Water Disposal Systems Research Articles

ON THE ISSUE OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE IN THE VOLGA REGION AND SOFTWARE METHODS FOR PROBLEM SOLUTION

The state of surface and underground sources, networks and installations of drinking water supply facilities and networks of water disposal systems in the Volga region on the example of Togliatti. Priorities are defined in accordance with the strategy of socio-economic development of Samara region for the period up to 2020 carried out ecological and statistical analysis of supply sources; technological analysis of the treatment and transportation of drinking water, status of feeder pipelines and the degree of their accidents, leaks; technological analysis of the operation of the networks and structures of drainage systems. It was noted that increased levels of anthropogenic pollution of drinking water sources, significant wear of facilities and equipment the water sector, the lack of a backup water source (Avtozavodskiy district) determine the urgency of the problem to guarantee the residents with clean drinking water and dispose of it in the priorities of socio-economic development in Togliatti. Noted that organization of joint actions of bodies of Executive and legislative authorities, enterprises of the water sector, investors, technical experts, the population of the city to create in the water sector efficient, qualitatively new, modern forms and methods of management. The magnitude of the problem determines the need to develop programs using program-target solutions of complex organizational-technical, legal, economic, social and other tasks and events, providing conditions for its implementation.

Seroprevalence and predictors of hepatitis E infection in Nigerian children.

Hepatitis E is a hepatotropic virus transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is prevalent in developing countries where sanitation is still a public health issue. There is no epidemiological data about this virus in Nigerian children. All the existing studies are hospital based, with obvious limitations. This study was conducted to establish the seroprevalence and predictors of viral hepatitis E antibody in children in Akpabuyo Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. This was a community-based, cross-sectional study. A multi-staged sampling technique was used to select ten communities from which 406 children were recruited. The study period was April to June 2012. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Blood samples were screened for anti-HEV IgG antibody using the enzyme-linked immunoassay technique. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors that independently predicted the occurrence of the anti-HEV IgG antibody. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The seroprevalence rate of anti-HEV IgG antibody was 7.7% (95% CI = 5.1-10.3). The study population mainly (94.1%) comprised the lower social class. Levels of social amenities in these communities were generally poor, with virtually no piped water and modern sewage disposal systems. After multivariate analysis, the predictor of infection was the duration of residence in the study communities. HEV infection was prevalent in the study population. Educational campaigns and provision of good sewage disposal and piped water are of high necessity.

Valuation of organizational and technological capacity of a building project formed on the basis of information flows

At the modern stage of construction branch development there is a current task of forming the indicator, the application of which will allow forecasting the final indicator of a construction project depending on organizational-technological and management solutions influencing it - the organizational and technological capacity of a construction project. The construction project capacity, which has been actively investigated in the recent years, is formed on the basis of account for the processes directly or tangentially related to production and technological specifics of the construction industry on all the stages of project development: design solutions, preparation of a construction site, general construction and finishing works, special works (building water supply and water disposal systems, technological equipment, electric wiring and low currents, ventilation, conditioning and fire security, elevators), external supply lines, amenities. The introduction of organizational-technological capacity concept of a building project in the form of a numerical integral value is given in the article, allowing to make relevant management decisions at any step of the construction project. The article deals with the essence of information flows as an important component in the construction project evaluation. The authors discuss the separation of information flows into groups, depending on different criteria. As a result, the mathematical model is offered, which gives the construction project potential evaluation with taking into account the impact of information flows.

