Water Disposal Systems Research Articles

Testing steelfibroconcrete centrifuged specimens of pipes used in drainage and water disposal systems at places of automobile and railway transport heavy traffic

Ferroconcrete pipes, used in drainage and water disposal systems of roads, works in conditions, in which the direction of the main tensile stresses is either unknown, or can change during exploitation. One of the ways of solving this problem is using of steel fibrous concrete, i.e. concrete on hydraulic tenacious substances with addition of reinforcing elements in the form of short lengths (fibers). Using of steel fibrous concrete allows to get the construction of low pressure centrifuged pipe for drainage and water disposal systems at places of automobile and railway transport heavy traffic with higher tensile and bending strength, crack resistance for the work under conditions when the direction of the main tensile stresses is unknown.

Assessment of Environmental Sanitation, Food Safety Knowledge, Handling Practice among Food Handlers of Bukateria Complexes in Iju Town, Akure North of Ondo-State, Nigeria.

Background: Food safety has become one of the ten threats to global health in 2019 and the outbreaks of foodborne diseases are major public health problems and had caused approximately 76 million illness, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5000 deaths yearly. However, 20 - 40% of such illness is associated with the consumption of contaminated food where bukateria premises are the most frequently cited sources of sporadic and outbreak foodborne infection including WASH related diseases. The problem is more noticeable in developing countries due to prevailing poor food handling and sanitation practices, tokenistic and inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources to invest on safer equipment’s, and lack of education for food handlers. Objectives: This study assesses the environmental sanitation status of complexes in Iju offering public ‘Bukataria’ services, in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State, South-West Nigeria. Materials and Method: Purposive sampling technique was used, 36 respondents from 16 bukarias was carried out from April 2013 to May 2013. Total number of bukateria was obtained from environmental health unit of Akure North Local Government. The proprietors and food handlers were selected by lottery method from each selected bukateria. Structured and pretested questionnaire was developed for the purpose of data collection after reviewing relevant literature and views of professionals in the area. Analyses was achieved with frequencies, Chi-square and other summary statistics, to assess food vendors knowledge on hygiene and environmental sanitation practices. Results: Chi-square test (P = 0.1, 0.01) revealed that respondents with higher form of education (about 72%) and catering training (6%) had better knowledge about food hygiene. Results also revealed that while 61% of the food vendors did not use aprons, only about half of those that used (39%) were neat.75% (12 out of 16) of the bukateria had facilities for safe storage of cooked food, while 56% kept neat kitchen and stores. Correspondingly, 31.3% of the bukateria were adequately ventilated while 75% kept neat restaurant. 46% have access to means of adequate sewage disposal. All Bukateria had access to both portable water and adequate refuse disposal system. Rodents (rats) and/or flies were absent in 75% of the bukateria visited. This study will have a significant input, in the formulation of appropriate strategy, to modify and facilitate the overall regulatory activity, for program planning and evaluation by environmental health officer. Conclusion: More needs to be done in the area of supportive supervision training, education, medical screening for food handlers and monitoring in order to further improve the wellbeing of the community. These therefore demonstrate the need for targeted sanitation interventions in our Bukateria in order to address the current inadequate or lack of progress.

Geoecology of small hydroelectric power stations on the rivers of the Moscow region, Russia

The aim of this paper is validation of possibility of using hydropower potential of local drops in water supply and water disposal systems of large enterprises and thermal power stations, reservoirs and other structures located on the territory of Moscow and Moscow Oblast; also there validated the possibility and feasibility of their hydropower potential use and consideration of geo-ecological factors such as geological setting and composition of soils on the territories of weirs, presence of forest vegetation, sorption characteristics and composition of soils significantly affecting the degree of protection of live streams against pollution. Therefore, they should be taken into consideration at conducting comprehensive assessment of the springs condition. Units of small HPPs may be installed at spillage of clarified water from sedimentation basins of thermal power stations, water purification facilities. Construction of small HPPs of such types should be realized within the frame of energy efficiency policy. Apart from incorporation of energy efficiency technologies they may contribute in power supply of enterprises at which they are constructed. Such stations may serve as a power supply reserve of certain consumers.

