Design Of Water Distribution Systems Research Articles

Development of Practical Design Approaches for Water Distribution Systems

The optimal design of water distribution systems (WDSs) should be economical, consider practical field applicability, and satisfy hydraulic constraints such as nodal pressure and flow velocity. However, the general optimal design of a WDSs approach using a metaheuristic algorithm was difficult to apply for achieving pipe size continuity at the confluence point. Although some studies developed the design approaches considering the pipe continuity, these approaches took many simulation times. For these reasons, this study improves the existing pipe continuity search method by reducing the computation time and enhancing the ability to handle pipe size continuity at complex joints that have more than three nodes. In addition to more practical WDSs designs, the approach considers various system design factors simultaneously in a multi-objective framework. To verify the proposed approach, the three well-known WDSs to apply WDS design problems are applied, and the results are compared with the previous design method, which used a pipe continuity research algorithm. This study can reduce the computation time by 87% and shows an ability to handle complex joints. Finally, the application of this practical design technique, which considers pipe continuity and multiple design factors, can reduce the gap between the theoretical design and the real world because it considers construction conditions and abnormal situations.

Design and Analysis of Rural Water Supply System Using Loop 4.0 and Water Gems V8i for Nava Shihora Zone 1

The study presents the hydraulic design and analysis of Rural Water Distribution System (WDS) for Nava shihora region of zone 1 of the state of Gujarat, India. Water supply distribution system is designed for this study for population estimated for future 30 years. LOOP 4.0 and Water Gems v8i software have been used and the results are compared to determine the economical size of pipes for water distribution system. The economical size of pipes of water supply distribution system is designed by considering the constraints; residual pressure at each node, velocity of flow in pipe, head loos in pipes, material of pipes, elevated service reservoir level, peak factor and available commercial pipe diameters. Further water distribution system has been analyzed for extended period simulation (EPS) for the present population scenario for intermittent water supply using Water Gems v8i. Further water supply system is analyzed the residual chlorine concentration at nodes and in the pipe links and also the total cost of water supply system of rural region is estimated.

Generation of Benchmark Problems for Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems

Engineering benchmark problems with specific characteristics have been used to compare the performance and reliability of metaheuristic algorithms, and water distribution system design benchmarks are also widely used. However, only a few benchmark design problems have been considered in the research community. Due to the limited set of previous benchmarks, it is challenging to identify the algorithm with the best performance and the highest reliability among a group of algorithms. Therefore, in this study, a new water distribution system design benchmark problem generation method is proposed considering problem size and complexity modifications of a reference benchmark. The water distribution system design benchmark problems are used for performance and reliability comparison among several reported metaheuristic optimization algorithms. The optimal design results are able to quantify the performance and reliability of the compared algorithms which shows each metaheuristic algorithm has its own strengths and weaknesses. Finally, using the proposed method in this study, guidelines are derived for selecting an appropriate metaheuristic algorithm for water distribution system design.

Flexible Booster Chlorination: Design and Operation for Water Distribution Systems under Uncertainty

AbstractUncertainty inherent in the operations of water distribution systems (WDSs) poses risks to public health due to the likely insufficient or excessive disinfectants caused by inevitable chang...

Self-Adaptive Models for Water Distribution System Design Using Single-/Multi-Objective Optimization Approaches

This study compares the performance of self-adaptive optimization approaches in efficient water distribution systems (WDS) design and presents a guide for the selection of the appropriate method employing optimization utilizing the characteristic of each technique formulation. To this end, this study performs three types of analyses. First, the sensitivity analysis of each self-adaptive approach is conducted on single/multi-objective mathematical benchmark problems with various problem types (e.g., using solution shape or many local optimal solutions). Second, based on the applications and results of the mathematical problem, the performance of the algorithm is verified in the WDS design problem considering the minimum cost and the maximum system resilience under the single/multi-objective optimization framework. Third, the characteristics of search operators in the self-adaptive approach are compared according to the presence or absence of additional parameters and operators. Moreover, various performance indices are employed to compare the quantitative evaluation of each algorithm. Each algorithm is found to exhibit different characteristics depending on the problem scale and solution type. These results are expected to benefit future research in the formulation of new approaches and developments. Hence, this study provides rigorous testing of the performance of newly proposed algorithms in a highly simplified manner.