Critical Success Factors for Low Cost Housing Building Maintenance Organization

Building services are the elements within a building which supports the fundamental operation of a building. Efficient performance of building services able to facilitate and avoid an unnecessary aggravations to the end users. Thus, the role of building services maintenance (BSM) organization is vital during the building operation phase in order to be responsible for overall performance of the building and its services. However, in recent years the maintenance performance provided by BSM organization is lack on many aspects. In Malaysia, the performance provided by BSM organization especially in low cost flats are considered to be poor. Hence, this paper focuses on identifing the BSM problems, the cause and consequently identify critical success factors (CSFs) to be applied by the BSM organization to overcome those problems. Reviews on literatures, questionnaire survey and interview were conducted to collect the valuable data for the study. The data obtained was analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation and content analysis. The findings indicatethat the common BSM problems occur in low cost flats are refuse disposal, rain water disposal and fire fighting system. While, lack of expertise, long duration taken and limited numbers of staffs are among the factors identified as the causes of those problems. 10 CSF namely clear goals and objectives, workforce development and training, effetive monitoring and feedback, project team competence, dedicated resources, management planning, taking account past experience, good interdepartmental communication, education on new technologies and clients expectations are identified to solve the challanges facing by the maintenace organization which causes various BSM problems. The 10CSF identified based on the opinion given by 24 interviewees from various Local Authorities. A low cost flat managed by Kuala Lumpur City Hall located at Cheras was used as case study. This study expected to help respective parties to overcome the BSM problems in the low cost flats.

A computational parametric study on the development of confluent round jet arrays

In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and response surface methodology is employed in a parametrical investigation of an in-line array of confluent round jets. Confluent round jet arrays are common within several fields of engineering, as detailed knowledge of the flow field development of confluent round jets is of great importance to design engineers working with, for example, chemical mixing, multiple jet burners, waste water disposal systems or ventilation supply devices. In this paper, five independent factors affecting flow field development are investigated with a multi-variable approach using a Box–Behnken design method.The results include decay of maximum velocity, turbulence intensity, location of merging and combined points and development of volumetric flow rate. Dimensionless nozzle spacing, S/d0, is an important design parameter and has a large impact on several properties, such as merging and combined points, decay of maximum velocity, and development of turbulence intensity. Other factors, such as the number of jets per row and inlet velocity, are also of importance. The analysis of decay in maximum velocity led to the definition of a new zone of development, referred to as the Confluent Core Zone (CCZ), as its behaviour is reminiscent of the potential core of a single jet. The CCZ has uniform velocity, lacks considerable decay in streamwise velocity and has a rather low turbulence intensity. The CCZ has a characteristic footprint in confluent round jet arrays, and its properties are investigated in detail.The development of volumetric flow can be divided into two regions. The initial region, close to the nozzles, features a high entrainment but decreasing entrainment rate. As the jets combine, the entrainment rate is lower, but rather constant. While S/d0 is generally an important design parameter, there is no direct correlation between S/d0 and entrainment rate of the combined jet.

Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment+sludge landfilling+treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment+sludge landfilling+reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.

English

&nbsp; Despite the developments and changes in the constructional domain, most of the best construction materials of the past are still the best and the buildings of the past have still been superior to the present buildings. In such a case, the traditional must be stuck to and traditional solutions must be taken as examples. Therefore, this study investigated the building-sanitation-related elements (water disposal systems, heating and chimney systems and drainage systems) and their uses in the traditional houses (their characteristics, the changes in their uses and the extent of these changes). The study also attempted to find out the principles and criteria on which the arrangements that are the products of accumulated experiences were based in the spaces or systems. Furthermore, the study investigated how and at what level the new equipment that the new age presents are reflected in the traditional house. The dimensional, positional, directional, constructional, equipment and material characteristics of these elements were investigated in accordance with the knowledge, theories and principles of architecture and instructive data about these were obtained from the traditional houses. The traditional houses in the city of Trabzon (Turkey) were chosen as the sample area of work. &nbsp; Key words: Water disposal, heating and chimney systems, drainage system, equipment and material characteristics, traditional houses.

The Selection of Priority Pipe Sections for Sewer Network Renovation

Operative and planned rehabilitation of old pipe networks, including water disposal systems, is a relevant objective of modern city. It is especially difficult to make pipeline reconstruction works in large cities with high construction area density, transport moving intensity, also full of multifunctional both underground and above-ground infrastructure. All these factors set a lot of restrictions for open excavation methods of pipelines repair and reconstruction. That is the reason why trenchless technologies are becoming more popular among the engineers. A wide range of trenchless techniques provides people with convenient method of fast and effective reconstruction processes in comparison with durable and inconvenient open excavation. This fact leads to a necessity of creating a strategic planning of pipeline rehabilitation. This article presents how to operate the first step of such strategic planning – choosing the priority pipe section for sewer network renovation. The most convenient way for choosing one specific section from a great range is to use a program package based on mathematical algorithm that takes into account a quantity of different factors. This paper presents such a program created by authors and describes its interface, date input and processing.

