Waste Processing Plant Research Articles

Household solid waste processing plant location selection: interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information-based gained and lost dominance score approach

Household solid waste processing plant location selection: interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information-based gained and lost dominance score approach

Legal Framework and Issues in Hazardous Waste Management

Background: Environmental protection is crucial for preventing pollution and maintaining balance. Specific background: Hazardous waste (B3) significantly contributes to pollution, especially when mismanaged. Knowledge gap: Despite existing laws like Law No. 32/2009 on Environmental Protection, enforcement remains a challenge. Aims: This study analyzes B3 waste management under Indonesian regulations and assesses local programs and infrastructure developments. Results: While regulations and programs are in place, such as B3 handling policies and a new waste processing plant, poor compliance hampers effectiveness. Novelty: The study highlights evolving local strategies for improving B3 management. Implications: Stronger enforcement and integrated solutions are key to reducing environmental risks and achieving sustainability. Highlights : Local strategies are evolving to improve B3 waste management. Compliance with environmental regulations remains a significant issue. Technological solutions like waste incineration offer promising improvements. Keywords: Environmental protection, hazardous waste, B3 management, regulatory enforcement, sustainability

Recycling Pesticide Plastic Containers in Indonesia: An Evaluation of Technical, Economic, and Regulatory Impact Feasibility

This study explores the feasibility of recycling pesticide plastic packaging in Indonesia, focusing on technical, economic, and regulatory aspects. Technical feasibility analysis highlights challenges in material composition and pesticide residue removal, emphasizing the effectiveness of a cleaning process to ensure safety and quality of recycled materials. Economically, the study demonstrates significant cost savings when incorporating at least 40% recycled material into new packaging, enhancing market competitiveness. The regulatory analysis emphasizes the recommendation to the Indonesian government to reclassify waste pesticide containers from hazardous to non-hazardous materials following the validation of the triple rinsing trial’s effectiveness in removing pesticide residue. Reclassifying the containers as non-hazardous will reduce transportation costs from the source locations, such as plantations or farming areas, to the waste processing plant, thereby improving the economic feasibility of the pesticide plastic container recycling. Recommendations include conducting production trials with larger container sizes and adjusting the recycled material percentage, as well as exploring performance-enhancing additives for recycled plastics. Industries are advised to align with regulations by adopting best recycling practices and establishing robust compliance processes. Strengthening Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes and supporting advanced recycling infrastructure development are critical steps. These measures will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of recycling programs, ensuring regulatory compliance and promoting sustainable waste management. The study concludes that recycling pesticide plastic packaging is feasible and beneficial, provided that technical and economic challenges are effectively addressed with at least 40% recycled material content. The economic viability of recycling pesticide plastic containers will be further enhanced if the Indonesian government reclassifies the waste containers as non-hazardous, after triple rinsing process, thereby reducing transportation costs.

Application of soil magnetometry and geochemical methods to investigate soil contamination with antimony

The aim of the study was an assessment of the pollution level and identification of the antimony sources in soils in areas subjected to industrial anthropopressure from: transport, metallurgy and electrical waste recycling. The combination of soil magnetometry, chemical analyzes using atomic spectrometry (ICP-OES and ICP-MS), Sb fractionation analysis, statistical analysis (Pearson’s correlation matrix, factor analysis) as well as Geoaccumulation Index, Pollution Load Index, and Sb/As factor allowed not only the assessment of soil contamination degree, but also comprehensive identification of different Sb sources. The results indicate that the soil in the vicinity of the studied objects was characterized by high values of magnetic susceptibility and thus, high contents of potentially toxic elements. The most polluted area was in the vicinity of electrical waste processing plants. Research has shown that the impact of road traffic and wearing off brake blocks, i.e. traffic anthropopression in general, has little effect on the surrounding soil in terms of antimony content. Large amounts of Pb, Zn, As and Cd were found in the soil collected in the vicinity of the heap after the processing of zinc–lead ores, the average antimony (11.31 mg kg−1) content was lower in the vicinity of the heap than in the area around the electrical and electronic waste processing plant, but still very high. Antimony in the studied soils was demobilized and associated mainly with the residual fraction.

