mn2+ removal.

MICROPROCESSOR-BASED AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

Automated control systems for water treatment processes at agricultural enterprises or agro-industrial complex are made using imported digital microprocessor devices. They, in comparison with electromechanical means, have the versatility and simplicity of operational programming of the logical part required, for example, when changing the algorithms of a technological installation or electric drive. Strict control and restrictions applied by unfriendly exporters to domestic consumers of these products force developers and designers to abandon non-constructive interactions, while achieving the necessary results in solving emerging problems. (Research purpose) The research purpose is creating an automated system for managing the processes of water treatment using microprocessor-based programmable technical means of domestic manufacturers and developing the recommendations on the selection of the type and programming of the controller in the operation of water ozonation. (Materials and methods) The article presents the scheme and the logical part of the automated control of pumping units based on programmable logic controllers of domestic manufacturers. (Results and discussion) The article presents the features of the logical part of the system in the CoDeSys environment using libraries of standard functional blocks. Time intervals were chosen, and the procedure for setting up virtual proportional-integral-differentiating regulators set by programmable logic controllers and determining the properties and indicators of ozone concentration during water disinfection are presented. (Conclusions) The emulation of the proposed options confirmed the stability of the system with the necessary regulation parameters. After checking and configuring the program, the program code is copied into the logical controller. Programming of logic controllers for other operations is performed in a similar way.

A Brief Study on the Achievement of Syukuro Manabe, Awardee of 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics

Manabe Syukuro is well known as a father of climate modeling. He and his colleagues have achieved several important milestones in the research on global warming. In this article, two highly advanced subjects are described. In the early 1960s, he developed a radiative-convective model of the atmosphere and explored the role of greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone in maintaining and changing the thermal structure of the atmosphere. His study was the beginning of long-term research on global warming. In 1969, Manabe and Bryan published the first results from a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (OAGCM). However, this model used a highly idealized continent-ocean configuration. Results from the first coupled OAGCM with more realistic configurations were published in 1975, which eventually became a very powerful tool for the simulation of global warming.

Life cycle assessment of plant cell cultures

A novel food such as plant cell culture (PCC) is an important complementary asset for traditional agriculture to tackle global food insecurity. To evaluate environmental impacts of PCC, a life cycle assessment was applied to tobacco bright yellow-2 and cloudberry PCCs. Global warming potential (GWP), freshwater eutrophication potential (FEUP), marine eutrophication potential, terrestrial acidification potential (TAP), stratospheric ozone depletion, water consumption and land use were assessed. The results showed particularly high contributions (82–93%) of electricity consumption to GWP, FEUP and TAP. Sensitivity analysis indicated that using wind energy instead of the average Finnish electricity mix reduced the environmental impacts by 34–81%. Enhancement in the energy efficiency of bioreactor mixing processes and reduction in cultivation time also effectively improved the environmental performance (4–47% reduction of impacts). In comparison with other novel foods, the environmental impacts of the PCC products studied were mostly comparable to those of microalgae products but higher than those of microbial protein products produced by autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Assayed fresh PCC products were similar or close to GWP of conventionally grown food products and, with technological advancements, can be highly competitive.

Performance Assessment of Global Horizontal Irradiance Models in All-Sky Conditions

Solar irradiance models contribute to mitigating the lack of measurement data at a ground station. Conventionally, the models relied on physical calculations or empirical correlations. Recently, machine learning as a sophisticated statistical method has gained popularity due to its accuracy and potential. While some studies compared machine learning models with other models, a study has not yet been performed that compares them side-by-side to assess their performance using the same datasets in different locations. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the accuracy of three representative models for estimating solar irradiance using atmospheric variables measurement and cloud amount derived from satellite images as the input parameters. Based on its applicability and performance, this study selected the fast all-sky radiation model for solar applications (FARMS) derived from the radiative transfer approach, the Hammer model that simplified atmospheric correlation, and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model specialized in sequential datasets. Global horizontal irradiance (GHI) data were modeled for five distinct locations in South Korea and compared with hourly measurement data of two years to yield the error metrics. When identical input parameters were used, LSTM outperformed the FARMS and the Hammer model in terms of relative root mean square difference (rRMSD) and relative mean bias difference (rMBD). Training an LSTM model using the input parameters of FARMS, such as ozone, nitrogen, and precipitable water, yielded more accurate results than using the Hammer model. The result shows unbiased and accurate estimation with an rRMSD and rMBD of 23.72% and 0.14%, respectively. Conversely, the FARMS has a faster processing speed and does not require significant data to make a fair estimation.