Offshore Water-Disposal Wells: Formation Damage and Treatment

This article, written by Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper IPTC 16595, ’Formation Damage and Treatment of Offshore Water-Disposal Wells in Saudi Arabia: Case Studies,’ by Ken Mei, Hassan B. Qahtani, Abdulmohsen S. Al-Kuait, and Luai A. Sukkar, Saudi Aramco, prepared for the 2013 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Beijing, 26-28 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In one Saudi Aramco offshore oil field, the production from different platforms is transported to an onshore gas/oil-separation plant (GOSP) where the produced water is removed from the hydrocarbon stream. Then, the produced water is injected continuously into highly permeable formations through disposal wells. Therefore, the water-disposal system is an integral part of the hydrocarbon-recovery system. Failure of one of the disposal wells could affect oil production adversely. Introduction Field A is a mature oil field with more than 500 active producing wells, and it has been on stream for more than 50 years. The crude-oil-handling facility was built onshore with limited equipment capacity and a limited water-disposal capacity. The field produced formation water beginning in the 1980s, and the water cut has increased over time. This field is expected to continue operating at approximately full crude-oil-handling capacity, with all produced water to be dis-posed of continuously. The main focus is how to maintain the ability to dispose of all the produced water. Of the options studied, the best was to drill new water-disposal wells and to service existing disposal wells to maintain a high disposal capacity. Evaluation of the disposal capacity of each well is the core part of this option and is a major challenge associated with a water-disposal system. Well tests on water-disposal wells are uneconomical to conduct monthly. Also, water injection would have to be interrupted during testing. Another major challenge was determining an effective treatment for water-disposal wells that have encountered a significant drop in injection potential. The produced water contains a significant amount of waste material including solids, salts, chemicals, and residual oil. Even after being treated, the waste-water causes pipeline corrosion and formation damage. Conventional acidizing with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or mud acid (12% HCl+6% hydrofluoric acid) proved ineffective for treating the formation damage to improve injectivity. A new way was found for dealing effectively with injection loss caused by specific formation damage. Water-Disposal System The produced water passes through high- and low-pressure separators and then is pumped to the disposal wells by two injection pumps and a 24-in. above-ground pipeline. Because the water-disposal system is part of the hydrocarbon-recovery system, reduction of produced-water injection would restrict oil production. An increasing number of wells have electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) installed to produce fluid at higher rates, which accelerates water production. With new ESP wells coming on stream, in a few years the water volume will be two and one-half times the current produced-water volume.

Результаты комплексного обследования моста через сооружения Иваньковского гидроузла (плотину № 21 и ГЭС № 191) в г. Дубне

The article describes the results of a comprehensive survey of the bridge structure in Dubna. The survey was performed to determine the load capacity and maintainability of the bridge structures for the period prior to the repair, as well as to collect the information necessary to update the draft decision and the right strategy of major repairs. The growing needs of the city Dubna, which several times increased the operational loading of the bridge structures, and no major repairs since the construction, led to the need of restricting the traffic capacity of the only transportation artery. By the time of the survey in November 2011, contraflow over the bridge and the restricted traffic of more than 8 t was organized, which resulted in tense atmosphere in the city.The authors studied the historical data and design features of the supporting structures of the bridge. Particular attention was paid to the state of load-bearing structures of the bridge and their deformability. The strength characteristics were studied. The authors analyzed the results of calculations in order to determine the carrying capacity of the bridge structures with the test loads. It turned out that the carrying capacity of the bridge is sufficient for load accommodation. However, in accordance with the regulations, the bridge does not meet modern requirements for the travel width. It was recommended to maintain contraflow and to provide operational loads of the class H-10 (i.e. platoons with GVW of 10 t and the presence of a single vehicle in a platoon with GVW of 13 t) until the major repairs. After major repairs with restoration of bearings, waterproofing, water disposal system, replacing the bed, repair of the protective layer, it will be possible for single vehicles weighing up to 25 t to pass over the bridge.