INVINMENTAL PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMY OF SOME TERRITORIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article discusses the most pressing problems of reducing the quality of some components of the environment (natural) in federal districts — macroregions of the Russian Federation, which require their solution. An analysis of the level of atmospheric air pollution by emissions of harmful and polluting substances from stationary sources, based on data from annual state statistical reporting, showed that over the previous 11 years, the minimum volume of emissions was noted in the North Caucasus macroregion, and the maximum in the Siberian macroregion. The next one is the problem of pollution of the seas of the Arctic Ocean with wastewater from Russian rivers flowing into these seas, containing such a substance that pollutes the water basin of the entire planet as microplastic. The largest volume of such polluted waters was noted in the Arkhangelsk region (Northwestern macroregion), Krasnoyarsk region and Tomsk region (Siberian macroregion), and the smallest in the Kostroma region (Central macroregion) and the Republic of Tyva (Siberian macroregion). The problem of preserving and restoring such a component of the natural environment as forests, including in the protected zone of Lake Baikal and the volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula, is debatable. An analysis of plans for the construction of several waste processing complexes and waste processing plants in the North-Western macroregion is aimed at identifying possibilities for solving the problem of a future reduction in the volume of such a component of the natural environment as anthropogenic waste. To solve some problems, the authors propose specific measures.

When Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Goes Wrong: a Second Assessment of the Integrated Waste Processing Plant TPST Samtaku in Jimbaran, Badung Regency

The June 2023 edition of Astonjadro contained an article arguing that the Integrated Waste Processing Plant (Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah Terpadu, TPST) built in Jimbaran Bali provides a model for corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Okta Golden, 2023 April). The objective of this paper is to provide an alternative view from the neighboring community. The key methodology is a document review, of documents collected through action research by the author, until recently a resident suffering from the mis-location and mismanagement of the TPST, and active with the community in complaining and finally demanding its closure. The paper assesses the performance of applying for permission to build and operate the TPST, based on Indonesia Business Links principles of CSR, and assesses a failure in five of the seven principles. The paper questions the motives for inconsistencies and deceit uncovered, saying a response is beyond the scope of the paper. It sees Okta Golden, the author of the original paper, as a victim of the lack of social responsibility, It sees the regular requests for suffering neighbors to collaborate as inappropriate. It concludes that the assessment by Okta Golden that TPST Samtaku Jimbaran is a model of CSR was misplaced.

Extraction of copper from copper processing plant waste by leaching

On the territory of Uzbekistan, copper is mainly found in chalcopyrite’s and chalcocite’s, the enrichment of copper minerals results in waste and tailings as a result of technological processing. The processes of copper processing plants are complex and are constantly characterized by gradual technological processes. The technology of ore enrichment in its initial state can be enriched in several stages: grinding and crushing, flotation processes, gravitational methods, magnetic separation methods. As a result of technological processes, waste and tailings are formed, i.e. they are very poor and unsuitable for the recycling process. And these wastes harm the environment, accumulate and occupy large areas. An effective technology for extracting metals from waste is the process of leaching in the dump, and the ratio of leaching of sulfuric acid with tailings corresponds according to the technological scheme, that is, T : W = 1 : 15; 1 : 10; 1 : 7,5. The tail analysis was studied, which has a copper content of 0.534%, conducted by experiment after leaching, the amount of copper in the solution formed 1.66%. The copper in the solution turned into a solution 3 times more than in its original form.

