Water Injection Control Research Articles

Development and Application of Integrated Injection System for Injection and Profile Control in Dagang Oilfield

Abstract Dagang Oilfield is a heterogeneous, multi-layered, and structurally complex fault block oil reservoir. During the production process, the contradictions between layers and within layers are becoming increasingly prominent. Split injection and profile control are two important development processes for ensuring production and increasing production in current oilfield development. However, during the construction process of split injection wells for profile control, there are often problems with plugging agents, which affect the effectiveness of split injection and the success rate of testing and adjustment, and even require well repair operations. This has become a key quality control production link that affects the efficiency of oil recovery construction and the improvement of quality, cost, and efficiency. The idea of developing a new type of integrated water distributor for injection and profile control has been proposed, which can achieve dual functions of layered water injection and profile control using a set of pipe columns. Through several years of technological breakthroughs, technological breakthroughs have been made in various aspects such as main structure design, anti backflow structure design, and water nozzle optimization design. Innovative proposals have been made and the integrated water distribution device structure design for injection and profile control has been successfully developed, fundamentally solving the pain points and difficulties of low measurement and adjustment rate after injection well profile control construction, significantly improving the qualification rate of measurement and adjustment, and significantly improving work efficiency and construction quality.

Integrated technology for layered sand control and layered water injection

In order to solve the problem of water injection string failure caused by pipe creep and sand production in layered water injection wells, an integrated technology of layered sand control and layered water injection has been developed. A suspended large-radiuslayered mechanical sand control pipe column has been designed, providing sufficient design and usage space for the layered water injection pipe column. Developing a new type of anti-creep sealed packer can effectively improve the anti-creep performance of the water injection string and extend the validity period of the string. This technology integrates and optimizes layered water injection and sand control technology, large channel backwashing technology, integrated testing and allocation technology, and anti-creep technology of the pipe string. While effectively solving sand production in offshore water injection wells, it extends the service life of the water injection pipe string and reduces operating costs. Since 2018, this technology has been implemented in over 200 wells in Chengdao Oilfield, with a maximum of 6 layers for prevention and injection, a maximum well inclination of 48.8°, and a construction success rate of over 90%. It has achieved very good development results and economic benefits.

The Suppression of Hump Instability inside a Pump Turbine in Pump Mode Using Water Injection Control

The occurrence of hump instability in pump mode within a pump turbine poses a significant challenge to the safe and stable operation of Pumped Storage Power Plants (PSPP). To achieve more precise numerical simulations, this paper establishes a weakly compressible model of water based on the Tait equation. Using this model, it is discovered that the onset of hump instability is closely linked to an increase in hydraulic losses induced by stalled rotation within the diffuser. Then, a flow control approach employing water injection into the guide vanes of a pump turbine is proposed in order to suppress flow instabilities and optimize the hump region. The findings reveal that the water injection approach can mitigate hydraulic losses, suppress unstable structures, and diminish the pulsation amplitude within the diffuser, ultimately delaying the emergence of the hump region to lower flow mass conditions. This study is helpful in widening the range of the safe and stable operation of pump turbines in pump mode.

Water injection control modelling by using model-based calibration

<p><span lang="EN-US">This study presents the development of water injection system for turbocharged spark ignition engine. The water injection control system is built for turbocharged spark ignition (SI) engine where water was injected at the intake port just before the throttle body. The data was collected from the simulation through the GT-Power software to determine the optimized injection output for the engine. Single-stage statistical engine responses and boundary models were established by using Model-Based Calibration Toolbox. Control system was built using Simulink and simulation tests were conducted based on the speed and throttle position as the variables. The highest value of brake torque achieved in the GT-Power simulation was taken as the base value to determine the injection amount. The mean value of the predicted injection was recorded at 12.29 g/s while the variance of the predicted injection to the optimized injection was below 1%. The control system was simulated with the set predicted injection and the standard deviation of the predicted injection was 1.18. The control system simulation recorded a low percentage of 0.04% variance to the optimized injection with the pulse width modulation signal. The control system is ideal to be constructed and tested on actual engine test bed.</span></p>

Viscous Fingering Dynamics and Flow Regimes of Miscible Displacements in a Sealed Hele-Shaw Cell

