Water Consumption Behavior Research Articles

Risk Perception, Choice of Source and Treatment Decision: Exploring Water Consumption Behaviour in Darjeeling, India

Risk Perception, Choice of Source and Treatment Decision: Exploring Water Consumption Behaviour in Darjeeling, India

The Role of El Niño in Driving Drought Conditions over the Last 2000 Years in Thailand

Irregular climate events frequently occur in Southeast Asia due to the numerous climate patterns combining. Thailand sits at the confluence of these interactions, and consequently experiences major hydrological events, such as droughts. Proxy data, speleothem records, lake sediment sequences and tree ring chronologies were used to reconstruct paleo drought conditions. These trends were compared with modelled and historic El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) data to assess if the ENSO climate phenomena is causing droughts in Thailand. Drought periods were found to occur both during El Niño events and ENSO neutral conditions. This indicates droughts are not a product of one climate pattern, but likely the result of numerous patterns interacting. There is uncertainty regarding how climate patterns will evolve under climate change, but changes in amplitude and variability could potentially lead to more frequent and wider reaching hydrological disasters. It is vital that policies are implemented to cope with the resulting social and economic repercussions, including diversification of crops and reorganisation of water consumption behaviour in Thailand.

Effects of Noise Stress on Body Weight and Adrenal Gland Weight of Male Wistar Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of varying intensities of noise stress onto the body and adrenal gland weight (absolute) of 17 weeks old (291–296) gram (g) Wistar rat. Animals were exposed to varying intensity of noise, i.e., 60 dB (Decibel), 80 dB, 100 dB, 120 dB, and 140 dB for 1 h (h)/day for 30 days. The dose of different noise intensities was delivered through a special fabricated noise chamber which had provided all daily needs of animal-like oxygen, food, and water. Food and water consumption behavior was recorded on 1st, 14th, and 29th days and body weight change recorded on 1st, 15th, and 30th days after the exposure of noise stress. Absolute adrenal glands weight was recorded on the 30th day. The results of the present study showed that the food, water consumption behavior, and body weight (g) of the experimental group EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), EG3 (100 dB), EG4 (120 dB), and EG5 (140 dB) were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) decreased during 1st–14th days and during 15th–30th days a recovery which were observed in food, water consumption, and in body weight of the EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), and EG3 (100 dB). A percentage (%) decrease was found, i.e., 0.76, 0.37, 3.87, 25.89, and 30.06% in body weight of EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), EG3 (100 dB), EG4 (120 dB), and EG5 (140 dB) experimental groups, respectively.

Increasing the content of physically effective fiber in high-concentrate diets fed to beef heifers affects intake, sorting behavior, time spent ruminating, and rumen pH.

AbstractThe importance of fiber particle size in ruminal health is well known, but there are fewer studies to assess the requirements of physically effective NDF (peNDF) in beef cattle than in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to establish the optimal peNDF proportion in high-concentrate diets fed to beef cattle, to reduce the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis. The experimental design was a replicated Latin Square 4 × 4, with four periods of 21 d. Treatments consisted of four diets with different peNDF proportions: 6.4%, 10.4%, 13.6%, and 15.4%, offered ad libitum as total mixed ration, and containing 15% barley straw and 85% concentrate. Diets, which differed in proportions of straw > 4 mm (considered peNDF) and straw < 4 mm, were manually mixed with concentrate. This concentrate was the same for all diets. A ruminal bolus was orally administered to each heifer for pH measurement. Intake, water consumption, intake by particle size, feed sorting, feeding behavior, behavioral activities, and rumen pH were recorded. Chemical composition and particle sizes of diets offered were assessed in the last week of each period. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts determined the linear and quadratic effects of increasing peNDF proportion. T-test procedure determined whether heifers carried out sorting behavior. Particles >4 mm linearly increased (P = 0.001), and particles <4 mm linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as peNDF increased. Water consumption and feeding behavior were unaffected by treatment. As peNDF increased, intakes of DM and NDF linearly decreased (P = 0.001), whereas peNDF intake increased (P = 0.001). Intake of particles > 4 mm linearly increased, whereas intake of particles < 4 mm linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as peNDF increased. Diet 6.4% performed sorting for particles > 4 mm (P < 0.01), and diets 13.6% and 15.4% against particles > 4 mm (P < 0.01). Diet 10.4% tended to sort against particles > 4 mm (P < 0.10). Time spent ruminating linearly increased (P = 0.001) as peNDF increased. Diets did not differ in mean and minimum rumen pH, but time under rumen pH thresholds (5.8, 5.7, 5.6, and 5.5) linearly decreased as peNDF increased (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the diet that best met the requirements of not compromising intake, limiting sorting behavior, and promoting time spent ruminating to reduce the number of hours under rumen pH thresholds, was the 10.4% diet.