Ways to Solve the Problem of Recycling Household and Industrial Waste in Pavlodar

The relevance of this article is that the impact of human economic activity on the natural environment is becoming comparable in scale to geological factors. In this regard, the importance of protecting the biosphere has increased immeasurably. The earth is the only common home of all earthlings. Society, including us, cannot help but worry that the planet has approached a critical ecological threshold. The main goal of the research that we set for ourselves in this article is to create a predictive model for overcoming the environmental crisis in the following areas: environmental education, greening technologies, administrative and legal direction, international cooperation. To achieve the result, we tried to process as much information as possible, analyze the situation, draw appropriate conclusions and propose our own model for overcoming the environmental crisis. The hypothesis is that environmental pollution, improper disposal of household and industrial waste, and poor environmental culture have a detrimental effect on the ecology of the city, poisoning the environment and public health. The main research methods used were methods of empirical knowledge - these are observations, survey methods, questionnaires, as well as theoretical methods. The results of these studies can be used to inform the population about the impact of waste on human health, as well as the importance of storing, recycling and obtaining secondary raw materials, in order to reduce the amount of garbage on city streets. And also about the existence of unauthorized waste collection sites and administrative responsibility for the creation of such landfills in the city and in the surrounding area, this is an educational activity in all areas of education, starting from preschool institutions, the media, advertising agencies, NGOs, environmental authorities and also, using international experience, in the construction of a solid waste processing plant in his hometown.

Steam gasification of char derived from refuse-derived fuel pyrolysis: adsorption behaviour in phenol solutions

ABSTRACT The increasing waste generation trends resulted in growing attention to the technologies that aim to reduce or prevent landfilling. The pyrolysis and gasification of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) allow waste to be turned into new raw materials, like pyrolysis gas and syngas. However, the wet gas cleaning processes result in the production of highly contaminated liquid waste. Phenolic compounds are common constituents of this wastewater and often appear in the wastewater of other industries as well. In this research, the laboratory-scale steam gasification of an RDF char was performed to produce syngas and adsorbent simultaneously. The RDF was previously pyrolyzed at 700 °C maximum temperature in a Hungarian pyrolysis pilot plant with approximately 120 kg h−1 capacity. In this thermal waste processing plant, the pyrolysis gas is already utilised by burning, but currently, the char ends up in landfills. The gasification of char samples was examined with different steam-to-carbon ratios (0.56, 0.84, and 1.12) and duration (30, 60, and 120 min) at 900 °C. Following gasification, the phenol removal capability of the solid by-products was investigated. The results show that its composition and energetic properties make the produced syngas more suitable to use as a raw material in the chemical industry rather than a fuel. At lower concentrations, the effectiveness of the solid by-product for phenol removal was comparable to commercial activated carbon. These are promising results about producing activated carbon from waste without any chemical treatment.

О правовых проблемах обращения с отходами на региональном уровне

Introduction. The paper notes that Russia’s transition to a “green” economy will require the greening of all spheres of economic activity, including waste management. Now, a number of measures have been taken at the federal level aimed at improving the efficiency of production and consumption waste management, reducing waste burial and increasing waste disposal volumes, and building new waste processing plants. However, these measures are universal in nature and poorly take into account the specifics of the regions. To account for it at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to adopt their own regulations. Purpose. To consider the specifics of the three Caspian regions (the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Dagestan, and the Republic of Kalmykia), to identify their natural and climatic features that can be taken into account when developing draft regulations in the field of waste management, to analyze the provisions of scientific doctrine and the main discussions about the cardinal problems existing in the field of waste management, which can be used during the preparation of these legislative drafts. Methods. The methodological framework for the study was the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones were the methods of consistency, analysis, and comparative law. Results. It is necessary to adopt at the regional level a set of measures for the development of waste management infrastructure, the construction of waste processing plants, and the creation of a system of incentives for environmental entrepreneurs engaged in the industry of production and consumption waste management.

Financial viability for the implementation of construction and demolition waste processing plants

The recycling promoted by the processing of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and its production of recycled aggregate (RA), despite being a technologically known process and generating environmental benefits, still faces technical and economic barriers, which need to be elucidated and overcome, being a research gap. The research aim was to analyze the feasibility for the implementation of CDW processing plants. In the first stage, focused on technical barriers, from a wide bibliographic and documentary review, the parameters porosity, water absorption, density and resistance were identified as those that are most altered with the insertion of the RA in concrete production, determining that the previous classification and granulometric homogeneity of the RA influences the technical feasibility of its applications. Therefore, in the second stage, a case study was carried out to analyze the effects and magnitudes of costs intrinsic to the processing and viability of a plant, using data from Espírito Santo/Brazil. The main contribution was to provide instruments that support decision-making for the implementation of CDW processing plants, in order to identify that the rates applied to financing do not present significance to the total costs of the project when compared with other costs, such as transportation, promoting recycling.

