Waste Materials Research Articles

Understanding the corrosion and structural potential of 95Al-RHA-PSA composite for advance application

Material reinforcement has become popular in improving properties, such as corrosion, mechanical and wear behaviour. Aluminium-base composite has found usefulness in the technology of automobiles, aerospace, and marine and designs of a wide range of components. The use of reinforcement materials increases the efficiency of composites products and reduces overall expenses. Aluminium alloy composite provides low-cost advantages over many other matrix composites. The use of agro-based waste material as reinforcement alternatives is becoming very important because of its close to nothing cost and availability to produce nanoparticles. This study aim to use agro based processed rice hulls (RHA) and periwinkle shells (PSA) to improve aluminium properties in an attempt to gain prominence in today's automotive advancements. SEM imaging was conducted at a magnification of 15,000 at 20 kV to evaluate structural properties, while X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) images were utilized to observe the crystallography peaks and phases of the developed alloys. Rockwell hardness testing, in accordance with ASTM E18 standards, involved subjecting the samples to a 30 kg/f load for 30 s using a hardened steel ball for indentation. Corrosion properties were assessed via linear polarization resistance and open circuit potential measurements. From the results, there is a higher corrosion resistance from 95Al-RHA-PSA composite samples compared to the control (aluminium alloy) samples. The lower values of jcorr and higher values of Pr of the 95Al-RHA-PSA composite samples also indicated that the RHA and PSA content of the composite minimized the penetration of chloride ions into the active sites of the composite samples. The 95Al-2RHA-3PSA composite sample exhibited the lowest Cr of 1.4172 mm/year, lowest jcorr of 1.220E-04 A/cm2 and highest Pr of 70.02 Ω, which indicated the 95Al-2RHA-3PSA composite sample provided the most significant passivation, leading higher corrosion resistance. The XRD of the control sample has several crystallographic phases, with AlNi3Al2SiO8 exhibiting the most elevated peak intensity at about 550 a.u (2θ = 39°). In comparison, the peak intensity of the other crystals is less than 200 a.u. However, the 95Al-RHA-PSA composite samples exhibited crystallites of higher peak intensities and better morphological strengthening characteristics. The findings suggest promising prospects for the development of sustainable and long-lasting aluminium alloy for automotive use.

Identification of the Causes Waste Material in the Railway Bridge Construction Project

Identification of the Causes Waste Material in the Railway Bridge Construction Project

Effect of fly ash and gypsum on drying shrinkage and mechanical properties of one‐part alkali‐activated slag mortar

AbstractOne‐part alkali‐activated materials can be processed into semi‐finished products by mixing a solid activator with the powder. They only require the addition of water, which greatly improves their commercial feasibility. So, we used one‐part alkali‐activated slag mortar to investigate the effects of the dosages of the activator (sodium metasilicate), fly ash (FA), and gypsum on its fluidity, flexural strength, compressive strength, and drying shrinkage. The microscopic mechanisms of the mortar were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction. The below conclusions were drawn. First, the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of the mortar gradually increased with the increase of the activator dosage. Second, the drying shrinkage of the mortar initially decreased and then increased as increasing FA substitution, while the compressive strength decreased gradually in the early stage and then increased and decreased in the later stage. Lastly, by increasing the gypsum dosage, the drying shrinkage of the mortar was significantly reduced. However, the compressive strength gradually decreased. Besides, when adding 20% of FA and 2.4% of gypsum, it was found that ettringite, which underwent expansion, formed in the system. This not only reduced the drying shrinkage by 25.3% but also increased the compressive strength by 1.3%. Furthermore, our investigation has led to the development of a low‐shrinkage one‐part alkali‐activated slag and FA mortar, which not only facilitates the recycling of solid waste materials but also presents commendable environmental and economic advantages.

Boosting the triboelectric performances of biowaste chitosan keratin triboelectric nanogenerator using carbon composite film as charge storage and charge recombination blocking intermediate layer

Environmental conservation efforts are promoting energy-generation technologies that avoid the use of highly polluting fuels and promote the reuse of waste materials. Advances in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have led to the progress in harvesting energy from ambient mechanical sources and powering small devices and sensors while being compact, flexible, biocompatible, and eco-friendly. Nevertheless, the practical applications of TENG have limitations. Therefore, the development of TENG with excellent triboelectric performance, eco-friendliness, and low cost is crucial. Consequently, an environmentally friendly, inexpensive TENG device with outstanding triboelectric performance was designed using keratin-enhanced chitosan as a tribo-positive material, a carbon film as an intermediate layer, and polytetrafluoroethylene as a triboelectric negative material. The device was purposely designed to simultaneously play a role in waste treatment and efficient green energy harvesting. Therefore, keratin was extracted from recycled fur, and a carbon film was selected to enhance the triboelectric performance because of its excellent electrical conductivity and dielectric constant. The triboelectric properties of a chitosan keratin intermediate layer (CKI)-TENG were systematically investigated. Practical applications of the CKI-TENG in charging electronic devices and waste-noise harvesting were also studied. The developed CKI TENG exhibited outstanding triboelectric performance compared to a TENG device without an intermediate layer. Particularly, the charge transfer, output voltage, and power density was improved by 19%, 46%, and 60%, respectively, compared to the output of the chitosan-keratin (CK) TENG device. It also exhibited outstanding cyclic and charging-discharging stabilities. In addition, the power density of the developed CKI TENG was higher than that of previously reported TENG devices. Thus, it can play a significant role in green and clean energy generation and the utilization of the harvested energy in practical applications, such as biomedical sensors, charging electronic devices, smart textiles, and sensors.