Exploring the synergy between customer home‐based and hotel‐based water consumption and conservation behaviors: An empirical approach

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the synergy between customers' home‐based and hotel‐based water conservation behaviors. A market segmentation approach based on water conservation behaviors in households and environmental concerns was undertaken to identify the distinct types of individual groups and understand the differences between segments in terms of demographic characteristics, attitudes, moral obligation, and intentions toward water conservation behavior in a hotel guestroom. Our empirical findings showed that individuals who save water at home and are more environmentally concerned have stronger attitudes, moral obligation, and water conservation intentions while staying in a hotel. The cluster analysis indicated that three distinct segments existed that are significantly different in terms of gender and age. The findings suggested that targeting the three segments, which included the environmentally concerned and active, the environmentally concerned but inactive, and the environmentally unconcerned and inactive groups, with different communication strategies may prove to be a more efficient approach for hotel managers.

The toxicity of the technical product, derived triazolinones

Introduction. Technical products that are part of pesticides recommended for use in agriculture must undergo a comprehensive sanitary and Toxicological examination, which is the basis for preventing the adverse effects of pesticides on the health of workers and the population, as well as on the sanitary state of the environment. Purpose of research - the study of the biological effect of the technical product derived triazolinthionov, with its repeated oral intake in mammals (rats), justification of the permissible daily dose (DSD) for humans. Material and methods. Chronic (12 months) experiment was conducted on male rats with a body weight of 200-210 g tested doses: 5.0; 50.0 and 500.0 mg/kg body weight (1 control and 3 experimental groups and 20 individuals each). In the dynamics of the experiment, we observed the condition and behavior of animals, water and food consumption, fixed the timing of death, recorded changes in body weight, physiological, biochemical and hematological parameters. Results. It was found that the dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight does not cause significant changes in all studied parameters, doses of 50.0 and 500.0 mg/kg body weight had a polytropic effect on the body of experimental animals. Discussion. The studied technical product at repeated intake in doses of 50,0 and 500,0 mg/kg of body weight causes changes in the state of the Central nervous system of animals (statistically significant changes in SPP, total activity, path length, rest time), as well as changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism in the body, as evidenced by statistically significant changes in biochemical and hematological indicators. Consequently, doses of 50,0 and 500,0 mg/kg of body weight have a polytropic effect on the body of male rats and are effective. The dose of 5.0 mg/kg of body weight, when administered in animals of the experimental group in comparison with animals of the control group, there are no changes in all the studied parameters throughout the experiment, is accepted as invalid. On the basis of an inactive dose of 5.0 mg/kg of body weight and a reserve factor of 100, we have scientifically justified DSD for humans at the level of 0.05 mg/kg. Conclusion. Studies have shown that long-term repeated oral administration of the studied product into the body of animals (male rats) at a dose of 5.0 mg per 1 kg of body weight does not cause statistically significant changes in all the studied parameters, so the indicated dose is invalid. Doses of 50,0 and 500,0 mg/kg MT have a polytropic effect on the body of male rats and are effective. DSD for humans at the level of 0.05 mg/kg is justified based on the inactive dose at the level of 5.0 mg per 1 kg of body weight, established in a 12-month chronic experiment conducted on male rats, and the reserve coefficient of 100 (taking into account the unexpressed specific and long-term effects).