Degradation of Imidacloprid Residue on Red Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) by Advanced Oxidation Processes and Analysis using Spectrophotometer and HPLC

The insecticide imidacloprid (C9H10ClN5O2) common used by farmers to control pests on red tomato plants, is a dangerous substance classified as a Class II toxic. The imidacloprid residue in red tomatoes enters the body, it will lead to health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of imidacloprid residue that can be degraded using the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) method, which includes sonolysis, sonozolysis, ozonolysis, ozone water, and the effect of various parameters. Processing time, water volume, and red tomato mass were the test parameters studied. The change in imidacloprid residue concentration during the degradation process was measured using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (double beam) with a wavelength of 200-400 nm and HPLC with mobile phase composition used was acetonitrile/water (65:35 v/v). With a processing time of 10 minutes, the imidacloprid residue in red tomatoes can be degraded 57.38% by sonozonolysis, 63.51 % by sonolysis, 85.17 % by ozonolysis, and 88.76 % by ozone water. The imidacloprid residue in 75 g of red tomatoes could be removed as much as 91.65% by treating with ozone water for 15 minutes. HPLC analysis showed that no intermediate compounds were detected in the imidacloprid residue degradation process in red tomatoes.

The Chlorine Reduction in Edamame by Water-Ozonated Minimally Process

The objective of this article was to study the effect of washing edamame using ozonated water to reduce residual chlorine contained in edamame through a continuous washing process. Chlorine residue in edamame was caused by the use of fertilizers and pesticides that contain chlorine compounds. The research method used was descriptive explanatory research consist of two treatment levels of ozonation time (0, 10, and 15 minutes) and ozone contact time (0, 12, 18, and 24 minutes) which were repeated twice. The residual chlorine and pesticide concentrations were calculated using the titration method. Based on research results, ozone can reduce chlorine in edamame. The lowest detected chlorine was in edamame which had been washed using ozone water with an ozonation time of 15 minutes with the amount of chlorine reduced by 56%. The longer the contact time, the greater the amount of reduced chlorine and the lower the concentration of ozone remaining in the washing water. Based on the research results, a brief conclusion that can be explained was ozone could reduce chlorine in edamame caused by fertilizer and disinfectant overuse until 50%.

Degradation and inactivation efficacy of ozone water for antineoplastic drugs in hospital settings.

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in hospital settings is recognized to be hazardous, and as such environmental decontamination including degradation and inactivation of such drugs is recommended. To data, although various agents such as oxidants have been reported to be useful for decontamination, simpler, safer, and more convenient methods are required. In this study, the degradation and inactivation efficacy of ozone water, which has newly been introduced for decontamination of antineoplastic drugs in spills, was investigated for formulations of gemcitabine, irinotecan, and paclitaxel. Antineoplastic formulations (medicinal ingredient: ∼1.5 μmol) were mixed with 50 mL of ozone water (>4 mg/L). The reactions were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the degradation mixtures were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in order to obtain the structural information of the degradation products. The formulations of gemcitabine and irinotecan and those degradation mixtures were evaluated for their mutagenicity using the Ames test and cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. gemcitabine and irinotecan were found to be readily degraded by the ozone treatment, and their active sites were suggested to be degraded. In contrast, paclitaxel was hard to be decomposed, possibly owing to the consumption of ozone by the polyoxyethylene castor oil added as a pharmaceutical additive of the formulation. No significant mutagenic changes of Salmonella typhimurium strains used for the Ames test were observed for the samples within the concentration ranges examined. The ozone treatment showed obvious increases in cell viability for gemcitabine formulation, and mild increases for irinotecan formulation. Ozone water was shown to be effective as a decomposition agent for the antineoplastic drug formulations examined, although the efficacy depends on the chemical structures of the drugs and the pharmaceutical additives. It was also suggested that ozone treatment has a tendency to decrease the toxicity of the antineoplastic drug formulations. As such, further studies are required in order to clarify the effects and application limitations of ozone water.

