Waste Cooking Palm Oil Research Articles

Synthesis of Alkyd Resin Modified with Waste Palm Cooking Oil as Precursor Using Pretreatment with Zeolite Adsorbent

Research on synthesis of alkyd resin (AR) modified with waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) as precursor using alcoholys-polyesterification method was successfully conducted. The modified alkyd resin was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The pretreatment was carried out for WPCO by applying adsorption technique using zeolites to remove free fatty acid (FFA). Modified alkyd resin was synthesized with the main ingredients composition consisting of WPCO, glycerol, anhydrous phthalate with the oil length of 40% at the total weight of 27.54 grams, and a small amount of CaO as catalyst. The characterization result using FTIR showed the presence of typical alkyd resin compound group at the absorption peaks 1597.06 and 1651.07 consecutively as the vibration of benzene ring from the phthalate and C=C stretching of unsaturated fatty acids. The thermal characterization was performed by using TG-DTA analysis showing that the transition glass and recrystallization at the temperature 390.25 °C and 482.46 °C respectively.

Investigation of Combustion Process of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oil, Jatropha, Palm Oil and Algae using Rapid Compression Machine

Biodiesel essentially comes from plants and animal fats which is safe and can be used in diesel engines with few or no modification needed toward existing engine. Higher of the biodiesel blending ratio reflects to the higher viscosities that influences to the fuel-air premixing, ignition process and combustion characteristics. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of different blending ratio on ignition delay, ignition process, combustion characteristics and emission production using Rapid Compression Machine (RCM). Rapid Compression Machine is used to simulate combustion behaviour similar with the real combustion for internal combustion engines. The standard petroleum diesel was blend with biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil, algae and jatropha with blending ratio from 2vol% to 40vol%. The biodiesel were tested using 130 MPa of injection pressure with constant ambient temperature of 950 K. Increased of the blending ratio of biodiesel significantly influences the longer of ignition delay. Changes of biodiesel properties thus influence to the fuel-air mixing, ignition process and combustion characteristics. In addition, the emission of NOx and CO2 increased when increasing biodiesel blending ratio.

Influence of injection timing on cerium oxide nanoparticle doped in waste cooking palm oil bio-diesel and diesel blends fuelled in diesel engine

ABSTRACTInjection timing (IT) is a vital factor among different injection parameters which governs the emissions and performance factors of the engine. This work portrays the effect of IT on cerium oxide nanoparticle doped Waste Cooking Palm Oil biodiesel and diesel blends. The doping is made at 30, 60 and 90 ppm. The modified fuels are introduced in reducing IT of 19°, 21° and 23°bTDC. 1500 rpm engine is made use in this study. Results revealed a significant reduction in emissions (CO, NOX, HC and Smoke) at IT = 23°bTDC. Furthermore, performance (BSFC, BTE) is improved for fuel blends at IT = 23°bTDC.

Studies on process optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking and palm oil

This work investigated the optimisation of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and palm oil using a two-step transesterification process for WCO and base catalysed transesterification for palm oil. Transesterification reactions were carried out to investigate the effects of prepared catalyst CaO, methanol/WCO and methanol/palm oil ratio and temperature on the yield of biodiesel. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the best conditions for biodiesel production, using methanol/oil ratio between 4:1 and 11:1 and contact time varying between 2 and 4 h. Biodiesel yield of around 90 and 70% was obtained for palm and waste cooking oil at the methanol/oil ratios of 6:1 and 8:1 at temperature of 60 °C for reaction time of 4 h using prepared CaO as catalyst. The physicochemical properties of palm and WCO biodiesel were carried out using standard methods, while the fatty acid profile was determined using gas chromatography. The investigation concludes that biodiesel obtained from palm and waste cooking oil was within the specified limit.

A Detail Description on Catalytic Conversion of Waste Palm Cooking Oil into Biodiesel and Its Derivatives: New Functionalized Ionic Liquid Process

AbstractThis work is focusing on the synthesis and application of new potential ionic liquids (ILs) for biodiesel production from waste palm cooking oil. For this propose total eleven ionic liquids were synthesized containing various types of cations and anions and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and elemental analyser (CHNS). The Hammett acidity of the ionic liquids were determined using Ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrometer and correlated with their catalytic properties. The process of biodiesel preparation has been optimized with respect of different factors (catalysts concentrations, methanol to oil ratio, temperature, agitation speed and time) affecting the transesterification reaction. The highest yield of 96.25% for 3‐methyl‐1‐(4‐sulfo‐butyl)‐3H‐imidazol‐1‐ium trifluoromethanesulfonate [BSMIM][CF3SO3] was obtained under optimal conditions. The obtained product was characterized using gas chromatography (GC), NMR, FTIR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The physicochemical properties like kinematic viscosity, flash point, density etc were determined and compared with the standard of American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and European Standard (EN) methods. The by‐product of reaction i.e. glycerol was further esterified to minimize the waste of glycerol. The kinetic study shows that the transesterification reaction catalysed by prepared ILs follow the pseudo‐first order reaction. The kinetic energy (Ea) of the reaction was calculated around 19.89 kJ/mol.