Evaluation of integrated waste management by using of Waste Reduction Model (WARM)- (Case study of Amol-Noor region, Iran)

Lack of proper municipal solid management in the Northern provinces of Iran has led to damages to the natural resources, health, environment, social and economic conditions. Construction of solid waste processing plants such as compost and incineration, ignoring essential elements in waste management, cannot be as a successful strategy to solve the solid waste problems. Integrated management as a suitable and well-proved solution in many developed countries was proposed for Mazandaran province as a more reliable strategy to replace the existing conditions. In this paper, the results of study conducted for Amol and Noor region have been analyzed. Minimizing waste production, maximizing recycling and reuse, processing organic waste through digestion or composting process, producing refusing derived fuel (RDF) and using it in the waste incineration plants or Neka cement plant and finally disposing less than 10% of the waste in landfill is the proposed solution to improve the existing waste conditions. Implementing the proposed integrated management over a period of 20 years will lead to preventing from economic and environmental damages due to the loss of valuable natural resources and the release of various pollutants from landfills which is evaluated to be equivalent of about 28 billion dollars also, saving resources and energy estimated to be about 38 billion dollars.

Automatic Water Level and Pressure Control System Prototype Design Using Programmable Logic Controller and Human Machine Interface

Water level control and pressure control are implemented in many at several industrial processing such as water dam, petrochemical processing plant, pharmacy and food processing plant, overhead tank, waste processing plant, electricity plant, etc. This study analyses a simulation and a needed components for automatically water level control system implementation using programmable logic controller (PLC). The water level control using PLC is designed to control the water level and prevent waste the water from a water tank. PLC is one of devices of automated controller which mostly used. Use of PLCs in industries are indispensable to control parameters which required high precision. In this research studies water level control system using PLC as primary controller and human machine interface (HMI) as remote controller that could visualize state of a system work (plant) in real time on computer screen and could gather field data as well. Main device for this research is Omron PLC CP2E type and touchscreen HMI Omron. At the prototype is used a water tank and a water container (to be one with the water resource), and in the HMI is showed the pages of home, control panel, and plant. From the result of the diagram ladder and the HMI design are got the system run well. The application from this research could be learning media in the system control laboratory for the subject of industrial control system and the others, related to it.

Modal Sosial Kelompok Langgak Craft Desa Koto Tandun Kecamatan Tandun Kabupaten Rokan Hulu

The wealth of local potential existing in a community can inspire creativity which can create some opportunities for the community through establishing home-based businesses or what is now known as Home Industry. IKM Langgak Craft group is able to construct a palm oil stick waste processing plant considered as having contributing ability in the long term. The objective of current research is to analyze the elements of social capital contributing and the weaknesses of each social capital element in the IKM Langgak Craft group in Koto Tandun Village, Tandun Sub District, Rokan Hulu Regency. This research used Putnam’s theory stating that social capital includes (1) trust, (2) norm/ethics, and (3) network. This research used qualitative methodology with purposive sampling technique; the author also lived in the location of research for 2 (two) months. The result of research analyzing the Bonding of IKM Langgak Craft group shows that the group has high solidarity. Strong solidarity social care), mutual help, and support for each other create emotional relation in the IKM Langgak Craft group as shown with sympathy and empathy appearing in the group. Bridging Social Capital can be seen from the net wok relation between IKM Langgak Craft group and other groups or IKMs; through this network, the IKM Langgak Craft group will exchange ideas and information on how to produce business innovation and other varying common knowledge. The Linking Social Capital of IKM Langgak Craft group has fairly broad network that has been created since 2019-2022 with both governmental institutions and private companies around it.