Miscible viscous fingering occurs when a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous one in porous media or a Hele–Shaw cell. Such flow instabilities are of particular interest in a variety of applications in flows and displacements in subsurface energy and environment systems. In this study, we investigate the miscible viscous fingering dynamics experimentally using water to displace glycerol in a sealed Hele–Shaw cell with two wells located in it instead of at the boundary or corners. We comprehensively examine the spatial and temporal variations of fingering dynamics, different flow regimes, and how they are affected by the water injection rate and control of pressure or rate at the outlet. Alongside the widely recognized diffusion-dominated and convection-dominated flow regimes, we identify three new regimes: a slow expansion regime prior to breakthrough, a rapid shrinkage regime immediately after breakthrough, and a uniform, slow expansion regime without fingering instability. Each regime is characterized by interesting flow dynamics, which has not been reported previously. The duration of each regime depends on the water injection rate and whether constant pressure or a constant production rate is applied at the outlet. The variations of swept area, interfacial length, and count of fingers are also quantitatively examined. This study provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms for miscible fluid displacements in a variety of applications such as CO2 sequestration, hydrogen storage, enhanced oil recovery, and groundwater contaminate remediation.

In-depth isolation of highly permeable zones for reservoir conformance control

In-depth isolation of flooded-out reservoir zones is widely used in water injection and water production control in oilfields. This paper looks at the research results of a new technological solution – a method and mechanism of deep-penetrating insulation of highly permeable reservoir areas. Approximate mathematical models are used to describe oil-saturated reservoirs flooding with chemical compositions used as a displaced fluid. The mathematical model of the problem is reduced to a partial differential equation with initial boundary conditions. The article also presents the results of the numerical implementation of the transfer equations of concentrations of gel-forming components and a thickener. In a non-uniform grid domain, the problem at hand is replaced by a discrete problem using a combination of an explicit and implicit-difference scheme that increases the order of accuracy and is solved by the run-through method. Effective algorithms for solving the one-dimensional problem are obtained, taking into account the equations of adsorption and convective diffusion. The developed method increases the efficiency of the in-deep isolation treatment of flushed zones and can be applied to related reservoir flooding projects.

Chemical kinetic analysis of in-cylinder ion current generation under direct water injection within internal combustion Rankine cycle engine

Direct water injection provides feasible solution for combustion optimization and efficiency enhancement within internal combustion Rankine cycle engine, while the feedback signal of close-loop direct water injection control is still absent. Ion current detection monitors in-cylinder electron variation which shows potential in revealing direct water injection process. For better understanding of unprecedented augment of ion current signal under direct water injection within internal combustion Rankine cycle engine, a chemical kinetic model is established to calculate the effect of intake oxygen fraction, fuel quantity, initial temperature, and residual water vapor on in-cylinder electron formation based on GRI Mech 3.0 and ion current skeleton mechanism. The simulation results indicate direct water injection process show significant impact on in-cylinder electron formation through chemical interactions between H2O and other intermediate species including HO2, O2, CH3, and H, these reactions provides additional OH radical for propane oxidation facilitation, which result in large portion of CH radical formation and therefore, lead to higher in-cylinder electron generation. The initial temperature plays a vital role in determining whether residual water vapor show positive or negative effect by in-cylinder temperature co-ordination of direct water injection. Results of this work can be used to explain phenomenon related to direct water injection and ion current signal variation under both internal combustion Rankine cycle or traditional petrol engine.

RETRACTED: Study of the Water Injection Control Parameters on Combustion Performance of a Spark-Ignition Engine

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal ). This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors because appropriate approvals to use these materials for the purposes of this publication were not acquired. The authors apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Development of an Automatic Water Injection Control System of Peristaltic Transport Machine for Excavated Soil Vertically Transportation

Development of an Automatic Water Injection Control System of Peristaltic Transport Machine for Excavated Soil Vertically Transportation

Experimental Research of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Jet Characteristics in ICRC Engine Relevant Conditions

