Waste Products Research Articles

Performance of Road Pavement Using AC-WC Mixture with Glycerin Oleochemical Waste Substitution Material Based on Marshall Testing and IRI Value.

Abstract By the end of 2021, PT Pertamina was the sole oil asphalt producer in Indonesia, with a production capacity of 350,000 tons per year. However, domestic asphalt demand exceeds this supply, leading to 75% of asphalt still being imported. To reduce imports, Glycerin Pitch (GP), a waste product from the oleochemical industry and classified as a Toxic and Hazardous Substance (B3), can be used as a substitute for asphalt. Indonesia produces 650,000 tons of glycerol annually, with 3% resulting in GP. Tests on GP with inorganic content <10% and >10% were conducted. Rheology tests showed penetration values of 62.83 and 60.4 (0.1 mm), softening points of 60.5°C and 56.5°C, kinematic viscosities of 1197 cSt and 903 cSt, ductility >100 cm for both, and specific gravities of 1.074 g/cc and 1.054 g/cc. Aggregate tests revealed an abrasion value of 16.71%, flat and elongated particles at 7.52% (split) and 8.49% (screen), and material passing sieve No. 200 at 0.87% (coarse) and 9.49% (fine). The asphalt mixture design showed an aggregate gradation of 12% split, 44% screen, 41% stone dust, and 3% filler. The optimum GP content was 27% for GP1 and 14.2% for GP2, with an optimum asphalt content of 6%. Mixing and compaction temperatures were 130°C and 150°C for ACWC+GP1 and 150°C for ACWC+GP2. The Marshall Quotient was 211 Kg/mm for ACWC+GP1 and 316 Kg/mm for ACWC+GP2. Field tests on two segments (Pen 60/70 + GP1 and GP2) showed an International Roughness Index (IRI) of 3.21 and 2.89, respectively, classified as good. These findings suggest that GP is a viable substitute in asphalt mixtures, reducing import dependence while efficiently utilizing oleochemical waste.

Analisis Laporan Harian Kegiatan Ipal Rusun Damkar Cengkareng dengan Algoritma Decision Tree

Analyzing the activities of an agency or company is important in the running of each agency or company, because by looking at each parameter resulting from each activity analyzed, it can be a consideration for making improvements in the future. Based on the results of the author's interview with employees who work at the wastewater treatment plant of the damkar flat in West Jakarta, the ipal has been established since 2017, then the wastewater treatment technology applied at that place is Membrane Bioreactor (MBR). The author's data collection is based on checking and repair activities carried out by WWTP employees. After obtaining the daily activity report data, the author creates a dataset with attributes from the ipal parts of the damkar cengkareng flat. based on the performance of testing with the decision tree algorithm, the resulting accuracy value is 86,67% with a standard deviation result (+/-) of 23.31%.Based on the results of the analysis of the dataset of daily activity reports that the authors conducted using the decision tree algorithm, that the aerobic biofilter basin is the first or often problematic component of the ipal damkar cengkareng flat. To maximize the wastewater treatment process in the cengkareng damkar flat, it is necessary to add aerobic biofilter tanks to adjust the production of liquid waste from residents

Political factors and efficiency in the responsible production of municipal solid waste services: A dynamic DEA with a network structure approach

The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) is driven by socioeconomic development and population growth. In this context, public policymakers, mainly in developing countries, are increasingly focused on ensuring sustainable production and consumption patterns through sustainable management and efficient use of resources. Because of this, we seek to contribute to the effectiveness of public policies and the role of managers in achieving the global Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6, 11, and 12. This study examines the relevance of political and contextual factors on the dynamic efficiency of the network structure of municipal solid waste services in Brazil. We used Dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis with Structure Network to calculate the overall efficiency and specific efficiency of the two proposed divisions: operational and economic. We then analyzed the effects of years in political cycles (pre-election, election year, post-election) and contextual factors (ideology, GDP, density, transfers, political size, and geography) on MSW efficiency using Generalized Estimating Equation. The dataset included longitudinal panel data from 218 MSW from 2012 to 2022. Our results showed an average efficiency score of 57.5 %, with only six MSW positioned on the efficiency frontier. Evidence of stagnation in the sector's productivity was also revealed, undermining the goals and objectives of public policies. The results suggest that the years within political cycles significantly impact sector operator efficiency before, during, and after the electoral period. Specifically, lower levels of efficiency are observed during election years, suggesting potential opportunistic behavior throughout most periods of the electoral cycle. The main contribution of this work lies in its analysis of the different periods of a political cycle, and role of capital and ideological politics in intertemporal efficiency across two divisional networks.