Parameterization of NSGA-II for the Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems

The optimal design of Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) has received substantial attention in the past two decades. Many MOEAs have been proposed and applied successfully to this challenging problem. However, these tools are primarily considered black-boxes by end users, especially when the algorithm parameterization issues are taken into consideration. This paper presents a simple yet effective method for capturing the interrelationships among the five key parameters of the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), which is one of the state-of-the-art MOEAs in this field. Two representative boundary values for each parameter are selected from a reasonable range, and all the possible combinations are tested on three benchmark design problems. Those benchmarks are based on two widely used small networks and a larger, real-world irrigation network. Results suggest that there is a hierarchy of impacts imposed by the five parameters of NSGA-II. The population size turns out to be the most important one, which implies that NSGA-II is sensitive to the initial population, especially for complex problems. A relatively large population size increases the diversity of a population; hence some key genes may be identified at the beginning (or early stage) of search. Furthermore, it transpires that the distribution indices of crossover and mutation have a more significant impact than their probabilities, where the former are generally overlooked by previous studies. Some useful guidelines are also provided, which can improve the efficacy of NSGA-II and increase the chance of identifying near-optimal solutions.

Robustness and Water Distribution System: State-of-the-Art Review

The resilience of a water distribution system (WDS) is defined as its ability to prepare, respond to, and recover from a catastrophic failure event such as an earthquake or intentional contamination. Robustness (ROB), one of the components of resilience, is the ability to maintain functionality to meet customer demands. Recently, the traditional probability-based system performance perspective has begun to shift toward the ROB and system performance variation point of view. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of WDS ROB-based approaches proposed in three research categories: Design, operation, and management. While few pioneering works have been published in the latter two areas, an ROB indicator was proposed and thoroughly investigated for WDS design. Then, some future works are recommended in each of the three domains to promote developments in WDS ROB. Finally, a brief summary of this paper is presented, from which the final conclusions of the state-of-the-art review and recommendations are drawn. The new paradigm of WDS ROB-based design, operation, and management is in its infant stage and should be carved out in future studies.

Design of water distribution systems using an intelligent simple benchmarking algorithm with respect to cost optimization and computational efficiency

Abstract The increasing stress on the water distribution network (WDN) considering demand satisfaction with minimum cost has inspired designers to apply various optimization techniques to meet the consequent challenges. The traditional way of using optimization methods, e.g. stochastic meta-heuristic algorithms, have come along with various constraints to explore an optimum solution. In this study, a newly developed meta-heuristic algorithm called the Simple Benchmarking Algorithm (SBA) is used to optimize pipe size. A modified approach with SBA having interfaces with the EPANET 2.0 hydraulic simulation model is used to compute the minimum cost of the two-loop network and the Hanoi benchmark WDN. Results show that SBA is more efficient in obtaining the least possible cost with fast convergence.

Design and Implementation of Automatic Water Distribution System With Pre-paid & Post-paid Facility

Design and Implementation of Automatic Water Distribution System With Pre-paid & Post-paid Facility

Diurnal water use patterns for low-cost houses with indigent water allocation: a South African case study

Abstract The diurnal water use patterns are of interest to hydraulic modellers, as these patterns are required for the design of water distribution systems. An extensive body of literature is available with regard to daily, weekly and seasonal diurnal water use patterns of typical suburban houses. However, the characteristics of South African low-cost houses, the socio-economic status of the consumers and the level of water service to such houses differs from typical western suburban houses reported on elsewhere. Notable differences include the limited access to heated water and negligible garden irrigation at the low-cost houses. Knowledge of water use in low-cost houses, which are prevalent in South Africa, is limited. To reduce this lack of knowledge, approximately 2.5 million flow records were collected over a period of 3 years from a sample of 14 low-cost houses as part of this empirical case study. Subsequently, a diurnal water use pattern was constructed for the selected low-cost houses at 15-minute and 1-hour resolution. The diurnal pattern is useful for hydraulic modellers when data that represent extended period time simulation of water networks in low-cost housing developments is required.