Contributing Factors to Disease Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Groundwater

Disease outbreaks associated with drinking water drawn from untreated groundwater sources represent a substantial proportion (30.3%) of the 818 drinking water outbreaks reported to CDC's Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) during 1971 to 2008. The objectives of this study were to identify underlying contributing factors, suggest improvements for data collection during outbreaks, and inform outbreak prevention efforts. Two researchers independently reviewed all qualifying outbreak reports (1971 to 2008), assigned contributing factors and abstracted additional information (e.g., cases, etiology, and water system attributes). The 248 outbreaks resulted in at least 23,478 cases of illness, 390 hospitalizations, and 13 deaths. The majority of outbreaks had an unidentified etiology (n = 135, 54.4%). When identified, the primary etiologies were hepatitis A virus (n = 21, 8.5%), Shigella spp. (n = 20, 8.1%), and Giardia intestinalis (n = 14, 5.7%). Among the 172 (69.4%) outbreaks with contributing factor data available, the leading contamination sources included human sewage (n = 57, 33.1%), animal contamination (n = 16, 9.3%), and contamination entering via the distribution system (n = 12, 7.0%). Groundwater contamination was most often facilitated by improper design, maintenance or location of the water source or nearby waste water disposal system (i.e., septic tank; n = 116, 67.4%). Other contributing factors included rapid pathogen transport through hydrogeologic formations (e.g., karst limestone; n = 45, 26.2%) and preceding heavy rainfall or flooding (n = 36, 20.9%). This analysis underscores the importance of identifying untreated groundwater system vulnerabilities through frequent inspection and routine maintenance, as recommended by protective regulations such as Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Groundwater Rule, and the need for special consideration of the local hydrogeology.

Management of slaughter houses in northern Nigeria and the safety of meat produced for human consumption

This work attempts to document the first comprehensive report on the conditions and management of major slaughter houses of northern Nigeria as well as the safety of meat produced for public consumption in these abattoirs. The study was carried out in seventeen major slaughter houses from 14 out of the 19 states that form the northern part of Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Selection of abattoir from each state was based on its socio-economic importance to the local community in terms of number of animals slaughtered and quantity of meat supply to the area and also the level of commitment of each abattoir management to cooperate with the objectives of this research. On-the-spot assessment of the operational facilities and process operations was employed using videos and photographs for data collection on visit to each abattoir. A joint prospective meat inspection and focus group discussion (8–12 abattoir personnel) was carried out to highlight the problems of the slaughter houses. The study revealed absence or dilapidated conditions of basic abattoir infrastructures such as lairage, hoisting facilities, supply of potable water, constant electricity, drainage and waste disposal systems. Good hygienic practices were totally absent. Animals were not being examined regularly before or after slaughter leading to unsafe meat being released for public consumption and conveyed out of the abattoir using unhygienic means of transport. Waste disposal was indiscriminate and hazardous to the environment, while the authorities concerned were not making any effort to curtail the situation. Diseases of public health and economic importance that were most frequently encountered included Tuberculosis, CBPP and Helminthoses. It was concluded that, none of the major abattoirs in northern Nigeria met the minimum hygienic standard of operation as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius and they could not have supported the production of safe meat and meat products for human consumption.

ЕкологічнА безпекА водовідведеннЯ З територіЇ населениХ пунктіВ З урахуванняМ аварійниХ ситуаціЙ

The article is devoted to the substantiation of constructive , operational and organizational measures used t o transform the environmentally dangerous disposal of water into safe in Ukrainian settlements . It was proposed to implement five measures in order to create ecologically safe system of water disposal of a settlement. Study of each measure includes the substantiation of their necessity and the manner of their implementation. The main point is the development of a managed module, which will be added to the existing systems of water disposal for its transformation. In addition, the system under consideration is supposed to dispose and clean drainage waters generated in settlements. The article provides the results of reduction of discharges of pollutants from water disposal system to surface water objects when implementing all five proposed measures

Analysis of the effect of copper-nickel works on the state of water resources in nearest features

The formation conditions of water exchange and quality in a lake used as a part of water disposal system of an operating copper-nickel metallurgical plant are considered. Water and material budget of the lake is calculated, including process water discharge, atmospheric precipitation, and snow melting. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bottom sediments and waters involved in lake water exchange are determined. The migration conditions of heavy metals from bottom sediments are evaluated and their dynamic layers are determined. Some measures are proposed for reducing the adverse impact of the coppernickel plant on water bodies.