The internal combustion Rankine cycle (ICRC) concept provides a potential solution for future high thermal efficiency and low emission powertrains, and direct water injection (DWI) proved to be the key parameter for ICRC optimization. This paper was dedicated to investigating the fundamental mechanisms of water spray characteristics under different water injection control parameters. In order to do so, an experimental test system was carefully designed and built based on the Bosch and Schlieren methods: the Bosch method is utilized to measure the effect of injection and ambient pressure on water injection characteristics, and the Schlieren method is utilized to investigate the impact of water injection and ambient temperature on water spray and evaporation processes. The experimental results indicate that both control parameters show important effects on water injection and spray characteristics. The water injection and ambient pressure show significant impacts on steady-state flow quantity and cyclic water injection quantity, and the water injection and ambient pressure affect the evaporation ability of water vapor within the spray which leads to a different variation trend during the initial, developing, and developed water spray stages. The results of this work can be used as fundamental supplements for ICRC, steam assistant technology (SAT), and DWI-related ICEs experimental and numerical researches, and provide extra information to understand the DWI process within engine-relevant conditions.

Development and experimental validation of a field programmable gate array–based in-cycle direct water injection control strategy for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability

Homogeneous charge compression ignition is a part-load combustion method, which can significantly reduce oxides of nitrogen (NO x) emissions compared to current lean-burn spark ignition engines. The challenge with homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion is the high cyclic variation due to the lack of direct ignition control. A fully variable electromagnetic valve train provides the internal exhaust gas recirculation through negative valve overlap which is required to obtain the necessary thermal energy to enable homogeneous charge compression ignition. This also increases the cyclic coupling as residual gas and unburnt fuel is transferred between cycles through exhaust gas recirculation. To improve combustion stability, an experimentally validated feed-forward water injection controller is presented. Utilizing the low latency and rapid calculation rate of a field programmable gate array, a real-time calculation of residual fuel mass is implemented on a prototyping engine controller. Using this field programmable gate array–based calculation, it is possible to calculate the amount of fuel and the required control interaction during an engine cycle. This controller prevents early rapid combustion following a late combustion cycle using direct water injection to cool the cylinder charge and counter the additional thermal energy from any residual fuel that is transferred between cycles. By cooling the trapped cylinder mass, the upcoming combustion phasing can be delayed to the desired setpoint. The controller was tested at several operating points and showed an improvement in the combustion stability as shown by a reduction in the standard deviation of combustion phasing and indicated mean effective pressure.

The Development Measuring System of Temperature Effect to Produce Electric Power of Solar Cell

This paper focuses on a temperature effects on a PV panel which has been installed in Thailand. The main objective is cleaning PV panels and reduce temperature of PV panel by water injects from waterway and experimental results of PV power what it is difference. This project is designed by PLC control system which water injects and control PV temperature, In addition, this project consists of hardware and software such as water pump, water injection and PLC control has been automatically and it can be control system manually. The automatic control system is working when PV temperature rises up over 45 degree Celsius after that the pumping machine would inject water to the surface of PV panels and it must be stop when the PV panel temperature comes down less than 45 degree Celsius. The result of actual experimental found that the control system has been done correctly under specify condition. The experimental has been shown electrical data before and after water injects on PV system found that the electrical power a bit increases and The energy has been taken from PV panel less than energy consumption equipment of control system which taken to operate the water injecting system.

Enhancement of mouse germ cell-associated genes expression by injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into the testis of chemical-induced azoospermic mice.

Various methods are currently under investigation to preserve fertility in males treated with high-dose chemotherapy and radiation for malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs), which possess potent immunosuppressive function and secrete various cytokines and growth factors, have the potential clinical applications. As a potential alternative, we investigate whether injection of HUC-MSCs into the interstitial compartment of the testes to promote spermatogenic regeneration efficiently. HUC-MSCs were isolated from different sources of umbilical cords and injected into the interstitial space of one testis from 10 busulfan-treated mice (saline and HEK293 cells injections were performed in a separate set of mice) and the other testis remained uninjected. Three weeks after MSCs injection, Relative quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the expression of 10 of germ cell associated, which are all related to meiosis, demonstrated higher levels of spermatogenic gene expression (2–8 fold) in HUC-MSCs injected testes compared to the contralateral uninjected testes (five mice). Protein levels for germ cell-specific genes, miwi, vasa and synaptonemal complex protein (Scp3) were also higher in MSC-treated testes compared to injected controls 3 weeks after treatment. However, no different expression was detected in saline water and HEK293 cells injection control group. We have demonstrated HUC-MSCs could affect mouse germ cell-specific genes expression. The results also provide a possibility that the transplanted HUC-MSCs may promote the recovery of spermatogenesis. This study provides further evidence for preclinical therapeutic effects of HUC-MSCs, and explores a new approach to the treatment of azoospermia.