Evaluation of Design Planning Water Distribution System with Watercad v.7.0 Simulation Program for Townsite Basecamp Settlement Relocation in Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra

Settlement infrastructure is one important factor for support our social life, especially in mining society. One of mining settlement is named by Townsite Basecamp settlement where is placed in Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra. This settlement location is 500 meters far away from the mining area and needs to be relocated to Township settlement as the new location which has 50 km far away from the old one. This relocation is caused by the mining company has to get the coal which is under the settlement location. Of course, this effort needs new design project for the infrastructure especially for water distribution system in new location. This research purpose is to evaluate the design planning of the water distribution system in a new location based on the main problem of water distribution system in old location. The methodology which used for this research is watercad v.7.0 simulation program and descriptive quantitative analysis. From the data analysis and survey result to the 35 respondents of 336 people who live in Townsite Basecamp settlement, there are 3 of 10 locations still have the continuity of fewer than 24 hours, 4.2 for minimum number of pH water while the normally is 7.0 for number of pH water, average number of 102.496 m3 water productivity in a month, average number of 42.140 m3 water consumption in a month while the standard is 13.095 m3 in a month. From the analysis result of water distribution system design with watercad v.7.0 simulation program, the number of water demand is 4.67 l/sec or 403.200 l/day while the minimum requirement is 1.82 l/sec or 157.248 l/day. The new design needs 61 nodes for each junction and 6.938, 75 m length of pipe, 5.31 atm for maximum pressure and 0.48 atm for minimum pressure. Keywords: Water distribution system, watercad v.7.0, descriptive quantitative analysis

The Impacts of Spatially Variable Demand Patterns on Water Distribution System Design and Operation

Resilient water distribution systems (WDSs) need to minimize the level of service failure in terms of magnitude and duration over its design life when subject to exceptional conditions. This requires WDS design to consider scenarios as close as possible to real conditions of the WDS to avoid any unexpected level of service failure in future operation (e.g., insufficient pressure, much higher operational cost, water quality issues, etc.). Thus, this research aims at exploring the impacts of design flow scenarios (i.e., spatial-variant demand patterns) on water distribution system design and operation. WDSs are traditionally designed by using a uniform demand pattern for the whole system. Nevertheless, in reality, the patterns are highly related to the number of consumers, service areas, and the duration of peak flows. Thus, water distribution systems are comprised of distribution blocks (communities) organized in a hierarchical structure. As each community may be significantly different from the others in scale and water use, the WDSs have spatially variable demand patterns. Hence, there might be considerable variability of real flow patterns for different parts of the system. Consequently, the system operation might not reach the expected performance determined during the design stage, since all corresponding facilities are commonly tailor-made to serve the design flow scenario instead of the real situation. To quantify the impacts, WDSs’ performances under both uniform and spatial distributed patterns are compared based on case studies. The corresponding impacts on system performances are then quantified based on three major metrics; i.e., capital cost, energy cost, and water quality. This study exemplifies that designing a WDS using spatial distributed demand patterns might result in decreased life-cycle cost (i.e., lower capital cost and nearly the same pump operating cost) and longer water ages. The outcomes of this study provide valuable information regarding design and operation of water supply infrastructures; e.g., assisting the optimal design.

NeatWork: A Tool for the Design of Gravity-Driven Water Distribution Systems for Poor Rural Communities

The authors describe NeatWork, an optimization and simulation tool to facilitate the design of gravity-driven water distribution systems. Its objective is to deliver clean water to poor rural communities.

Analysis of methodologies for determination of the economic pipe diameter

ABSTRACT The design of water distribution systems includes, above all, the determination of the pipe size that meets the requirements of the system and brings reduced annual costs of installation and operation. Among the existing methodologies for the economic pipe diameter determination, Bresse’s equation is still common among designers. This work aims to analyze the efficiency of Bresse’s equation, the MBPW and the MLVPC, comparing them with the MREC. We recommend that the designers do not use the MBPW and the MLVPC. When referring to water distribution systems of small size, it is possible to use the equation of Bresse, as long as it is used with a proper value for its coefficient k. For HDPE, we propose k = 1.17 or k = 1.18. For PVC DEFOFO and GFRP, we suggest the range of 1.19 to 1.23 and 1.29 to 1.32, respectively. Regarding the water distribution systems of bigger dimensions, we recommend the use of MREC as the methodology for the economic pipe diameter determination, due to the impossibility of finding an appropriate value for the Bresse’s equation coefficient.