The Chlorine Reduction in Edamame by Water-Ozonated Minimally Process

The objective of this article was to study the effect of washing edamame using ozonated water to reduce residual chlorine contained in edamame through a continuous washing process. Chlorine residue in edamame was caused by the use of fertilizers and pesticides that contain chlorine compounds. The research method used was descriptive explanatory research consist of two treatment levels of ozonation time (0, 10, and 15 minutes) and ozone contact time (0, 12, 18, and 24 minutes) which were repeated twice. The residual chlorine and pesticide concentrations were calculated using the titration method. Based on research results, ozone can reduce chlorine in edamame. The lowest detected chlorine was in edamame which had been washed using ozone water with an ozonation time of 15 minutes with the amount of chlorine reduced by 56%. The longer the contact time, the greater the amount of reduced chlorine and the lower the concentration of ozone remaining in the washing water. Based on the research results, a brief conclusion that can be explained was ozone could reduce chlorine in edamame caused by fertilizer and disinfectant overuse until 50%.

Oxidation of 51 micropollutants during drinking water ozonation: Formation of transformation products and their fate during biological post-filtration

Micropollutants (MP) with varying ozone-reactive moieties were spiked to lake water in the influent of a drinking water pilot plant consisting of an ozonation followed by a biological sand filtration. During ozonation, 227 transformation products (OTPs) from 39 of the spiked 51 MPs were detected after solid phase extraction by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Based on the MS/MS data, tentative molecular structures are proposed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of a large number of OTPs are suggested by combination of the kinetics of formation and abatement and state-of-the-art knowledge on ozone and hydroxyl radical chemistry. OTPs forming as primary or higher generation products from the oxidation of MPs could be differentiated. However, some expected products from the reactions of ozone with activated aromatic compounds and olefins were not detected with the applied analytical procedure. 187 OTPs were present in the sand filtration in sufficiently high concentrations to elucidate their fate in this treatment step. 35 of these OTPs (19%) were abated in the sand filtration step, most likely due to biodegradation. Only 24 (13%) of the OTPs were abated more efficiently than the parent compounds, with a dependency on the functional group of the parent MPs and OTPs. Overall, this study provides evidence, that the common assumption that OTPs are easily abated in biological post-treatment is not generally valid. Nevertheless, it is unknown how the OTPs, which escaped detection, would have behaved in the biological post-treatment.

A systematic review of ozone therapy for treating chronically refractory wounds and ulcers.

This study aims at evaluating the efficacy and safety of ozone therapy for chronic wounds. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) about participants with chronic wounds were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed by the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. A randomised‐effects model was applied to pool results according to the types of wounds or ulcers. Among 12 included studies, ozone was implemented by topical application (ozone gas bath, ozonated oil, ozone water flushing) and systematic applications including autologous blood immunomodulation and rectal insufflation. The results indicated compared with standard control therapy for diabetic foot ulcers, ozone therapy regardless of monotherapy or combined control treatment markedly accelerated the improvement of the wound area(standardised mean difference(SMD) = 66.54%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [46.18,86.90], P < .00001) and reduced the amputation rate (risk ration (RR) = 0.36, 95% CI = [0.24,0.54], P < .00001). But there is no improvement in the proportion of participants with completely healed wounds and length of hospital stay. No adverse events associated with ozone treatment have been reported. And the efficacy of ozone therapy for other wound types is still uncertain because of no sufficient studies. More high‐quality randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of ozone therapy for chronic wounds or ulcers.