Metagenomic and proteomic insights into graphene oxide-boosted anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and sewage sludge for volatile fatty acids production

Metagenomic and proteomic insights into graphene oxide-boosted anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and sewage sludge for volatile fatty acids production

Reducing Nitrogen Waste: Factors Influencing Neem‐Coated Urea Adoption in Bhutan

ABSTRACTIn Bhutan, farmers face constraints due to limited arable land, prompting a need to increase agricultural production per unit of inputs, but in the most sustainable way given the nation’s most stringent environmental conservation laws. This study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of an enhanced‐efficiency fertiliser, that is, neem‐coated urea (NCU). Analysing data from 235 farmers using a double hurdle regression model, the paper identified several positive drivers of NCU adoption, including multiple plots, larger farm size, organic fertiliser use, recent agricultural training, and seeking advice on fertiliser decisions. Conversely, factors such as irrigation, crop demonstration attendance, machinery subsidies, rigid fertiliser usage adherence, perceived difficulty in handling fertilisers, and attitudes towards soil and crop management hinder adoption. Older farmers exhibit higher adoption rates, potentially due to accumulated knowledge, while male farmers surpass their female counterparts in adoption rates, reflecting existing gender disparities in NCU adoption. These findings offer insights for policymakers, extension services, and agricultural stakeholders to tailor interventions for promoting NCU adoption, thereby mitigating nitrogen waste and pollution in crop production.

Performance evaluation of resin wafer electrodeionization for enhanced nitrogen recovery from ammonium-containing water environment

Ammonium ion (NH4+) is a common pollutant from various sources like human and animal waste, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and commercial products, with traditional treatment methods often generating secondary contaminants, such as nitrite and nitrate. In this study, an energy-efficient resin-wafer electrodeionization (RW-EDI) process was employed for nitrogen recovery from ammonium-rich water. The system was operated in a continuous mode, with voltage-current curve measurements identifying a limiting current density of 2.2 A cm−2. With the NH4+ concentration of 1 g/L and a flow rate of 2.4 mL min−1, the system was tested at various cell voltages (1.2–7.2 V). The system could achieve 80 % NH4+ removal efficiency at a cell voltage of 3 V, current density of 2.2 A cm−2, influent NH4+ level of 3 g/L, and flow rate of 6.4 mL min−1. The observed current efficiency and the calculated power consumption were 41 % and 0.78 kWh m−3, respectively. Finally, a mass balance model was developed to predict the number of RW-EDI stacks for complete removal of NH4+ from the feed. Overall, the result from this study demonstrates that the RW-EDI-based system could be a promising technology for recovering nitrogen from wastewater.

Assessing the Biogas Potential of Slaughterhouse Waste in Tenerife: A Sustainable Approach to Waste Management in an Outermost European Region

The Canary Islands, as an outermost region of Europe with fragmented territory, benefit from an exemption under Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 allowing for animal by-products disposal in landfills. However, this practice has resulted in environmental and economic challenges, including reduced landfill capacity, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and missed opportunities for renewable energy production. Specifically, waste management in Tenerife faces significant challenges due to the burgeoning meat production and subsequent waste generation in its primary slaughterhouses. With an average annual production of 5,000 tons of waste, landfill capacity is nearing its limit. This study therefore aims to assess the biogas production potential from slaughterhouse waste in Tenerife and evaluate anaerobic digestion as an alternative approach. Various combinations of viscera, blood, and slaughterhouse sludge from cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, rabbits, and chickens were analyzed to determine their biogas potential. Results indicate that comprehensive valorization of these wastes could generate 12.86 GWh of energy, equivalent to approximately 20% of the energy consumed in the municipality's industrial sector. Moreover, this approach could reduce emissions by 5.88 Gg of CO2 equivalent and alleviate landfill pressures, thereby mitigating current waste management impacts. Given the region's reliance on imported fuels and limited territorial space, anaerobic digestion presents an environmentally and economically sustainable solution for managing slaughterhouse waste within a closed-loop system.