Geotechnical and ecological foundations of the sustainable life cycle of the long-operated unique underground structures of the water disposal system in difficult ground conditions

Intensive development of megacities causes the need for sustainable operation of underground urban infrastructure facilities. In the special protection against man-made impact, long-operated unique underground structures of the water disposal system, which are related to facilities with an increased level of responsibility and danger, are needed. In the report, based on the experience of studying the operation of underground wastewater facilities in conditions of weak soils and intensive external static and dynamic impacts, there are proposed new methods for diagnosing their technical condition, modeling and monitoring of the joint work of the "underground structures aggregate of soil" system are implemented, forecasting and shaping conditions for its sustainable life cycle. Point and linear objects of the water canal of St. Petersburg are developed and implemented at unique (to a depth of 70 m.) geotechnology, providing simultaneous increase of bearing capacity, operational reliability and ecological safety of longoperated underground drainage facilities in difficult ground conditions with increasing man-caused impacts.

Computer processing and simulation results of hydraulic experiments in the gravity pipelines and their protective coatings used in the construction and reconstruction of water disposal systems

On the basis of the known hydraulic dependences, which describe the fluid flow regimes in gravity pipe lines, the results of bench experimental studies on various types of pipeline materials and internal protective coatings have been analyzed in an automated mode. The simulation technique algorithm and the automated program are constructed in such a way as to be a kind of experiments’ catalogue (database) carried out on a universal hydraulic bench. The program content and the requirements to input and output information are presented herein. The results of an automated processing of the experimental data are given in the form of tables and graphical dependences, which characterize the liquid gravity flow regime depending on the degree of the pipelines roughness made of different materials. The target of the program is to provide a wide application of its results by the designers as tool in their design works when designing gravity water discharge lines, as well as in construction, modernization and renovation of pipeline transport facilities focusing on the trenchless repair methods. The program has a special unit, which assesses and compares domestic and foreign methods of hydraulic calculations of pipe lines through the roughness coefficients determined by the formulas of Manning and N.N. Pavlovskiy.

Shipboard Fault Detection Through Nonintrusive Load Monitoring: A Case Study

As crew sizes aboard maritime vessels shrink in efforts to reduce operational costs, ship operators increasingly rely on advanced monitoring systems to ensure proper operation of shipboard equipment. The nonintrusive load monitor (NILM) is an inexpensive, robust, and easy to install system useful for this task. NILMs measure power data at centralized locations in ship electric grids and disaggregate power draws of individual electric loads. This data contains information related to the health of shipboard equipment. We present a NILM-based framework for performing fault detection and isolation, with a particular emphasis on systems employing closed-loop hysteresis control. Such controllers can mask component faults, eventually leading to damaging system failure. The NILM system uses a neural network for load disaggregation and calculates operational metrics related to machinery health. We demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness using data collected from two NILMs installed aboard a U.S. Coast Guard cutter. The NILMs accurately disaggregate loads, and the diagnostic metrics provide easy distinction of several faults in the gray water disposal system. Early detection of such faults prevents costly wear and avoids catastrophic failures.

Features of wastewater treatment systems of the oil and gas field infrastructure

When creating the oil and gas field infrastructure, the question arises of collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste generated as a result of people’s activities. One of the important tasks is the design, construction and operation of a reliable water disposal system for rotators’ camps, stable under the northern conditions and including wastewater treatment plants. Technological and technical-economic analysis of existing facilities has shown that the efficiency of the existing small wastewater treatment plants is rather low, while the cost of operation is several times higher than that of stations with high capacity. This trend is also characteristic of existing technologies for treatment and disposal of sludge. In order to prevent anthropogenic impact on the nature of the North of the Tyumen Oblast (region), to increase the efficiency of small wastewater treatment plants and to reduce the costs of sludge disposal, it is necessary to apply new technological solutions and methods for treating the resulting domestic waste.