POTENTIAL OF OZONE WATER TO REDUCE THE SEVERITY OF ORAL MUCOSITIS IN PATIENTS POST HEAD AND NECK RADIOTHERAPY

Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world after heart disease. One type of cancer, namely head and neck cancer, can be treated with head and neck radiotherapy. Continuous radiotherapy will cause an increase in oxidative stress and free radicals and damage to the oral mucosa, one of which is oral mucositis. Giving ozone water can help reduce the degree of oral mucositis in patients. Ozone water itself has several beneficial effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of ozone water in reducing the severity of oral mucositis in patients after head and neck radiotherapy.Method: Gargling treatment using ozone water in a ratio of 2:3 for 1 minute with 4 repetitions for 2 weeks showed a significant reduction in pain. Ozone used in gas or liquid form for more than 5 minutes has the potential to cause side effects on the duration of inflammation and for gas can cause infection in the respiratory tract.Conclusion: The conclusion of this review is that the administration of ozone water with a concentration of 2-4 ppm for approximately 5 minutes has the potential to cure oral mucositis due to head and neck radiotherapy

Ozonated Water Preparation in Dental Offices: Estimation of Ozone Gas Solubility Ratio – Optimum Configurations and Practical Guidelines

ABSTRACT Dentists wish to prepare enough volume to meet the dental office ozonated water consumption and to reach the desired concentration in the least amount of ozonation time. Several factors affect ozone gas mass transfer in water and the corresponding ozonated water concentration can be measured with analytical or direct in-line monitoring methods. An alternative, ozone gas solubility ratio (SR) may be used as a reference to predict ozonated water concentration. SR of 0.25 is often cited in the literature, but it can vary between 0.2 and 0.4 according to different ozonation configurations and parameters. A total of 70 tests were performed using different ozonation configurations which are commonly used in dental practice. Ozone concentration in water was measured and the SR was calculated. SR varied between 0.13 and 0.4. To our knowledge, this study has never been carried out before and aims to propose practical guidelines on selecting the optimum water ozonation configurations in dental practice, as well as to calculate their corresponding dissolved ozone concentration.

Ozonation of diclofenac in a laboratory scale bubble column: Intermediates, mechanism, and mass transfer study

Diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal analgesic drug, has been recurrently detected in surface and groundwater during the past two decades. Traces of DCF pass through the conventional wastewater treatment facilities without any alteration due to its resistance and high stability. This study aims the complete degradation and partial mineralization of DCF by an ozonation process. The findings of the study suggest that increasing pH of the system and ozone supply rate, and generation of hydroxyl radicals in situ enhance the degradation process. In contrast, the increasing initial concentration of DCF slows down the process. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants were in the range of 0.0742 – –0.0979 min−1. A model has been developed to predict the behavior of the rate constant with various operating variables. High volumetric mass transfer coefficients (i.e., 1.150–2.717 × 103 s−1) was observed during the mass transfer study of ozone in water. A probable mechanism for ozonation is suggested along with the structures of major intermediates formed during the oxidation. Distinct orange pigments appeared during the reaction, which confirmed the production of DCF-2, 5-iminoquinone. Di-chloro aniline, 5-hydroxy DCF. The carboxylic acids were mainly detected as the metabolites. The treatment cost was estimated to be USD 0.80 for treating 1 m3 of the solution containing 50 mg dm−3 DCF. In addition, the effect of other water matrices on DCF degradation was also investigated and reported.