Perception of tap water quality: Assessment of the factors modifying the links between satisfaction and water consumption behavior

Perception of tap water is subject to a wide range of factors and interactions. These include risk perception, tap water quality and organoleptic perceptions, microbiological and chemical quality, prior experiences, information sources, trust in water companies and other groups, and perceived control and contextual factors, among others. The objective of this study is to assess the factors that influence and determine citizen behavior regarding drinking water. A phone survey was conducted among 1014 citizens living in the city of Québec, Canada. Five different domestic water consumption profiles were elaborated according to the citizens' preferences and behavior. Descriptive statistics and mediation analyses were carried out to analyse the survey results and assess the factors modifying the links between satisfaction and water consumption behavior.Results show that drinking water quality could be loosely linked with overall satisfaction with tap water. The water consumption profile was strongly linked with satisfaction levels related to the taste, odor and color of tap water. We observed that the association between an individual's tap water satisfaction and water consumption behavior was mediated by the water treatment strategies applied at home (filtering, cooling), knowledge about drinking water quality and its production, and risk perception. The mediating effects were shown to be significant mainly among bottled-water-only and tap-water-only consumers.Future interventions that aim to encourage the population's use of tap water as a primary source should prioritize cooling and filtering tap water in their messaging, in order to improve population satisfaction. The reduction of risk perception through targeted information campaigns is also of primary importance for decreasing the number of citizens who exclusively drink bottled water.

Exploring the Role of Advertising Types on Improving the Water Consumption Behavior: An Application of Integrated Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy VIKOR Method

In recent years, many cities have suffered from a shortage of drinking water, mainly due to population growth. Hence, the desire to curb undue water consumption through the identification of the main factors affecting consumer behavior has become very important in managing drinking water supplies. Modifying the consumption pattern means institutionalizing of a sustainable culture in water consumption among consumers and the identification of the main criteria affecting their behavior. In 2018, a survey was applied to examine the role of mass media advertising in modifying the water consumption pattern in Iran. An integration of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR was proposed based on group decision making, and fuzzy trapezoidal sets used to model linguistic variables and to deal with uncertainty in opinions. We devised and conducted a questionnaire with 24 main criteria and 8 sub-criteria to measure the impact of advertising on water consumption. The case study population in this study included all urban households over 15 cities of Iran. A total of 5630 questionnaires were distributed among the various populations with cluster method. Then, by analyzing the results, advertisements using animation had the highest impact on consumer behavior, among the available alternatives, and could play a significant role in modifying the water consumption pattern. Additionally, a fuzzy evaluation technique is performed to validate the result of the applied method. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the stability of the final ranking. Finally, the prioritization results of the types of advertising by the proposed method were compared with the results of the fuzzy AHP method.

Socio-Eco-efficiency Indictors Effect on Water Consumption and Recycling Efficiency in Kombolecha, Ethiopia

Ethiopia is amongst agrarian economy but drought affected and rainfall dependent country in eastern Africa. Water consumption growth and green environmental problems were increasing parallel to factories production growth and population density rise in Kombolecha city. Consumers were used water resources for different purposes to attain their optimal social, economic and environmental aspects. However, consumer’s economic, social, and environmental indicators were disintegrated in the course of water consumption and recycling process. This study intended to determine the effect of socio-coefficient indicators on water consumption and recycling efficiency in Kombolecha. In doing so, this study employed instrumental variable model and two stages least square estimation that could be integrated the consumer’s social, economic and environmental indicators and built a socio-eco efficiency framework, which maintain water consumption and recycling efficiency in drought affected cities. In addition to this, propensity score matching estimation was used to evaluate the impacts of consumer’s poverty and consumption behaviours effect on water consumption and recycling efficiency. Accordingly, this study investigated that consumer’s water consumption behaviours were found different and varied across their production and consumption purposes in Kombolecha. For instance, factories were used different quantities of water along with their type of production. It was also computed that consumer’s social, economic and environmental aspects were associated with their water consumption and recycling processes. However, household’s consumption behavior and poverty level was negatively associated and affected the water consumption and recycling efficiency at the 5 percent significance level. In this study, nonetheless, rather than each separate indicator, the socio- eco efficiency framework, which consisted the three key indicators, were positively and statistically significant and influenced consumer’s water consumption and recycling efficiency in meeting green environment resilience. This study, thus, recommends that environment protection offices should be tactically integrated consumer’s social, economic and environmental indicators to build socio- eco efficiency that recover the green environment Kombolecha and at large in Ethiopia.