Characterization of humic substances developed during the composting of class II A organic solid waste: a case study in a composting plant in Montenegro, Brazil

Abstract
 The abundance of organic waste generated by agro-industrial activities leads to the need to find alternatives for adequate destinations for these. Composting is the most viable alternative due to its low cost, ease of operation and generation of a product with the possibility of economic exploitation. The objective of this work was to present the dynamics of the composting process in an organic waste processing plant in the municipality of Montenegro, RS, Brazil, as well as to present the results of chemical analyzes for the quantification of humic substances contained in the leachate resulting from the composting process. The results of the leachate revealed that it has high levels of humic substances (humic acids between 12.2 and 30.7%, fulvic acids between 12.2 and 45.5%) significantly higher than those found in the literature (9%). Leachate has humic characteristics desired for the preparation of a commercial product for use in agriculture and can be configured as an interesting extra income alternative for the economic health of the enterprise.
 Keywords: organic waste; composting; humic substances; agriculture.

Germanium speciation study in soil from an electronic waste processing plant area

PurposeGermanium (Ge) is known as a Technology Critical Element (TCE) and has been widely used in electronic and industrial products. Waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) containing germanium goes to WEEE treatment plants. The transfer of Ge in the environment makes it necessary to get to know its mobility, reactivity, and chemical transformations in soil. The objective of this research was to develop a methodology for germanium speciation in soil under pressure from storage, processing, and recovery from electrowaste.Materials and methodsThirty soil cores (30 cm long) were collected from an area around a WEEE plant, using a Humax soil sampler. Soil magnetometry methods were used for the first time during the determination of soil sampling points for germanium. After basic physicochemical analysis (pH, Eh, total element concentration using the ICP-MS technique), soil samples were prepared for germanium speciation. The optimisation and validation of a methodology for determining Ge species in easily-leached fractions of soil collected from areas around an electrowaste plant, was studied using Ion Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). Chromatographic conditions were optimised, taking soil matrix effects into account. Optimised Ge extraction from the soil included: extraction time, type of extractants, extraction support using shaking, and ultrasound.Results and discussionThe Ge species (Ge(IV), monomethylgermanium (MMGe), and dimethylgermanium (DMGe)) were successfully separated after 12 min on a Dionex IonPac AS9-HC column with ammonium nitrate and potassium sodium tartrate as an elution phase. The highest extraction efficiency was achieved by using 100 mM NH4NO3 with 1 mM potassium sodium tartrate as an extractant, that washes out Ge from soils within 4 h. In most cases, the soils contained a Ge(IV) form. Germanium methyl derivatives were only found in a few soil samples. Our research showed that germanium concentration in the studied area was as high as 7.64 mg.kg−1, with an average concentration of 3.51 mg.kg−1. The results allowed the creation of a correlation matrix, which identified many strong correlations.ConclusionThis research confirmed the impact of a WEEE plant on the increase of the Ge content in topsoil, when in direct proximity. Increased germanium content occurred in soil samples located north of the emitter, which is consistent with the prevailing wind direction. The study confirmed that the soil magnetometry method is applicable for detecting TCE. Soil samples with the highest content of germanium had a very high magnetic susceptibility and there is a correlation between these parameters.

Features of legal regulation and management of municipal solid waste in Russia and Germany

The article provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the sphere of circulation and use of municipal solid waste in the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany. The characteristics of the legal regulation of both countries in the field of waste management are given. Legal acts adopted in the European Union are the basis of German legislation in the field of waste management. Comparison of the legislative framework of Russia and Germany revealed their significant difference. Noteworthy is the lack of a clear hierarchy in the handling, disposal and processing of MSW. Attention is drawn to the huge number of illegal landfills and waste incineration sites in Russia. In our country, composting has not become widespread enough, and it is usually used by the population in individual houses or garden plots. However, the composting process can also be centralized and carried out at special sites, which are organic waste processing plants. The end product of this process is compost, which can be used in various agricultural applications. The main ways of improving the legal regulation in the field of waste management are proposed. In particular, it is recommended to develop a complete waste management strategy and a roadmap for its implementation. The waste management strategy in Russia should be based on a model that takes into account the specifics and cost-effectively combines the collection, transportation, processing, recycling and disposal of waste. It is necessary to create universal centers that unite enterprises for the collection, storage, recycling, processing and marketing of garbage and materials produced from waste coming from the largest cities of Russia. In the short term, the key goal is to solve the problem of the formation of illegal dumps, as well as landfills near large cities.