Water Disposal System in the Coastal Zone of Lake Baikal

Conduct a ranging of natural-climatic and anthropogenic factors. It is shown that the main factors of lake pollution by nutrients are natural-climatic factors, in particular, forest fires. An analysis of the regulatory framework has been carried out, it has been proposed to harmonize the phosphorus and nitrogen indicators with all-Russian standards. It is established that in the residential areas there is no water treatment to the normative indices. For each class of settlements presented possible technologies for wastewater treatment. The strategy of building of unified system of water disposal in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory is formulated.

Pb Dan Cu Pada Badan Air Dan Tanah Sawah Sub-Das Solo Hilir Kabupaten Lamongan

The main components of the watershed which are potentially contaminated, are bodies of water and soil. Deterioration of water quality in the watershed, among others, is caused by industrial waste water disposal systems and household waste along the river resulting pollution. Lamongan district is located at sub watershed of Solo river downstream. Data distribution of Pb and Cu in water and paddy soil of sub watershed Solo downstream was limited, therefore this research was done. The research was conducted in 2009. The aim of the research was to get data distribution of heavy metal Pb and Cu in paddy soil and water watershed Solo downstream Lamongan district. Soil samples were taken with a modified grid system, by collecting a composite soil samples representing of area about 10-15 ha, while the water samples taken at a depth of 25-30 cm of water surface. The result showed the water quality of the river from 9 sampling sites, there were 7 location of BOD value already exceeding the maximum value for agriculture water. While the COD value and electrical conductivity at 1 and 3 locations respectively already exceeded the maximum. Cu was detected at all sampling sites, while Pb was detected only in 5 locations. Pb and Cu levels was below the maximum limit specified in PP No. 21, 2001. Cu in soils was detected at all sites, while there were 4 locations that Pb was not detectable, levels of Pb and Cu in soils were still under the specified threshold.

Управление уровнем безопасности и эффективности систем водоснабжения и водоотведения

Issues of safe and effective functioning of the water supply and water disposal systems have been considered. We proposed to treat safety of the water supply and water disposal systems as a notion to be depicted with a set of characteristics. The system and retrospective analysis of the water supply and water disposal systems’functioning at the stages of water transporting, water treatment, and waste water treatment has been conducted. Reserves of the water supply and water disposal systems’ effectiveness and safety increasing have been found. It was demonstrated that complexity and dynamics of the processes occurring in the water supply and water disposal systems require solution of both operative and strategic tasks that are to be described by the proper parameters. A number of parameters to describe the mentioned components of the water supply and water disposal systems have been proposed. For the first time the reasons for combining partial and integral parameters that enable to pass to development of the dynamic model for governing the processes occurring at the different stages of the water supply and water disposal systems’ functioning have been given.

Technical innovations as a means of increasing the efficiency of technological equipment in modern production conditions

This article presents a study of the possibilities of technological equipment in municipal engineering, as well as technical innovations to improve its efficiency. The authors review the research on a hydraulic mode and resistances in a working body of a technological equipment. The research results are determined by the introduction of new technical solutions aimed at increasing the efficiency in the work of the Vodokanal enterprises. Improvement of technological equipment is as a result of the improved working conditions in the process of the water disposal system operation.

Trajectory of Sewerage System Development Optimization

The transition to market relations has determined a new technology for our country to manage the development of urban engineering systems. This technology has shifted to the municipal level and it can, in large, be presented in two stages. The first is the development of a scheme for the development of the water supply and sanitation system, the second is the implementation of this scheme on the basis of investment programs of utilities. In the investment programs, financial support is provided for the development and reconstruction of water disposal systems due to the investment component in the tariff, connection fees for newly commissioned capital construction projects and targeted financing for selected state and municipal programs, loans and credits. Financial provision with the development of sewerage systems becomes limited and the problem arises in their rational distribution between the construction of new water disposal facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones. The paper suggests a methodology for developing options for the development of sewerage systems, selecting the best of them by the life cycle cost criterion, taking into account the limited investments in their construction, models and methods of analysis, optimizing their reconstruction and development, taking into account reliability and seismic resistance.

The application of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool to assess health inequity among dwellers of an urban slum area in Giza Governorate, Egypt.