Adjunctive benefit of ozonized water irrigation with mechanical debridement in the management of Stage III periodontitis: Arandomized controlled clinical and biochemical study.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by dysbiotic microbiota. Conventional mechanical debridement often needs adjunctive measures to control the disease process. The objective of the present study was to find out benefit of ozonized water irrigation along with nonsurgical periodontal therapy for the management of periodontitis. We have conducted a randomized controlled, triple-blinded, parallel-group clinical trial. The test group (n=25) was treated with ozonized water irrigation, whereas the control group (n=25) received normal saline irrigation along with mechanical debridement. Full mouth plaque score, bleeding score, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were evaluated at baseline and 4weeks after treatment. Salivary interleukin 1 beta was analysed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Analysis of covariance, t test and chi-square test were used for intergroup comparison. Intragroup comparison was done using the paired t test. Adjunctive ozone water irrigation resulted in significant improvement in all clinical parameters, except probing pocket depth after adjusting the extraneous effects due to initial confounding factors (p<0.001). But as per subgroup analysis, ozone water irrigation resulted in significant reduction in pocket depth in deep pockets (p=0.01) and the number of sites with a pocket depth ≥4mm with bleeding on probing. Salivary interleukin 1 beta also reduced significantly in the test group after therapy. Ozone irrigation provides adjunctive benefit along with nonsurgical periodontal therapy in reducing clinical parameters and inflammatory mediators in saliva. But long-term benefits need to be assessed with future studies. The study was registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI no: CTRI/2020/06/026275).

Blocking the formation of bromate in γ-Fe-Ti-Al2O3 catalytic ozonation of ibuprofen in bromide-containing water

ABSTRACT Iron and titanium doped γ-Al2O3 (γ-Fe-Ti-Al2O3) mesoporous catalysts were synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly using glucose as template, and applied to ozonation of ibuprofen in bromide-containing water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that iron and titanium successfully doped into the skeleton of γ-Al2O3, uniform distribution, maintain the ordered mesoporous structure of γ-Al2O3, with larger specific surface area. The valence of titanium coexists with Ti4+ and Ti3+, and the valence of iron was Fe3+. Infrared spectra of chemisorbed pyridine (Py-FTIR) results showed that the doped titanium and iron into the framework position of γ-Al2O3 altered the surface acidity of the alumina surface, especially increasing the medium Lewis acid sites, which was conducive to the effective decomposition of ozone into active oxygen species. The γ-Fe-Ti-Al2O3 catalyst (Al/Fe = 25, Al/Ti = 75) enhanced the removal rate of ibuprofen in ozonation of bromide-containing water, and effectively blocked the formation of bromate. After the reaction of 60 min, the removal rate of TOC was increased from 54% of γ-Al2O3/O3 to 86% with γ-Fe-Ti-Al2O3/O3, while the ozonation alone was only 13%. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra showed that hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were reactive oxygen species, which was beneficial to the mineralization of organic matter. The capture experiment of Fe2+ ion confirmed that the electronic cycle of Fe2+ ion and Fe3+ ion was beneficial to block the formation of bromated. The addition of ibuprofen and humic acid can enhance the reduction of Fe3+ in the catalytic ozonation of γ-Fe-Ti-Al2O3, which further strengthened the blocking of bromate formation.

Effects of ozone water irrigation and spraying on physiological characteristics and gene expression of tomato seedlings

Tomato seedlings were used as experimental materials and treated with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L ozone water irrigation and 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L ozone water spray treatments. Indexes including the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), activities, soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) value, and nitrogen content of leaves were measured. Furthermore, the expression of antioxidant enzyme, chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen absorption genes was analyzed after optimal ozone water treatment. The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes in tomato leaves were significantly increased, and the MDA content in tomato leaves was significantly reduced by ozone water irrigation and spray treatment, which indicated that ozone water treatment can significantly improve the stress tolerance of tomato seedlings. Ozone water irrigation and spraying could also significantly increase the leaf SPAD value and nitrogen content of tomato seedlings, and the optimal concentrations of ozone water irrigation and spraying were 3.0 mg/L and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. The effect of ozone water irrigation on improving the physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings was better than that of spraying. After treatment with the optimal concentration of ozone water, the relative expression of antioxidant enzyme, chlorophyll synthesis, and nitrogen absorption genes was significantly increased, and the maximum expression level was reached at 12 h. In addition, ozone water irrigation could promote the expression of genes more than ozone water spraying, which was consistent with the improvements in the physiological characteristics of the tomato seedlings.