Experimental Characterization of a T100 Micro Gas Turbine Converted to Full Humid Air Operation

Micro Gas Turbines (mGTs) were considered very promising for small-scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) production. They however never fully penetrated the CHP market, resulting in a limited market share. Due to their low electric efficiency (30% versus 80% CHP efficiency), the operation of the mGT is strongly heat-driven. In applications with a non-continuous yearly heat demand, like domestic heating systems, the mGT would be shut down for long periods, resulting in a reduced amount of yearly running hours. These limited running hours make the mGT as small-scale CHP less profitable compared to other technologies, like reciprocating engines. Converting the mGT into a micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT) offers a solution. The waste heat in the exhausted gases is recovered in the mHAT by evaporating auto-raised hot water behind the mGT compressor, resulting in a higher electric efficiency and a more flexible mGT operation. In this paper, we present the results of experiments on a modified Turbec T100 mGT. As a proof of concept, the mGT has been equipped with a spray saturation tower to humidify the compressed air. The goal of these experiments was to evaluate the beneficial effect of compressed air humidification on the mGT performance. Two stable runs at constant pressure ratio and rotation speed were recorded during water injection. Final electric efficiency results show a relative electric efficiency increase of 1.2% and 2.4%. These changes are however in the range of the accuracy of the measurements. Further experiments are therefore necessary to fully characterise the behaviour of the mHAT at part and nominal load. Fine-tuning of the water injection control strategy is also identified as a key parameter to reduce the auxiliary power losses.

Current status and trend of separated layer water flooding in China

Abstract Separated layer water injection is one of the crucial means to keep long-term high and stable production of oilfield. “Bridge eccentricity + steel cable measuring and adjustment” has come into being as the principal water flooding technology, which, with improving adaptability, can meet the need of conventional water injection wells. As the water flooding fields enter high water-cut period, sand control for water injectors, separated layer flowrate test at low injection rate, high pressure and high temperature water injection, separated layer water injection for high-inclination wells and separated layer water injection monitoring and control will be the developing trend, directing water flooding towards automatization, intelligence and integration to meet the requirements of water injection under different reservoir and well type conditions for the purpose of ensuring efficient oil field development. Currently periodic progress have been made in downhole wireless communication, flowrate monitoring, nozzle dynamic adjustment, etc, forming the theoretical basis for automatic water flooding.

Aquaporin Changes in Compound 48/80 Induced Inflammatory Sublaryngeal Edema in Rat

Laryngeal edema is a common clinical condition. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Aquaporins (AQPs) are small integral plasma membrane proteins that transport water across the plasma membrane. In this study, we explore the relationship between inflammatory laryngeal edema induced by compound 48/80 and the expression of AQPs. Prospective, controlled, experimental animal study. Healthy adult male SD rats were injected with either sterile water, compound 48/80 (2 mg/kg), or compound 48/80 plus dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) via the tail vein. The larynxes were harvested 10, 30 minutes, and 1 hour after the injection for the measurement of sublaryngeal water content and histological and molecular evaluations. Ten and 30 minutes after the compound 48/80 injection compared with the sterile water injection control groups, the water content in subglottic larynx increased significantly and the tissues were markedly swollen accompanied with inflammatory cell infiltration. AQP1 and AQP5 mRNA decreased significantly. One hour after the compound 48/80 injection, the edema was diminished, but the inflammatory cell infiltration remained. AQP1 was elevated but AQP5 was still lower than controls. Dexamethasone did not significantly reduce laryngeal edema, but significantly reduced inflammatory cells infiltration induced by compound 48/80 injection. Dexamethasone increased the AQP5 level but not AQP1. AQP1 and AQP5 might play key roles in inflammatory subglottic edema caused by compound 48/80 in rats. AQP1 and AQP5 might be useful molecular targets of clinical treatment of inflammatory laryngeal edema.