Efficient waste Gallus domesticus shell derived calcium-based catalyst for biodiesel production

In this study, waste shells derived calcium-based catalysts were synthesized via wet-impregnation process in the presence of Mo-Zr mixed salt. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using CO2-TPD, XRD, BET surface measurement, SEM and EDX spectrometry, respectively. This heterogeneous catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel via transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) to fatty acid methyl ester in the presence of methanol. The catalyst demonstrated a superior catalytic performance in transesterification reaction, yielded 90.1% in 3h. Reusability of this waste shell derived catalyst was examined and results showed that the prepared catalysts are able to be reused up to 3 times with yield of more than 70% after the third cycles. Therefore, this new modified calcium-based catalyst exhibited outstanding activity and durability in the synthesis of biodiesel. The as-synthesized catalyst is recyclable and reusable, which successfully reduces the biodiesel production cost.

Transesterification of sago starch and waste palm cooking oil in densified CO2

In this work, the synthesis of biodegradable and yet renewable thermoplastics materials through a transesterification reaction of sago starch and waste palm cooking oil (WPO) in densified CO2 as the solvent is reported. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential used of sago starch and WPO as raw materials in the thermoplastics starch synthesis. The starch esters was successfully synthesized using sago starch and WPO as reagent in densified CO2 as shown from the presence of carbonyl group (C=O, 1743 cm-1) in the FT-IR spectra coupled with the presence of the proton (1H-NMR) of the fatty acid in the starch backbone (0.8 – 2 ppm). The product crystallinity decreases as shown in XRD results and resulting with a change in the thermal properties (melting and crystalline temperature) of the products. In addition, the products show a different granular morphology and a higher hydrophobicity compared with native sago starch. This research shows the potential used of sago starch and WPO in the thermoplastics starch synthesis and opens a new perspective on the product application.

Environmental effects of thermal barrier coating with waste cooking palm oil methyl ester blends in a diesel engine

ABSTRACTWaste cooking oil was selected as the source material for the development of an alternative fuel. The conversion of waste cooking palm oil (WCO) into waste cooking palm oil methyl ester (WCOME) was carried out through a transesterification process. The chemical components and composition of the prepared neat methyl ester was investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Physio-chemical properties were determined based on ASTM standards. A thermal barrier coating was applied to the engine combustion chamber using an air plasma spray technique to reduce exhaust emission. A Kirloskar TV1 model single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine with high precision eddy current dynamometer was used for experimentation. Low brake thermal efficiency and high brake specific fuel consumption was observed for 20WCOME in the coated engine. Low CO, HC and smoke emissions were observed for 10WCOME and 20WCOME with an increase in NOx emission.

Preparation and characterization of calcium oxide from crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) and its application in biodiesel synthesis of waste cooking oil, palm and coconut oil

Preparation of calcium oxide from Portunus pelagicus through thermal decomposition for 3 hours at various temperature 700°C, 800°C,900°C,1000°C, and 1100°C. The calcium oxidefrom decomposition was carried out and characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), FT-IR spectrophotometer and SEM-EDX analyses. The result of XRD show decomposition Portunus pelagicus at 1000°C have diffraction pattern agree with the CaO diffraction standard with 2θ value 32.4o, 37.5o, 64.3o, and 67,5o. The FT-IR spectrum show vibration of CaO at wavenumber 354.9 cm-1. SEM-EDX data indicated the surface morphology calcium oxide of Portunus pelagicus more homogen than Portunus pelagicus before decomposition. The decomposition of CaO at 1000°C was applied in the syntesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, palm oil, and coconut oil. The biodiesel products have density 0.8621, 0.8725, and 0.8688 g/cm3. Viscosity are 5.27, 3.71, and 2.45 mm2/s(cst). Acid values respectively are 0.3069, 0.2423 and 0.2100 mg/KOH and Iodine numbers 39.48, 36.12 and 9.24 g I2/100g. All characteristic of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, palm oil, and coconut oil are agree with SNI standard. The best biodiesel product derived from coconut oil is agree to the parameter value of biodiesel standard. Keywords: biodiesel. Portunus pelagicus. calcium oxide. catalyst.