The Study of Water Consumption Behavior Under the Societal, Industrial and Environmental Dynamics: A Confirmatory Analysis from the Metropolitan City of Karachi

The Study of Water Consumption Behavior Under the Societal, Industrial and Environmental Dynamics: A Confirmatory Analysis from the Metropolitan City of Karachi

Evaluation Of Water Consumption Behavior Of Emergency Health Services Employees

Evaluation Of Water Consumption Behavior Of Emergency Health Services Employees

Investigation of Drinking Water Consumption Behavior of Individuals Over 15 Years Old Livinf in Akcadag District of Malatya

Investigation of Drinking Water Consumption Behavior of Individuals Over 15 Years Old Livinf in Akcadag District of Malatya

Mixture of Joint Nonhomogeneous Markov Chains to Cluster and Model Water Consumption Behavior Sequences

The emergence of smart meters has fostered the collection of massive data that support a better understanding of consumer behaviors and better management of water resources and networks. The main focus of this article is to analyze consumption behavior over time; thus, we first identify the main weekly consumption patterns. This approach allows each meter to be represented by a categorical series, where each category corresponds to a weekly consumption behavior. By considering the resulting consumption behavior sequences, we propose a new methodology based on a mixture of nonhomogeneous Markov models to cluster these categorical time series. Using this method, the meters are described by the Markovian dynamics of their cluster. The latent variable that controls cluster membership is estimated alongside the parameters of the Markov model using a novel classification expectation maximization algorithm. A specific entropy measure is formulated to evaluate the quality of the estimated partition by considering the joint Markovian dynamics. The proposed clustering model can also be used to predict future consumption behaviors within each cluster. Numerical experiments using real water consumption data provided by a water utility in France and gathered over 19 months are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of both clustering and prediction. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PERMISSIBLE DAILY DOSE OF A TECHNICAL PRODUCT DERIVED FROM CHLOROACETAMIDES

Introduction. The scientific basis for the safe use of pesticides are comprehensive sanitary and toxicological studies to study the parameters of their toxicity and biological action, hygienic regulation for the purpose of scientific justification of regulations and safety measures when working with them. Purpose of research. The study of parameters of acute and chronic toxicity, biological actions technical product derived chloracetamide, at oral intake of mammals (rats), the rationale of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for humans. Material and methods of research. In acute experiments used white male rats weighing 210-220 g Tested doses 1000 and 4000 mg/kg of body weight. Statistical group for each dose consisted of 6 animals. Chronic experiment was carried out on male rats with body weight 180-190 g. Doses were tested: 3,5; 17,6 and 70,0 mg/kg body weight. Statistical groups of each dose and control group included 20 animals. In the dynamics of the experiment, the state and behavior of animals, water and food consumption were observed, the terms of death were fixed, changes in body weight, physiological, biochemical and hematological parameters were recorded. The value of the permissible daily dose was determined by the ratio of the maximum inactive dose to the reserve ratio. Results. As a result of the research it was found that LD50 of the studied compound is 2172 ± 370 mg/kg. In the chronic experiment, the dose of 3.5 mg/kg b.w. does not cause significant changes in all the studied parameters, at a dose of 17.6 mg/kg b.w. single changes, the dose of 70.0 mg/kg. had a polytropic effect on the body of experimental animals. Discussion. The studied technical product for acute oral toxicity refers to low-hazard compounds. It was found that multiple oral intake of the studied product at a dose of 70.0 mg/kg weight body revealed changes in the state of the Central nervous system, and the analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters of blood showed that changes in carbohydrate, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, aminobelic metabolism occur in animals. Conclusions. The studied compound for acute oral toxicity according to the hygienic classification of pesticides (SanPiN 1.2.2584-10) belongs to the 4th hazard class. Dose: 70,0 mg/kg weight body - acting; 17,6 mg/kg weight body - threshold; 3.5 mg/kg weight body - inactive. The permissible daily dose (DSD) for a person is 0.035 mg/kg.