Evaluating the Performance and Waste Reduction Strategies of Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Facilities in Sukoharjo: A Case Study of Anugrah Palur

Abstract In 2023, the Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R facilities in Sukoharjo have shown varied performance, with 4 out of the 12 facilities operating at optimal levels. Among these, Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur stands out as one of the facilities functioning efficiently. This research aims to investigate the waste management mechanisms and strategies for waste reduction implemented at Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur. To achieve this, a mixed-methods approach was employed, encompassing load count analysis, as well as observations and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings of the study revealed that over a span of eight days, Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R recorded an average daily waste generation of 724.76 kg. This equates to an average household waste production rate of 2.07 kg per family per day, or 0.69 kg per individual. The facility demonstrated a high recovery factor of 89.11%, successfully managing to process and reduce 645.86 kg of waste each day. These results highlight the effectiveness of the waste management practices at Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur and provide valuable insights into efficient waste reduction strategies that can be applied in similar contexts.

Research on Cuttings and Flower Yield Improvement of Marigold cv. Siracole for Sustainable Production through Jeevamrit application

A sustainable approach of farming involves using desi-cow waste products helps to improve soil biology. Jeevamrit, a traditional biofertilizer, enhances soil health and organic carbon and also reduces the need for farmyard manure, hence minimizing carbon footprint and supports eco-friendly agriculture. The present study investigated the effectiveness of Jeevamrit compared to chemical fertilizers and growth regulators for maintaining a healthy mother block of marigold. Jeevamrit was applied at a rate of 2 liters per square meter every 15 days in the mother block. A comprehensive evaluation of seven nutritional and growth regulator modules was conducted across five harvesting flushes (H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5), with subsequent planting occurring in both summer and winter, and vegetative parameters compared to other treatments. Comparing cuttings from various treatments, Jeevamrit-treated plants had higher diameter (3.64 mm), rooting percentage (77.62 %), roots per cutting (35.46), survival rate (81.59 %), faster rooting (14.90 days), the microbial analysis shows a higher microbial population i.e. bacterial (18.27 × 105 cfu g-1 Soil), fungal (3.64 × 103 cfu g-1 Soil), and actinomycetes (3.12 × 103 cfu g-1 Soil) in soil and a higher uptake of N (17.73 kg ha -1), P (9.48 kg ha -1), and K (15.03 kg ha -1) by plants resulting into better growth and development. Yet, the highest cutting yield per plant (92.92) and m-2 (826.64) was observed with foliar application of benzyl adenine @ 100 ppm combined with N-P-K @ 30:20:20 g m-2. Among the harvesting flushes, H4 yielded the highest number of cuttings per plant (109.39) and per square meter (973.34). In contrast, H1 achieved the best results for rooting percentage (81.90 %), number of roots per cutting (29.78), survival percentage (78.07 %), and the shortest rooting time (14.49 days). Additionally, H3 showed the highest microbial activity, with viable bacterial counts at 14.38 × 105 cfu g-1, fungal counts at 3.56 × 103 cfu g-1, actinomycetes at 2.84 × 103 cfu g-1, and organic carbon content at 0.97 %. Under the second experiment the plants grown under natural farming produce more number (0.76 %) and yield of marketable flowers per plant (3.77 %) over recommended dose of fertilizers. The study concludes that while Jeevamrit significantly enhances plant growth and soil health, the combination of benzyl adenine with a balanced N-P-K fertilizer results in higher cutting yield. Moreover, Jeevamrit has been identified as an effective alternative to chemical fertilizers for the cultivation of marigold, specifically in the production of cuttings and flowers.

A dynamic analysis of a green closed-loop supply chain with different on-line platform smart recycling and selling models

Global warming and waste product recycling have become increasingly serious. Green innovation of a closed-loop supply chain (GCLSC) and selection of on-line platform recycling and sales models need to be solved as a matter of urgency. To achieve this purpose, dynamic influences of green innovation, platform smart marketing, and recycling investments on goodwill are considered. Dynamic game models are used to solve the equilibrium solutions and optimal trajectories under different models, and influences of commission rates on the profits and key variables are compared via numerical simulations. The results show that the evolution paths of goodwill under the four decision models all descend at first, then stabilize; the optimal strategy can be selected based on the intervals of sales and recycling commission rates. Under the dual-agency model (agency selling and platform agency recycling (Model AP)), the higher the sales commission rate (SCR) is, the more likely the manufacturer chooses the reselling and platform agency recycling (Model RP), which, however, may lead to insufficient green innovation investment. The higher the RCR, the greater the platform profit when selecting agency selling. The system profit first increases, then decreases with growing sales commission, and Model AP represents the optimal strategy. The research offers reference for the selection of operation models and investment decision, is conducive to improving the enterprise goodwill, and promotes the sustainable development of the GCLSC.