Ozonization of Water, Retention of Ozone and Devitalization of Escherichia Coli in Water By Ozone

Abstract The aim of this study was to observe the efficiency of ozone transferred by an airstone bubble diffuser, using two ozone generators with different output of ozone (5 g.h–1 ‒ G1; 15 g.h–1 ‒ G2). The retention of ozone in ozonised distilled and potable water and the devitalisation effects on E. coli in the water were also noted. Ozone was introduced to two types of potable water of different composition intended for mass consumption, (MC)a and (MC)b, distilled water, and well water intended for individual consumption. The devitalisation effect of ozone on E. coli in well water (WW) and added to potable and distilled water was observed. The results of our study showed that under the conditions used, the level of ozone during ozonisation with G1 increased more rapidly in distilled water and after termination of ozonisation, the retention of ozone in distilled water was a little lower in comparison with the potable water. The devitalisation of E. coli either naturally present in the water or added to it required the level of ozone close to or equal to 0.25 mg.l–1.

Topical use of ozone effectively alleviates the acute symptoms and quality of life of patients with moderate to severe bullous pemphigoid: a randomized controlled trial†

Abstract Objective To evaluate the adjuvant treatment of acute stage symptoms and quality of life of patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) with ozone. Methods We included 74 patients with moderate and severe BP hospitalized from July 2018 to December 2020. The participants were randomly divided into the control group and the ozone group, with 37 patients in each group (n = 37). The control group used tap water to wash the whole body, and mupirocin ointment was used for the erosions. The ozone group used ozone water to wash the whole body, and the erosion place was coated with ozone oil. The bullous pemphigoid disease area index (BPDAI) score of BP disease was used to observe the clinical symptoms and skin lesions of the two groups before and on day 3, 7, and 14 after treatment. Pruritus and sleep were observed before and on day 3, 7, and 14 after treatment. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was used to observe the quality of life before and after treatment and the adverse reactions were recorded. Results The total BPDAI score and erythema score in the ozone group were significantly different from those in the control group on day 3, 7, and 14 after treatment (P &lt; 0.050). The scab drying time and erosion drying time of ozone group were shorter than that of control group (P &lt; 0.001). There were statistically significant differences between the ozone group and the control group in pruritus score and sleep score on day 3, 7, and 14 after treatment (P &lt; 0.001). There was statistically significant difference in skin disease quality of life between the two groups 14 days after treatment (P &lt; 0.001). No significant adverse reactions and complications were observed in both groups. Conclusions Ozone external use can rapidly improve the acute stage of edema erythema, erosion, and itching of BP, improve the quality of life of patients, is an effective treatment method, and worthy of clinical promotion.

Study of Spatial Distribution of Greenhouse gases (methane gas) Over Iraq using Geostatistical Analysis

Wetlands are one of the most important natural resources on Earth. Marshes are important wintering and resting area for migratory water birds and other migratory birds. Historical data on bird migration in the Marshes suggest that they were one of the largest wintering areas for migratory water birds in the Middle East. The Iraqi marshlands lies in the floodplain which is created by the Tigris-Euphrates river system in the lower part Mesopotamia basin. The existence of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone in the troposphere makes surface of our planet habitable. The greenhouse gases absorb thermal radiation and also emit these wavelengths, making the mean surface temperature of the earth higher, and contribute to global warming. Human activities produce large amounts of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, methane, ozone and others. Methane is produced by the decomposition of plants in wetlands. Geostatistical interpolation methods are adopted in this paper. We use the analyst in ArcGIS to apply cross-validation. The cross-validation calculate some criteria to insure the accuracy of predictions made using the ordinary kriging method. Maps were created for methane over Iraq. Cross validation errors were calculated using ArcGIS. The produced maps assure that lower Mesopotamian basin have high concentration of Methane gas which make it as a wintering and resting area for migratory water birds.