The WHO in 2008 developed the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool. It is a user-friendly guide for stakeholders and decision makers at national and local levels to identify health inequities. Moreover, using such tool will facilitate decisions on viable and effective strategies, interventions, and actions that should be used to reduce health inequities. To assess the health equity in a disadvantaged district (Gezerit El Warak) located in Giza province, Egypt. A population-based survey was conducted in the study district. A total of 643 heads of households were interviewed using Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response developed by WHO. Indicators of key health outcomes and major social determinants were calculated and then compared with the corresponding national indicators. The results of social determinants of health showed lower performance than national figures in the core indicators illiteracy (42.5%) and male tobacco smoking (56.0%), whereas good performance was reported for unemployment among adults (2.0%), fully immunized infants (95.1%), and females' overweight (34.5%)/obesity (38.0%). The main problem encountered was the inadequate physical infrastructure, mainly safe drinking water and sewage disposal system. The health outcome indicators revealed higher prevalence of hypertension among both males (20.7%) and females (19.2%). History of diabetes mellitus was markedly higher than the national figures among both males (11.5%) or females (9.6%). Compared with the national indicators, the main health determinants with low performance encountered in the study area included the physical infrastructure and high prevalence of male tobacco smoking. Health outcome indicators with low performance were diabetes and hypertension. The response of stakeholders was positive and immediate actions were taken to tackle some of the low-performance indicators.

Modern Approaches to Control Unsewered Object Waste Treatment at the Regional Level

Analysis of RF settlement improvement state with regard to water supply facilities and water disposal systems as well as objects with waste disposal in the unsewered areas has been carried out. It has been found that legal control of such waste treatment in RF is performed by more than twenty laws and other regulatory legal acts of the federal and regional level. It has been noted that modern environmental and health legislation does not have “liquid wastes” phrase. It has been stated that in most cases regulations for liquid wastes treatment approved in some municipal formations mean domestic wastewater treatment. Necessity of distinguishing “domestic wastewater” and “wastewater” phrases has been discussed. Authors have firstly developed uniform “Rules for treatment liquid wastes and domestic wastewaters” by the example of RF subject. Uniform rules can form areal plans of refuse disposal, water disposal plans, and waste treatment by the different municipal formations. This article is intended for the regional and local authorities, investors in the field of refuse disposal.

ОЧИСТКА ВЫСОКОКОНЦЕНТРИРОВАННЫХ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ ОТ ФЕНОЛОВ

The article is concerned with analyzing the dephenolization methods used to purify highly concentrated waste water from industrial enterprises which make it possible to discharge the effluents into a centralized water disposal system. We considered the methods of physical and chemical (adsorption, evaporation, extraction), thermooxidational (liquid-phase oxidation and vapor-phase catalytic oxidation), thermal (evaporation), biochemical and complex methods of wastewater treatment. The conditions of wastewater dephenolization have been studied (different temperature, pH of the medium, pressure), the reagents which are used and the possibility of purification from other substances contained in sewerage. The treatment systems of highly concentrated sewerage from phenols are presented for some methods. The analysis is presented in the form of a comparative table that shows the initial and final concentrations of phenol, the required process equipment, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method. As a result of the analysis, we specified the conclusions about the effectiveness of these methods depending on the initial concentrations of phenol in wastewater. It was found that many methods can purify effluents with high phenol concentrations but not all of them can make this wastewater suitable for the centralized water disposal systems. After some methods, a post-treatment of sewerage is necessary. In this case, it is possible the use the biochemical method. On the one hand, the final choice of the method will depend on the technical and economic factors and, on the other hand, on the requirements to the residual concentrations of phenol in wastewater.

Development of environmentally safe technological water disposal scheme of aviation enterprise