Preparation and characterization of dressing-type emulsions formulated with hydrocolloids from the mango (Mangifera indica) peel

Mango is a popular tropical fruit known worldwide and mango peel is a waste product worthy of valorization. This study explores the stabilizing effect of hydrocolloids extracted from mango peel in dressing-type emulsions (DE). Emulsions stabilized with different ratios of mango (Mangifera indica) peel-derived hydrocolloids (PE) and guar gum (1% wt. total concentration) were prepared and characterized: DE1 (0.25/075), DE2 (0.5/0.5), DE3 (0.75/0.25) and DE4 (1/0). Particle size distribution, ζ-potential, proximal composition, color, microstructure, and rheological properties were evaluated. All the samples showed similar proximal compositions. However, PE/guar gum ratio influences color parameters. For the microstructural analysis, Sauter's mean droplet size ranged from 6.41 to 11.11 µm. The ζ- potential values ranged from -18.03±0.21 to -16.97 mV. Emulsions exhibited shear thinning responses that can be well described by the Williamson model, and gel-like viscoelastic character with G’ higher than G”. The activation energy values (Eα) deduced from the application of an Arrhenius model to the viscous flow behaviour of the emulsions ranged from 108.46 to 143.44 Kj/mol. From the microstructural analysis and the rheological characterization, it can be inferred that PE favors the flocculation of the emulsion droplet in high concentrations. Overall, this research contributes to the sustainable exploitation of a mango waste material, such as the peel, in food emulsions.

The physical quality test formulation of ethyl acetate extract of kawista fruit peel (Limonia Acidissima L.) Ointment as an antibacterial against propionibacterium acnes

Introduction: Using medicinal plants in Indonesia still needs to be optimized. Almost all parts of the Kawista plant have been traditionally used to treat various ailments such as antioxidants, antidiabetic, wound healing, and controlling uric acid levels. Existing research on Kawista fruit peel as an acne antibacterial includes studies on the ethyl acetate extract of Kawista fruit peel against Propionibacterium acnes, which falls into the moderate to strong category. In Indonesia, Kawista fruit is limited to the flesh and is used to make syrup and dodol (a traditional sweet). In contrast, the fruit's peel remains a waste product. Objective: This study aims to develop a formula for an ethyl acetate extract ointment of Kawista fruit peel (Limonia acidissima L.) as an antibacterial agent against Propionibacterium acnes with good physical quality. Methods: The fruit peel extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The extract was then formulated into ointment preparations with concentration variations of 6.25% (F1), 12.50% (F2), and 25% (F3). The physical stability tests for the ointment included organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, spreadability, and pH value tests. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of the extract concentration and storage time on the ointment's physical stability. Result: The test results showed that the ointment formulation of Kawista fruit peel extract (Limonia acidissima L.) could be successfully formulated into an ointment form and met the required evaluation criteria, including organoleptic testing, homogeneity testing, pH testing, and spreadability testing. Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the Kawista fruit peel extract ointment (Limonia acidissima L.) can be successfully formulated into an ointment and meets the required evaluation criteria, including organoleptic testing, homogeneity testing, pH testing, and spreadability testing. A skin irritation test is required to determine whether any irritation occurs after applying the ointment.

ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫЕ ПОКРЫТИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ЭПОКСИДНОЙ СМОЛЫ, СОДЕРЖАЩИЕ ОТХОДЫ ТРУБНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

The paper studies the efficiency of a fire-protective coating based on epoxy resin containing pipe production waste as modifying additives. The effect of pipe production waste on the complex of operational properties of the protective coating is studied. It is shown that the specified modifying additives increase resistance to thermal-oxidative destruction, and also increase the adhesion of the epoxy coating to the metal by 2 times. In addition, epoxy coatings containing pipe production waste are characterized by improved impact resistance.