Recovery of diesel-like fuel from waste palm oil by pyrolysis using a microwave heated bed of activated carbon

Microwave pyrolysis using a well-mixed bed of activated carbon as both the microwave absorber and reaction bed was investigated for its potential to recover useful products from waste palm cooking oil – a cooking oil widely used in Asia. The carbon bed provided rapid heating (∼18 °C/min) and a localized reaction hot zone that thermally promoted extensive pyrolysis cracking of the waste oil at 450 °C, leading to increased production of a biofuel product in a process taking less than 25 min. It also created a reducing reaction environment that prevented the formation of undesirable oxidized compounds in the biofuel. The pyrolysis produced a biofuel product that is low in oxygen, free of sulphur, carboxylic acid and triglycerides, and which also contains light C10-C15 hydrocarbons and a high calorific value nearly comparable to diesel fuel, thus showing great potential to be used as fuel. This pyrolysis approach offers an attractive alternative to transesterification that avoids the use of solvents and catalysts, and the need to remove free fatty acids and glycerol from the hydrocarbon product. The pyrolysis apparatus operated with an electrical power input of 1.12 kW was capable of producing a biofuel with an energy content equivalent to about 3 kW, showing a positive energy ratio of 2.7 and ≥73% recovery of the energy input to the system. The results show that the pyrolysis approach has huge potential as a technically and energetically viable means for the recovery of biofuels from the waste oil.

Stoichiometry of Cu(II) Ion Extraction with di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid Dissolved in Waste Palm Cooking Oil

Stoichiometry of Cu(II) Ion Extraction with di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid Dissolved in Waste Palm Cooking Oil

A comparative study between Modified Data Envelopment Analysis and Response Surface Methodology for optimisation of heterogeneous biodiesel production from waste cooking palm oil

Biodiesel is a clean renewable fuel which is an alternative source of diesel fuel in compression ignition engines without any modification. According to previous research, the importance of biodiesel production through heterogeneous transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) over Sr/ZrO2 catalyst has led to developing a new mathematical algorithm called Modified Data Envelopment Analysis (MDEA). MDEA, a hybrid of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with Neural Network (NN), was proposed for experiment design of multi-response problems. It was validated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which is a statistical method. This method was developed to maximise Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield and five decision variables were considered. The optimum amount of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, reaction time on Ester yield, and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion were calculated via MDEA method. The obtained results showed that the derived optimal parameter-setting of the proposed method, MDEA, is more reliable and accurate than RSM. The errors of predicted Ester yields are 5% and 14% in MDEA and RSM. The calculated errors of conversions are 3% and 19% in MDEA and RSM.

Scaled-up prototype of carbon nanotube production system utilizing waste cooking palm oil precursor and its nanocomposite application as supercapacitor electrodes

A simple approach has been introduced for the first time for a scaled-up prototype of a carbon nanotube (CNT) production system by utilizing waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) as carbon feedstock. A modified thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) setup is equipped with a peristaltic sprayer to continuously supply the precursor and catalyst into the system. A total amount of 1000 ml WCPO precursor was sprayed continuously during the experiment with 5.33 wt% ferrocene as catalyst at a flow rate of 30 ml/min. A total of ~433 g CNT were produced with a high carbon conversion rate of 56 %. The produced CNT were then characterized by using electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Growth of dense CNT with a high purity of ~87 % and good crystallinity (ID/IG ratio ~0.47) occurred. A CNT/natural rubber-latex (NRL) nanocomposite was also prepared by using latex nanotechnology for supercapacitor application. The nanocomposite exhibited a good capacitance performance with a specific capacitance of 81.82 F/g. This study determined that a high production of CNT using modified TCVD method provided benefits for its utilization as composite material, especially CNT/NRL nanocomposite, for supercapacitor application.

REVIEW ON THE POTENTIAL USE OF WASTE COOKING PALM OIL IN THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH OLEIC PALM OIL VIA ENZYMATIC ACIDOLYSIS

Production of structured lipids (SL) or tailor made fats provides an opportunity for cheap oils and fats to be utilized for the synthesis of high added value products. Much attention is being paid to SL due to their potential biological functions, industrial applications, and nutritional perspectives. The paper reviews the potential of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) as an alternative substrate for the production of structured lipids especially for the production of high oleic palm oil. Utilization of waste cooking oil for biodiesel productions is well explored. However, WCPO utilization properties are still lacking scientific investigation due to limited chemical and physical functionalities. Therefore, enhancement of WCPO into high quality oil offers an alternative to be utilized for wide range of applications, thus reduce the environmental effect causes by its disposal problems. The paper also reviews and discusses the production of structured lipid via enzymatic acidolysis.

Performance and chemical composition of waste palm cooking oil as scrubbing medium for tar removal from biomass producer gas

Producer gas, a product of biomass gasification contains not only combustible gases but also tar which is an unwanted and detrimental substance to downstream applications. This paper presents a study on tar removal using laboratory prepared waste palm cooking oil (LWPCO), restaurant collected waste palm cooking oil (CWPCO), diesel oil and water as scrubbing mediums. The experiment succeeded in removing class 4 tar using diesel oil and CWPCO as scrubbing mediums. The unsaturated hydrocarbons (oleic and linoleic acids) present in the CWPCO resulted in the highest tar removal efficiency of 86% (excluding benzene). Besides utilizing unused residual material, application of CWPCO for tar removal can reduce operational cost. Combination of CWPCO with activated carbon provides a high quality producer gas with tar content of 0.022 gmn−3 and tar removal efficiency of 98%, which can be safely used in internal combustion engines (ICE).