Estimation of the Optimal Use of Irrigation Water in Production of Lettuce – An Economical Approach

The lack of data, information and studies examining the economic issues which related to crop water consumption are the main obstacles facing decision makers, legislators and farmers to optimize the use of water for agricultural purposes. This study aims to determine the optimal quantity of irrigation water for lettuce (lactuca sativa L.), which is a crop that does not have local data on its behavior of water consumption. To achieve the goals of the study, field experiment was conducted under trickle irrigation condition at the Tripoli Center of Agricultural Research during winter season of 2017.Four levels of irrigation water 130 mm, 195 mm, 260 mm and 320 mm were applied. These levels were selected based on the water requirements as calculated from Penman- Monthieth -FAO 1998 equation to represent 50, 75, 100, and 125% of total irrigation water required by lettuce crop, respectively. A second degree polynomial equation was fitted (R 2 = 0.64) for production function (yield in ton/ha versus. applied irrigation water in m3/ha). The results revealed that the increase in the quantity of irrigation water led to a higher yield of lettuce to a specific point and then the production rates decreased. According to the water price, the results of economical analysis indicated that the optimal quantity of irrigation water estimated of the lettuce which achieved the optimal productivity was found at 2506 m3 / ha. Many studies and researches on several crops must be conducted under field conditions in order to reach the optimal approach that ensures achieving high yield production through optimal use of limited water resources

Spatio-Temporal Mapping of Water Consumption at Public Institutions: Case of the United Arab Emirates University

Abstract. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) faces water scarcity. Yet, the UAE is one of the highest countries in the per capita water consumption. The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) is one of the biggest public institutions in the country. On average, the water costs the university annually around two million dirhams. In this study, indoor water consumption at the UAEU is assessed for the period 2016–2017. Geographic Information System (GIS) is utilized to answer where water is highly consumed within the university (hot spots), when (time), who consume it, why (causes), and how to minimize consumption. It assembles diverse data reside at various departments to gain a better knowledge about the broad patterns of water consumption in the university. The assumption made here is that water consumption is directly proportional to population density and less during winter. The highest water consumption is found at the College of Information Technology (CIT) and this is due to its size and heterogeneity of its activities. The relationship between water consumption and number of students is modeled using least square. The results indicated low correlation between water consumption and number of students. This may be due to the centralized usage of buildings and movement of students between buildings. Temporal variation showed sharp decrease during July of 2016 and 2017 irrespective of the building type/size and this is associated with summer holidays. The hypothesis of activity-driven consumption showed that the highest water consumption is found at residential buildings due to the longer stay time at hostels. The library showed consistent low water consumption. It is interesting to deduce the library usage while investigating water consumption, but it is a lesson that water consumption could be used as a proxy to reveal number of users at buildings. The water consumption at UAEU is benchmarked with other institutes in UAE and abroad. The result from this study identified sites with the highest water consumption and this could be used to adapt water conservation techniques at these sites. A survey was conducted to understand the students’ water consumption behavior, know their willingness to use water conservation methods, and measure their awareness level related to water issues in UAE. The results revealed that half of the respondents are not aware of the water issues. Majority of respondents prefer to drink bottled water than tap water. Majority of respondents are not willing to use grey water or urinals as ways to conserve water due to the lack of knowledge and some physiological reasons. Yet, they are willing to take course designed to teach them how to conserve water and to participate in competitions that reward them for having lower water consumption at hostels.

The drivers of household drinking water choices in Singapore: Evidence from multivariable regression analysis of perceptions and household characteristics

Using data collected from a large household survey in Singapore, from a population that mostly drinks tap water but where the majority of households also boil that water, we investigate the nature and determinants of perceptions of drinking water supplies, and how these relate to water consumption behaviors. We first apply principal components analysis (PCA) to identify common features of water perceptions. We then apply multivariable regression analysis to understand how these common aspects influence drinking water choices. We find strong relationships between perceptions and several behaviors. A perception of higher cost and environmental damage from packaged (bottled or barrelled) water is associated with a higher probability of drinking only water directly from the tap, and lower probability of drinking boiled tap water or packaged water. Households believing that tap water is safe and that packaged water is inconvenient are more likely to only drink tap water directly as well, without boiling or filtering. Our findings suggest that interventions that influence perceptions might offer an effective route for affecting drinking water choices.