A study on the implementation of eco-friendly design techniques in hospitality space (restaurant)

Eco-friendly interior design, also known as sustainable design, is a growing trend that prioritizes creating spaces that are both beautiful and environmentally responsible. It involves making conscious choices about materials, finishes, and overall design to minimize the negative impact on the planet. This study explores the implementation of eco-friendly design techniques in hospitality spaces, with a focus on restaurants. As the hospitality industry, particularly restaurants, faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices, this research examines how eco-friendly design can reduce environmental impact while maintaining operational efficiency and aesthetic appeal. Restaurants, known for their high energy consumption and waste production, are ideal candidates for integrating sustainable design elements. The study analyses key eco-friendly design strategies. Sustainable materials, including recycled and locally sourced products, contribute to lowering the carbon footprint of restaurants. By examining case studies of restaurants successfully implementing these practices, the study provides insights into best practices and potential challenges.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Mortar Mixed with Paper Mill Waste

The industrial and construction sectors are experiencing continuous growth each year. Concrete, which is used as the main material in construction, is composed of cement, aggregate and water. Research on mortar and aggregate is carried out to create concrete according to the required specifications of certain buildings. However, 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions come from the cement manufacturing process which is one of the main materials in mortar. In the industrial sector, the paper industry is one of the top producers of waste, approximately 48 tonnes for every 100 tonnes of pulp produced. The main wastes of this industry include slaker grits, dregs, lime mud and fly ash which only end up in landfill. To address this problem, this research investigates the modification of mortar mix materials by utilising paper mill waste. Specifically, fly ash and grits are used as substitute for cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Results indicate that the density value of concrete decreased with the increase of fly ash mixture, and the compressive strength value of mortar with varying additions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fly ash reached 7.42, 6.68, 6.18, 4.97, 3.93 and 2.97 MPa. The decrease in density and compressive strength with increasing fly ash content can be attributed to the lower adhesive power of waste compared to cement owing to its lower lime oxide content. The value of compressive strength samples 1, 2 and 3 belong to the N type, which can be used as load-bearing walls, while samples 4, 5 and 6 fall into the O type, which can be used as non-load-bearing and decorative walls in accordance with SNI 03-6882-2014 standards.

The starter growth performance of Indonesian local ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) fed the ration containing different levels of tofu waste product flour

The high price of feed ingredients for rations are one of the factors considered in raising ducks. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of adding cheap tofu waste product (TWP) flour to reduce expensive corn and concentrate ingredients on feed consumption, live weight and feed conversion of starter phase ducks aged 1-8 weeks. The 64 female day-old ducks (DOD) were involved using completely randomized design, allocated into 4 treatments with 8 replications where each replication consisted of 2 birds in a cage. The treatments were feeds of R0 (without TWP, 0%), R1 (with 15% TWP), R2 (with 30% TWP), and R3 (with 45% TWP) in ration. Results showed that the use of large amounts of TWP in R3 caused a decrease in feed consumption of around 4.20 percent, likely caused by the bulky nature of TWP due to their high fiber content. In addition, the percentage of TWP flour addition of 45% showed a lower live weight compared to other treatments. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of starter growth phase ducks consuming feed ration with composition started from a FCR of 2.3522 - 2.4484 in week-1 tending to decrease until in week-3 reaching a value of 1.8574 - 1.9711 indicating increase efficiency in the use of rations by each duck. However, this tendency began to increase until it reached a value of 3.0955 - 3.0862 in week-8. These values ​​indicated the increase in the cumulative amount of feed consumption of starter phase of ducks at the ages of 2 weeks up to 4 weeks tending faster than the increase in cumulative body weight (lower FCR) compared with FCR from the ages of 5 weeks up to 8 weeks, resulting in a higher FCR.

Producing agri-food derived composts from coffee husk as primary feedstock at different temperature conditions

There is a great global concern about agricultural wastes from food and feed crop processing that have significant environmental impacts. Composting is the most environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient processes that can solve the problems of accumulation and toxicity of agricultural waste. The aim of this study is the detoxification of coffee husk by composting at two temperature conditions (“warm” and “cold”). In the greenhouse, the ambient temperature was changed day by day to mimic the situation of a spring to summer “warm” period (≈16–34 °C) and a spring “cold” period (≈7–20 °C) typical of central Italy. The coffee industry should accept the responsibility for the large amount of organic waste production, which presents toxicity and mass accumulation problems. Coffee husk as the main raw material is not used directly as bio-fertilizer in agriculture sector due to the leaching of phenolic compounds and high pH value. The brewing industry is famous for its mass production, and the brewer residues as a by-product have an extremely acidic pH that makes them an unsuitable material for direct composting, but the mixture of these materials can optimize pH. The addition of cow manure accelerates microbial activity and is a strategy to improve composting rate and maturity. The following mixtures were tested: coffee husk and brewer spent grains in a proportion of 2:1 (Compost 1), coffee husk and cow manure in a proportion of 4:1 (Compost 2), and coffee husk, brewer spent grain, and cow manure in a proportion of 5:3:2 (Compost 3). Quality and maturity of the final composts appeared to be affected by the ambient temperature conditions, which remarkably affected pH, C/N ratio, nutrient and trace elements availability, germination index, microbial biomass carbon, and FDA hydrolysis. Results showed that both sets of temperatures produced composts to be considered standard compost, but "warm" conditions compost showed greater maturity, while the composts produced under “cold” conditions were able to increase seed gemination.