Peningkatan Kemandirian Desa Melalui Pembangunan Instalasi Perpipaan Air Bersih dari Sumber Mata Air ke Rumah Penduduk

Community empowerment program to make a village independent is very important. Village independence could be seen from various aspects, and one of which is the aspect of independence in the provision of clean water. Clean water supply activities in Balong Hamlet, Donoharjo Village, Ngaglik Sub- District, Sleman Regency are community empowerment activities in order to make Balong Hamlet independent on the aspect of the ability to provide clean water. This activity began with a survey and data collection of local residents’ water needs, followed by calculation of clean water requirements, design of clean water supply and distribution systems, implementation of piping installation, commissioning tests, economic analysis, and its contribution in making the village independent of clean water. This activity produces a piping system for clean water from the spring to the houses of Balong hamlets with a population of approximately 203 households. On average, each household needs 600 liters/day so it requires 121.8 m3 /day or 3654 m3 /month. The price of standard clean water for the Drinking Water Company (PAM) is Rp1,960.00/m3 , so the hamlet has saved Rp7,161,840.00/month or Rp85,942,080.00/year. Thus, this activity has made Balong Hamlet contribute significantly to the independence of Donoharjo Village.

City layout: A key to reducing energy use for water supply

The design of water distribution systems and layout of cities can have a major effect on energy associated with water supply. In particular, distribution of water within high-rise buildings can add significantly to energy use and should be taken into consideration when designing and regulating urban water supply systems. This article outlines five steps to help rapidly urbanizing countries plan energy-efficient water distribution systems.

Efficient Numerical Approach for Simultaneous Calibration of Pipe Roughness Coefficients and Nodal Demands for Water Distribution Systems

AbstractHydraulic models have been widely used to facilitate the design, management, and operation of water distribution systems (WDS). However, model parameters including pipe roughness coefficien...

Topological attributes of network resilience: A study in water distribution systems

Resilience has been increasingly pursued in the management of water distribution systems (WDSs) such that a system can adapt to and rapidly recover from potential failures in face of a deep uncertain and unpredictable future. Topology has been assumed to have a great impact on resilience of WDSs, and is the basis of many studies on assessing and building resilience. However, this fundamental assumption has not been justified and requires investigation. To address this, a novel framework for mapping between resilience performance and network topological attributes is proposed. It is applied to WDSs here but can be adaptable to other network systems. In the framework, resilience is comprehensively assessed using stress-strain tests which measure system performance on six metrics corresponding to system resistance, absorption and restoration capacities. Six key topological attributes of WDSs (connectivity, efficiency, centrality, diversity, robustness and modularity) are studied by mathematical abstraction of WDSs as graphs and measured by eight statistical metrics in graph theory. The interplay between resilience and topological attributes is revealed by the correlations between their corresponding metrics, based on 85 WDSs with different sizes and topological features. Further, network variants from a single WDS are generated to uncover the value of topological attribute metrics in guiding the extension/rehabilitation design of WDSs towards resilience. Results show that only certain aspects of resilience performance, i.e. spatial and temporal scales of failure impacts, are strongly influenced by some (not all) topological attributes, i.e. network connectivity, efficiency, modularity and centrality. Metrics for describing the topological attributes of WDSs need to be carefully selected; for example, clustering coefficient is found to be weakly correlated with resilience performance compared to other metrics of network connectivity (due to the grid-like structures of WDSs). Topological attribute metrics alone are not sufficient to guide the design of resilient WDSs and key details such as the location of water sources also need to be considered.

Water Distribution System Design to Minimize Costs and Maximize Topological and Hydraulic Reliability

AbstractMany surrogate measures for water distribution system (WDS) reliability have been introduced in the last three decades. This study investigated the differences between designs based on topo...

Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems

This document is intended to be a presentation of the Special Issue “Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems”. The final aim of this Special Issue is to propose a suitable framework supporting insightful hydraulic mechanisms to aid the decision-making processes of water utility managers and practitioners. Its 18 peer-reviewed articles present as varied topics as: water distribution system design, optimization of network performance assessment, monitoring and diagnosis of pressure pipe systems, optimal water quality management, and modelling and forecasting water demand. Overall, these articles explore new research avenues on urban hydraulics and hydroinformatics, showing to be of great value for both Academia and those water utility stakeholders.