Future Teachers’ Sustainable Water Consumption Behavior: A Test of the Value-Belief-Norm Theory

The impact of climate change and the demand of people for water resources are dramatically increasing. In order to protect water supply in the world, it is essential to develop individuals’ sustainable water consumption behaviors. Teachers play a key role in fostering students’ beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors about sustainable water consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore pre-service teachers’ sustainable water consumption behaviors using the Value-Belief-Norm theory. 481 pre-service teachers completed a questionnaire measuring sustainable water consumption behavior, universal values, personal norms and beliefs that were categorized as awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility. The results revealed that the Value-Belief-Norm theory could successfully explain sustainable water consumption behaviors of pre-service teachers. The study revealed that personal norm was a strong predictor to explain sustainable water consumption behavior. Mediation analysis confirmed the causal order of the variables in the model. In other words, personal norms mediated the relationship between ascription of responsibility and sustainable water consumption behavior; ascription of responsibility mediated the relationship between awareness of consequences and personal norms; awareness of consequences mediated the relationship between biospheric-altruistic values and ascription of responsibility; and lastly, personal norms mediated the relationship between biospheric-altruistic values and sustainable water consumption behavior. The results have important implications for education programs and environmental program designers. Through designing water conservation education programs, teachers and students’ sustainable water consumption behaviors can be fostered by strengthening their biospheric-altruistic values, environmental beliefs and personal norm to act for the environment.

Commercial Tanker Water Demand in Amman, Jordan—A Spatial Simulation Model of Water Consumption Decisions under Intermittent Network Supply

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is confronted with a severe freshwater crisis shaped by excess water demand and intermittent public supply. In Jordan’s capital and most populous city, Amman, the pervasive water shortage gave rise to private tanker water operations, which transport groundwater from wells in the vicinity of the city and sell it to urban consumers. These tanker water markets have received little attention in the literature up to date, particularly with regard to their relevance for commercial water users. This paper aims to empirically estimate the water demand of commercial establishments in Amman under public supply rationing and to assess to which extent tanker operations contribute to meeting commercial water needs. Building on a prior simulation model of residential water consumption, the results of three extensive surveys concerned with tanker water markets and various geographic data, we develop a spatial agent-based model of the water consumption behavior of commercial establishments in different sizes. According to our estimation, 35–45% of the overall water volume consumed by the commercial sector stems from tanker operations, depending on the season. We find that the local disparities in access to affordable network water, along with the dispersion of groundwater wells around the city, result in considerable spatial differences in tanker water consumption. The outcome of this analysis could be relevant for policy attempting to enhance freshwater sustainability in Jordan.

Voluntary Management of Residential Water Demand in Low and Middle-Low Income Homes: A Pilot Study of Soacha (Colombia)

The efficient use of water in urban contexts becomes a priority in the face of population growth and the potential vulnerability of water supply as a result of the impacts of climate change. This pilot study focuses on the use of educational strategies to promote the voluntary management of residential water demand. Three schools in the municipality of Soacha (Colombia) were involved, where students from 12 to 15 years old participated as promoters of water consumption educational campaigns within their families, covering a total of 120 low and middle-income families. Three intervention strategies (that is, a virtual platform, learning activities, and graphical tools) were carried out. The effects of these intervention strategies on changes in the water consumption were analyzed to establish the dependence of this variable with socio-demographic, economic, environmental and quality of life factors. Different information gathering tools were used, such as validated local water utility bills, surveys and self-reports. The graphical tools reduced consumption by 14%, but other strategies did not show significant reductions. However, according to self-reported data, all educational campaigns did have positive outcomes on the participants’ behavior. It was found that socioeconomic factors, such as type of housing, socioeconomic strata, living in a rented home, and quality of life variables (such as enjoying nature and culture, good and fluid family relationships, and material possessions) significantly affected the changes in water consumption behavior.