Collection and disposal of plastic waste on the example of the city of Kaliningrad

The housing and communal fund is a complex and dynamic structure, the development of which affects the quality of life of the population, and therefore, this topic has been relevant for more than a dozen years. The main purpose of the article is to demonstrate the existing problems of garbage collection and disposal, and to offer its solution. With the attraction of investment funds, it is possible to create new solid waste processing plants, which will directly affect the environmental situation and, accordingly, the quality of life of the population of the city of Kaliningrad.

Expert-Based Modular Simulator for Municipal Waste Processing Technology Design

One of the significant problems in our society is the handling and processing of the vast amount of waste produced by households and industrial processes. Nowadays, packaging material regulations are constantly changing, which can significantly impact the quality of municipal waste, requiring the continuous development and redesign of waste processing plants. Since only a few uncertain measurements (composition, mass, etc.) are available for this task, analysing and redesigning waste processing technologies is challenging. This research aims to develop a modelling and simulation concept that can integrate all the available information and can also handle the uncertainty of the measurements. The proposed modular modelling framework can serve as a basis for designing and redesigning the technologies needed to process ever-changing municipal waste. The most important steps of the framework are as follows: identifying the typical equipment, these are the elements; building models of the elements; determining the characteristic parameters of the equipment; exploring the possible relationships between the elements. For example, the information needed to define the model parameters can be gathered from measurements, industrial experience, and expert knowledge. In many cases, the data obtained represent ranges. The stationary model framework applies efficiency factors and divides the solids into substreams based on expert knowledge. Furthermore, a modular simulator framework was developed to simulate the technological schemes with various connections. The specifications for all widely used waste industrial equipment (shredders, air separators, sieves, magnetic-, eddy current-, optical-, and ballistic separators) were used to construct the developed simulator. This simulator can open new opportunities for the design of waste sorting technological networks. The model was calibrated based on expertise gained from operating the studied technology. The changes in the material parameters can be considered, and the modular simulator can lead to flexible waste sorting technologies capable of adapting to governmental and environmental regulations changes. The main result of the work is that a methodology for designing a modular simulator, model development, and a validation method has been proposed, which provides the possibility to deal with uncertainty. All this is successfully presented through the analysis of an operating waste separation system.

A novel biomethane (BMP) and composting (CMP) potential framework for determining biogas and composting potential of urban organic waste

ABSTRACT Without treatment, urban market-generated organic waste is discarded in landfills. This could cause environmental contamination due to leachate. This study aims to develop a novel bio-methane and composting potential framework for evaluating the biogas and compostability of organic waste from the Bantama market in Kumasi. Using novel dashboards, the bio-methane and composting potentials were evaluated, and the Theoretical Biomethane Potential (TBMP) was reported to be between 331.52 and 457.93 l CH4/kg VS for carrot leaves and banana peels, respectively, assuming a biodegradability of 80% for the substrates. Only one of the four conditions for compostability was met by the substrates, indicating that they are not suitable for direct composting. In order to optimize the potential of the waste, an integrated system of anaerobic digestion (AD) and composting was utilized. The proposed plant was profitable since the payback period was less than two years, the Net Present Value (NPV) was greater than one, and the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was greater than one. The anaerobic digester and composting plant are capable of producing 12269392 kWh of electricity and 19585 kg of compost per year, respectively. Lastly, the AD and composting technologies at the Bantama market are cost-effective. The government and municipalities may therefore assist private investors in constructing a waste processing plant.