Various methods of organizing water disposal at the aviation enterprises were considered, and their main common shortcomings were characterized. It was shown that modern technologies of water disposal system do not allow reaching a proper level of ecological safety mainly due to the insufficient degree of wastewater treatment and existing environmental risks associated with the recycling of their sediments. We made a conclusion about the need for improvement of the environmental safety of water disposal systems functioning due to the development of a new technology. For this, when applying traditional mechanical and biological treatment methods, it was proposed to carry out additional wastewater purification and to improve the ways of treatment and recycling of their sediments. For additional treatment, it was proposed to use wastewater as a medium for the cultivation of energy microalgae in photobioreactors of the closed type with subsequent production of liquid biofuel of the third generation. For sediment treatment and recycling, it was proposed to use anaerobic digestion with the scheme organization in compliance with the kinetics of digestion processes and subsequent use of digested masses organic fertilizer. Based on this, we proposed a new technological water disposal scheme, which would make it possible to obtain renewable energy sources for partial or full provision of the needs of enterprises for thermal and electrical energy, and in case of its excess to obtain commercal renewable energy sources, to receive environmentally safe organic fertilizer, commercial carbon dioxide, as well as to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide from cogeneration plants of local thermal and electric power plants into the atmosphere.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DISPOSAL

The existing methods for assessing the energy efficiency of technological systems of water supply and water disposal are examined. The main tool of the existing methods is a settlement-and-analytical method, and, in accordance with the mentioned one, the determining of general and specific electric power consumption is based on actual consumption evaluation, evaluation of pressure and efficiency of the pump unit. However, in practical terms a lot of factors influence on those characteristics therefore affecting the resulting magnitude of energy efficiency and leading to errors in the calculation. These factors include the technical condition of the equipment and piping systems, alterations in the modes of operation of pumping units over time, a significant impact of the ambient temperature on the power consumption, amount of precipitation and the chemical composition of the effluent. As an object of management water supply and water disposal systems are considered as a totality; therefore the assessment of the energy efficiency of pipeline enterprises ought to be based on a systematic approach, whereas the existing methods are mainly based on an analysis of operating modes of individual electrical equipment, not on the whole technological system. The article describes the management system of energy efficiency of pipeline water supply and water disposal systems. The management system is based on information base of statistic data of power, hydraulic and industrial indexes of wastewater management. The original basic mathematical models of common costs and unit costs of electrical power in the water supply and water disposal systems, which are the basis for the solution of the problems of forecasting and the current state assessment of energy efficiency of enterprises, the selection of priority areas of energy efficiency and finding the ways to save energy resources, are presented.

Enhancement of water use efficiency at plants processing hydrocarbon materials

A method is proposed for multicriteria performance assessment of water supply and disposal systems. Approaches are proposed for improving the utilization efficiency of water resources in plants processing hydrocarbon materials based on the potential of main-production technological processes and in-plant systems of heat and water supply, as well as industrial waste utilization. Engineering solutions are given for involving regenerated wastewater in the production cycle and reducing water consumption from external natural sources, and their system efficiency is evaluated.

Substantiation of Methods of Calculation of Allowable Discharge Limits in Setting up a Water Disposal System in Big Cities (as exemplified by the city of Barnaul)

The study gives an algorithm of calculation of allowable concentrations of pollutants in wastewater discharged by industrial enterprises, as exemplified by Barnaul, with due account for limiting factors concerning the entry into the city's sewage system. The research results can serve as a basis for development of objective limits of discharged pollutants taken for treatment by municipal sewage systems in different cities of Russia.

К вопросу сравнения технологий по степени воздействия на окружающую среду при разработке справочников НДТ

According to the RF Government direction, 47 sector BAT reference books are to be developed during the 2015–2017 period in order to support the Russian legislation requirements aimed at implementation of the norms of impact upon environment at the best available techniques (BAT) level. Ten of them were developed and approved in 2015. Analysis of the text of one of the reference books, namely «Waste water treatment with the use of centralized water disposal systems of inhabited locations and urban districts» backed the presence of significant gaps in the BAT application methodological support. Analysis of the current Russian normative and methodological support of the BAT reference books development and application of the technological norms for the nature use management practice, as well as the relevant European experience is given. The issues of comparative assessment of nature users’ impact upon water bodies when using various techniques are considered. The possibility of the use of wide-spread European models for assessment of impacts upon environment in assessment of a product life cycle is shown. A number of recommendations and proposals including the necessity of a detailed revision of the BAT reference books development methodical support have been given. The principal requirements to such kind of support have been listed. Upgrading of the methodical support carried out on the basis of the wide discussion by all stakeholders is to be aimed at improvement of the BAT validity in the process of future editions of the BAR reference books publication, stipulated by the legislation.