Artificial neural network approach to investigate the effect of injection pressure and timing on diesel engine fuelled with diestrol

The present investigation is an attempt to study the effect of injection pressure and injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with a blend of 30% waste cooking palm oil (WCO) methyl ester, 60% diesel and 10% ethanol (B30D60E10) or diestrol fuel using the artificial neural network (ANN) model. The experimental investigation was carried out on a single cylinder, four strokes DI diesel engine under full load (100%) condition at a constant speed of 1,500 rpm to obtain data for training and testing the proposed ANN model. Among the various networks tested the network with the combination of one hidden layer and 11 neurons within it showed the better correlation coefficient for the prediction of engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The ANN model was validated with the test data which was not used for training and found to be very well correlated. [Received: October 21, 2013; Accepted: September 9, 2014]

Synthesis and field electron emission properties of waste cooking palm oil-based carbon nanotubes coated on different zinc oxide nanostructures

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from waste cooking palm oil were synthesised on different zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures including nanorods (ZNRs), nanoflowers (ZNFs) and nanorods-nanoflakes (Al:ZNRs-FLs) via thermal chemical vapour deposition method. The ZnO nanostructures were controllably synthesised by sonicated sol–gel immersion method. The morphologies and crystal structures of the nanostructures were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The diameter and density of CNTs were affected by the presence of ZnO nanostructures. Moreover, the morphology of ZnO nanostructures was modified during the synthesis of CNTs. The presence of ZnO reduced the barrier layer between CNTs and substrate, thus enhanced the field electron emission (FEE) properties of CNTs. Among the ZnO nanostructured prepared, the growth of CNTs on ZNFs gave the best FEE performance with the lowest turn-on field (0.8 V/μm at 1 μA/cm2). The ZNFs trapped more iron (Fe) elements and promote the tip and body-emission processes in the sample. Moreover, the presence of Fe elements also reduced the work function of ZNFs/CNTs nanocomposite and acted as additional electrons. Therefore, the significant FEE performance enhancement was observed.

Transesterification of waste cooking palm oil and palm oil to fatty acid methyl ester using cesium-modified silica catalyst

The transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) and palm oil (PO) with methanol to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was studied using CsM-SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by an impregnation method with 10%–30% CsO2 loaded onto silica. The catalyst with 25% loading achieved the highest FAME content. The effects of catalyst on transesterification reaction parameters to FAME content were investigated. The FAME content reached 90% at 65 °C in 3 h with 3 wt.% catalyst loading and 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil for WCPO transesterification and 89% with 2 wt.% catalysts loading for PO transesterification, respectively. The solid catalyst can be reused for four batch cycles without significant deactivation. Also, the catalyst exhibited good tolerance toward 1 wt. % water content in WCPO feedstock, without significant changes in the FAME content.

The Effect of Time Interval on Waste Cooking Palm Oil Injection for Carbon Nanotubes Production

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully synthesized using waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) as precursor by modified double-stages thermal chemical vapor deposition set-up. The total amount of 30 ml WCPO precursor was consumed during the experiment with 5.33 wt% ferrocene as catalyst. Precursor volume of 2 ml was injected continuously for different time intervals of 5, 8, 10 and 12 minutes respectively. The effect of time interval between injections on the production of CNTs were systematically studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and current-voltage (I-V) measurement system. It was detected that the differences in time interval of injections resulted in different quality and diameter of CNTs produced. Sample produced at 10 minutes of time interval of injection gave the smallest tubes diameter in the range of 39.45-49.01 nm and good crystallinity of 0.69 ID/IG ratio. This sample also gave the best I-V characteristic with conductivity of 6.06 x 10-1 S/cm.

Carbon Nanostructures Production from Waste Materials: A Review

Research innovation in finding new carbon sources for carbon nanostructured material production was intensively done lately. In this review, we present the production of carbon nanostructures such as carbon fibers, nanotubes, nanowhiskers, microspheres and porous carbon from several waste materials. The benefit of the use of waste materials such as waste cooking palm oil, chicken fat, waste natural oil, glycerol, printed circuit board, plastic wastes, waste engine oil, scrap tyre, heavy oil residue and deoiled asphalt is not only in the term of their environmentally friendly approach but also the economic value to reduce the high cost of carbon material production using common sources. On the other hand, these materials are easy access sources and can be alternative utilization to convert waste materials into high value nanomaterials.