Age-Specific Seroprevalence of Anti-Hepatitis A Antibody Among 1-30 Years Old Population of Savadkuh, Mazandaran, Iran With Literature Review

To determine age-specific seroprevalence rates of hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in Savadkuh district, Mazandaran province, north of Iran, as well as to compare the collected data with earlier seroprevalence studies in the region and Iran in order to draw a proper epidemiological pattern for HAV infection in the country. This study aimed to assess an age-specific HAV seroprevalence among 1- to 30-yearold people in Savadkuh, a less developed district of Mazandaran province, north of Iran. The study participants were 984 subjects who aged from one to 30 years and were residents of rural and urban areas of Savadkuh. They were selected using cluster sampling method and divided into five age groups: 1-2.9 (316 cases), 3-6.9 (254 cases), 7-10.9 (201 cases), 11-17.9 (115 cases), and 18-30 (98 cases). Anti-HAV antibody was measured by ELISA method. Seroprevalence rates among different age groups and their relationship to residency, educational levels of parents, water supply, and waste water disposal system was analyzed using chi-squared test. Overall seroprevalence rate was 19.20 % with no significant difference between rural and urban residents. The seroprevalence rates increased significantly with age: from 5.7 % in age group 1-2.9 year to 34.8 % in adolescents, and to 68.4 % among young adults (P < 0.0001); regardless of significant differences in educational levels among parents of residents in two areas it did not affect seroprevalence rates. Findings of this study and reviewing other reports from the region and the country suggest an epidemiological shift towards lower rates of anti-HAV antibody seroprevalence. It appears that anti-HAV antibody seroprevalence rate has been declining among Iranians and thereby more children would be susceptible to this infection. This would necessitate revising current strategies of preventative measures in Mazandaran and Iran.

Transformations of Modern Infrastructure Planning in Rural Regions: The Case of Water Infrastructures in Brandenburg, Germany

Despite profound transformations of spatial development patterns, the “modern infrastructure ideal” of universal and standardized supply with infrastructure services continues to play an important role in discussions on the future of rural infrastructures in shrinking regions of East Germany. Regional planners have reacted to current demographic, socio-economic and environmental transformations by scrutinizing infrastructure standards, but have only begun to reflect upon enhancing the flexibility of infrastructure systems themselves. Until recently, infrastructure planning was treated as a more or less technical and economic problem, without taking into proper account regional specificities and local non-expert knowledge. This paper suggests that flexible, regionally specific and participatory approaches may offer opportunities for innovative and sustainable planning solutions also applicable beyond the infrastructure sector. Referring to the difficult case of the transformation of water supply and waste water disposal systems of Brandenburg in north-eastern Germany, the paper discusses (1) the mismatch between established infrastructure-related planning rationales and current planning problems and (2) potential guidelines that may be constitutive for sustainable water infrastructure planning in the future. These guidelines lead to more general reflections on how infrastructure planning may be conceptualized in view of transforming demographic, environmental and socio-economic conditions.