Choice on the menu: Increasing meal choice for people living in residential aged care, a pilot study.

For residents in residential aged care (RAC), opportunities to make decisions about their meals are often limited. Increasing choice for residents requires significant changes to be made to the foodservice system to deliver nutritionally adequate, timely and enjoyable meals to residents. The pilot project aimed to understand the effect of increasing choice in meals on residents, staff and the foodservice system. A pragmatic action research approach was used to collaboratively design and evaluate an altered a foodservice system that increased choice, enabling residents to place their order at the mealtime and choose from a menu of seven hot meal options for lunch and dinner. Outcome measures were measured pre- and post-implementation and included food waste, resident satisfaction and foodservice costs. Resident satisfaction measured on a 5-point Likert scale improved between pre- (3.60 ± 1.09) and post- (4.57 ± 0.49) measurements, whereas production waste increased (pre-55g, post-90 g) and foodservice costs increased (pre-$9.20-$11.14 per resident per day, post-$11.01-$12.15 per resident per day). Compared to the standard cook serve meal, consumption of protein foods increased marginally (+5 g), vegetable consumption increased (+11 g) and carbohydrate consumption decreased (-38 g) for meals consumed from the intervention menu. Increasing choice can have a positive impact of resident satisfaction; however, further work is needed to investigate how production waste and costs can be addressed.

Waste Management of Innovation Production Through The Printing Block Printing Plate Workshop Using The Design Thinking Approach

The waste problem in Indonesia is a problem that has not been resolved to date; this hurts the surrounding environment, one of which is 23.3 million tonnes annually produced from 202 districts or cities, of which only 15 are appropriately managed. 6 million tons annually. Therefore, it is necessary to process plastic waste to minimize the accumulation of plastic waste and its impact on the environment (Amanullah. G, 2023). Olah Plastic is one of the MSMEs located in Bandung that processes plastic waste into products. However, Olah Plastic has a problem in the form of remaining unprocessed production waste, so product innovation is needed that can minimize production waste and activities that can increase public knowledge about processing. plastic waste. The results of this research are block printing plates made from the remaining waste from Olah Plastic production, where the printing plates will be used as media in workshops to increase public awareness regarding the negative impact of plastic waste on the environment, which still has selling value

Evaluation of multi–hydrogen production for Afyon biogas plant from excess methane and by–product hydrogen sulfide through desulfurization process

This study presents a detailed computational simulation of a hybrid hydrogen production system that integrates steam methane reforming (SMR) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) electrolysis, coupled with waste heat recovery, at the Afyon Biogas Power Plant (ABP). The plant operates with a capacity of 4000 kW and an exhaust gas temperature of approximately 767 K, converting 55 % of the biogas to energy, constrained by the limitations of both the turbine and biogas plant operations. Despite these constraints, a methane yield of up to 75 % from biomass is achievable. The surplus methane is converted into blue hydrogen via SMR, while H₂S, a byproduct of biogas production, undergoes electrolysis to generate green hydrogen. Additionally, gray hydrogen is separated and stored during the biogas production process. The system achieves a hydrogen production rate of 0.061 kg/s through optimization, comprising 91.4 % blue hydrogen, 8.18 % gray hydrogen, and 0.41 % green hydrogen. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the primary system are calculated to be 26.23 % and 22.99 %, respectively. The integration of waste heat recovery enhances these efficiencies to 76.21 % and 42.96 %. A techno-economic analysis indicates that the cost of electricity is 0.04644 $/kWh, while the average hydrogen production cost is 2.05 $/kg. The total investment cost (TIC) amounts to 21,177,230 $, with an estimated annual revenue of 4,702,000 $, yielding a payback period of 4.405 years. This study demonstrates the efficiency and economic feasibility of hydrogen production from waste products at the biogas plant, underscoring the viability of the proposed investment.