Identification-Free Adaptive Separate Layer Water Injection Control Based on Expert Amendment

An identification-free adaptive control strategy based on expert amendment is proposed in this paper to solve the problem that it is difficult to establish mathematical model of water injection regulating process due to large time delay, strong nonlinearity and time variation in the flow control of separate layer water injection technology. In this control strategy, according to the past and current process information of water injection, the system output and trend can be estimated based on expert rules to amend the output of the identification-free adaptive control. The simulation result shows that this control strategy has perfect control performance and strong adaptability and it provides a feasible means for improving water injection effect.

Glutamine Decreases the Duration of Postoperative Ileus After Abdominal Surgery: An Experimental Study of Conscious Dogs

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a transient bowel dysmotility that occurs following many types of operations and is one of the most common complications of gastrointestinal surgery. We hypothesized that enteral supplementation of glutamine after abdominal surgery would restore fuel to the small intestine, suppress oxidative stress, and lead to improvement in POI. Twelve dogs underwent distal gastrectomy and were each randomly assigned to one of two groups based on postoperative treatment: the water injection (control) group and the glutamine injection group. Water (40 ml) or L(+)-glutamine (1 g/40 ml water) was injected into the residual stomach through the gastric tube every 12 h after surgery for 7 days. Changes in the plasma and intestinal intracellular concentration of glutamine and in gastrointestinal motility were measured. The plasma and intracellular glutamine levels decreased after the operation in both groups, although the decreased intracellular glutamine levels were not significantly different than preoperative levels. The glutamine group showed a significantly smaller decrease of the plasma glutamine level compared with the control group (P < 0.05). All the dogs showed gastrointestinal dysmotility after the operation. The mean length of time between the operation and the appearance of interdigestive migrating contractions in the glutamine group was significantly shorter than in the control group (22.4 +/- 3.1 h versus 37.8 +/- 4.0 h, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, glutamine could act as a motility-recovery agent after abdominal surgery and thereby decrease the duration of POI.

On the Equivalence of a Table Lookup (TL) Technique and Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) With Block Pulse Membership Functions (BPMFs) and Its Application to Water Injection Control of an Automobile

This paper presents an alternative method to design a fuzzy neural network (FNN) using a set of nonoverlapped block pulse membership functions (BMPFs), and this FNN with nonoverlapped BPMFs will be shown to be equivalent to the conventional table lookup (TL) technique. Therefore, the hidden links between TL and FNN techniques are revealed in this paper that provides a methodology to design a TL controller based on the FNN design concept. In order to do so, a new direct formula is first developed to generate the fuzzy rules from the premise part in FNN. This direct formula not only guarantees a one-to-one mapping that maps the fuzzy membership functions onto the fuzzy rules, but also alleviates the coding effort during hardware implementation. It is further elaborated that the FNN with nonoverlapped BPMFs has the advantage of faster online training that requires less computation time, but at the cost of more memory requirement to store the fuzzy rules. The application of this new approach has been applied successfully in the water injection control of a turbo-charged automobile with excellent results.

Antioxidative Potential of Soybean Varieties with Different Levels of Isoflavones and Anthocyanins

There is ample evidence that soybean has antioxidative activity and protect tissues from oxidative stress‐induced injury. Although isoflavones present in soy are believed to be major components responsible for the antioxidative activity, our recent study showed that anthocyanins present in black soybean had strong antioxidative potential. We, therefore, were interested in investigating whether black soybean possesses stronger antioxidant potential than yellow counterpart. Seven groups of mice were employed in the present study, each comprising of 10 mice. Group 1, 2, 3 received water injection (control), Fe‐NTA (8 mg/kg bw), Fe‐NTA + alpha‐tocopherol (2000 U), respectively, while group 4, 5, 6, 7 were fed diets containing 10% (w/w) normal yellow soy, normal black soy, high‐isoflavone soy, black high‐isoflavone soy, respectively, from a week before Fe‐NTA injection to one week after the injection. Biomarkers for oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, TBARS, FRAP were compared among tissues collected from experimental groups. Overall, high‐isoflavone and black high isoflavone varieties of soy appear to effectively protect the animals from Fe‐NTA‐induced oxidative stress.