Health Systems Change in 2010

Whilst health science, epidemiology and public health developments have forged enormous progress in understanding, prevention and cure in the health care area we still appear to lack the motivation to tackle the fundamental antecedents of many of our emerging population-based community health problems; the prevention of chronic illness being a prime example. In spite of much progress in the area of health science, the social, economic and evolutionary forces that cast our physical being in the world still remain poorly understood or accepted in the health care arena. However, if our health care systems are to be manageable and sustainable in the future, these wider antecedents of our health status and wellbeing must be factored more fundamentally in to our management models with more effort being put into preventing lifestyle related chronic illnesses than is currently the case. As in the past where public health infrastructure innovations such as running water and efficient waste disposal systems served to add greatly to the wellbeing of individuals and communities, we now need to make similar efforts to control preventable illnesses such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and lifestyle related cardio-vascular disease at their source rather than waiting until the manifestation of these conditions require major medical and chemical intervention and management before we act. Our young people are at risk of early onset chronic conditions as a result of their emerging sedentary lifestyles, un-healthy dietary habits and health related behaviours, yet we continue to concentrate our health management effort on managing those with existing chronic conditions while leaving younger generations with lifestyle practices and behaviours that pre-dispose individuals to developing chronic illness earlier and earlier in their lives. It is time we took notice of these emerging trends and began expending more effort to prevent what are essentially lifestyle related illnesses that can be eliminated before they become endemic. By concentrating more upon the social and environmental factors affecting our illness profiles as well as upon dealing more effectively with those who are already suffering from chronic illness we will reduce the need for major end-stage interventions and alleviate the impact and cost of early onset chronic disease. To achieve this new population health vision in Australia at least, we will not only need to utilize the new government funding structures more effectively; those structures that support coordination and more effective management of care, but also take a much broader, environmental and social view of cause and effect in relation to the health of populations.

Evidencia clínica de tracoma en indígenas colombianos del departamento de Vaupés

Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the world. In 2008 there were 1,300,000 persons with blindness caused by trachoma and 8 million with trichiasis, which might eventually lead to blindness. In Latin America it has been documented in Brazil, Guatemala and México. To inform the presence of trachoma for the first time in Colombia, amongst Amerindians of the Department of Vaupés. In 2003 and 2006 the Amerindian Makú communities of San Joaquín and Santa Catalina, located 5 km from the border with Brazil, were visited. From 2007 to 2009, San Gerardo, San Gabriel and Nuevo Pueblo, at a 35 km distance from San Joaquín were visited. In 2006 114 people were examined in Santa Catalina and San Joaquin; 21 patients were clinically diagnosed with trachoma (18.4%), 15 (13.2%) of them children under 15 years old. All trachoma phases were observed. Three women had corneal opacity with poor vision. In the remaining three communities, three women with advanced trachoma with corneal opacity and blindness were detected. The poor quality of living conditions without fresh water and adequate sanitary disposal systems, and the abundance of flies identified as Hippelates sp., are risk factors for the transmission of the disease. Trachoma exists in Colombia, and it is frequent among the studied communities. Its focalized distribution makes it amenable to elimination. It is advisable to search for trachoma in other indigenous communities in Vaupés with similar living conditions.

Entrenching an efficient urban infrastructure development in Uyo, Nigeria: A pragmatic approach

Urban infrastructure covers all facilities or services provided to support structural and economic development in urban centres. It is developed and maintained by public agencies to facilitate the achievement of common socioeconomic objectives. This paper is concerned with infrastructure such as accessible roads, electricity, pipe-borne water, telecommunication and waste disposal system. Two hundred (200) questionnaires were administered on residents of Uyo urban. The respondents were categorized into four groups including civil/public servants, students, cyclists and house wives/petty traders. To each group, fifty questionnaires were administered using random sampling techniques. Out of which 188 copies representing 94% were properly completed and returned. It was pertinent to conduct oral interviews as a means of extracting more information. Statutory agencies responsible for the provision of infrastructure were also visited such as Ministry of Works and Transport, Akwa Ibom Water Company Limited in Uyo. The results are presented statistically in tables and analyzed. The research observed that the sector is characterized by inadequacy and inefficiency to the detriment of the public. It concludes that public private partnership should be introduced into the sector as it appears the government alone cannot provide and maintain urban infrastructure.

Automatic water disposal system for diesel fuel filters

Ongoing development of current diesel fuel filters, targeting lower emissions and reduced fuel consumption, leads to continuously increasing demands on fuel preparation. Today, nearly all commercial vehicles, and increasingly more passenger cars, use economical diesel engines, which require not only a high level of particle separation efficiency, but also efficient water separation. For regions with a high water content in diesel fuel, Mahle has now developed an automatic water disposal system for fuel filters, which actively contributes to a clean environment and lower-maintenance vehicles.