Investigation of epoxy grouts incorporating date palm waste: Mechanical performance analysis

Epoxy grouts, consisting of epoxy resins, hardeners, and fillers, are extensively used in under-grouting due to their excellent mechanical attributes. Waste material incorporation into grout composites is becoming more popular because of growing environmental consciousness and a greater focus on sustainability. Recent research focuses on integrating date palm waste into epoxy grout composites for compression-based applications, such as under-grouting. Additionally, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding the scaling-up process from laboratory experimentation to industrial-scale manufacturing of such grout composites. The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of using date palm midrib wastes for under-grouting heavy machinery and equipment in local industries within Saudi Arabia. Three kinds of epoxy grouts of the exact composition of resin and hardener but with different substitutions of silica sand with date palm midrib waste were made. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the synthesized epoxy grout composites containing varying percentages (2%, 5%, and 10%) of date palm waste, specifically comprising midribs and midrib fibres, are critically assessed. The results show that using midrib fibers resulted in lower mechanical performance of the grout composite than when date palm midribs were used. Moreover, as the amount of date palm waste increases, the mechanical performance of grout specimens decreases. At a 28-day curing time, adding up to 10% date palm waste led to a loss in compressive strength of up to 5% and 66% for the composite containing midribs and midrib fibers, respectively. Correspondingly, adding up to 10% date palm waste reduced flexural strength by 32% and 68% for composite containing midribs and midrib fibers, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the decline in the mechanical properties of the epoxy composite containing the midrib fibers is attributed to the presence of augmented voids within the microstructure of the specimens. Optical microscopy of epoxy date palm (EDP) specimens shows that the presence of date palm content results in crack propagation along midrib boundaries and through midribs during compressive loading. Except for the grout composite containing 10% midrib fiber, the synthesized epoxy grout composites incorporating date palm midrib waste are more durable and sustainable than the benchmark grout material specified for foundation and heavy machinery applications. The absence of chemical treatments and specialized facilities simplifies the scalability of grout specimen preparation from laboratory to industrial scale.

Design and Development of Attachable Mini Trash Box Holder for Drafting Table

The objective of this study is to design and develop an attachable mini trash box holder which will be attached to the drafting table of the students. It was designed for the user to have an accessible trash box where they can dispose their garbage, particularly the pencil shavings, paper waste, and other cut materials during the making of miniatures. Thus, it will maintain the cleanliness of the user's table, and so the classroom. The study used a descriptive developmental research design, and weighted mean as the statistical tool in analyzing the data. A sample population of 30 participants are the BSIT-ADT students from first to third year of Surigao del Norte State University. They were the respondents of the online survey using google form and were selected using the Stratified random sampling. The respondents evaluated the attachable holder according to its manageability in table 1, with a weighted mean of 3.70 which means Accessibility in table 2 got a weighted mean of 3.50, which also means Table 3 containing the effectiveness in terms of Aesthetics got 3.65 which indicates economy in table 4, got 3.71 terms of safety got 3.56, which means Very Effective. As per findings, the respondents have seen that the attachable mini trash box holder has a positive impact based on its effectiveness in terms of Manageability, Accessibility, Aesthetics, Economy, and Safety. It was acknowledged by the

Mechanical properties of cement pastes containing plasma-treated silicon-based materials

The study delves into the impact of waste silicon-based materials on the mechanical characteristics of the resulting cement pastes. The investigation uses Portland cement CEM I 42.5R in conjunction with silicon-based waste materials sourced from the packaging industry, specifically from Recifa, a.s. Variations between the sample groups arise from differences in the concentration of silicon-based materials and the method of surface treatment. The inquiry seeks to assess the effects of two distinct levels of Si-based material incorporation, namely 10 wt. % and 20 wt. %, along with plasma treatment involving two different gases: oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). The mechanical attributes under scrutiny encompass compressive and flexural strengths. The evaluation of mechanical properties is carried out on samples aged 28 days, with dimensions measuring 20 × 20 × 100 mm.

Preliminary investigation and life cycle assessment of artificial reefs with recycled brick-concrete aggregates

An economical and environment-friendly artificial reef concrete using fully recycled brick-concrete aggregate as raw material was proposed. This study investigates the mechanical properties, drying shrinkage, chloride ion penetration, and biological adaptability of the reef. A comparative analysis is conducted on the environmental impacts (EI), carbon emission impact and cost efficiency of artificial reefs, considering natural aggregate concrete and recycled brick-concrete aggregate concrete at the material level. The results indicate that the use of recycled brick-concrete aggregates can achieve service performance equivalent to that of natural aggregates. Field investigations involving samples immersed in seawater for six months reveal the positive trapping effects of recycled materials on aquatic organisms. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results reveal that achieving a 100 % replacement rate of recycled brick concrete aggregate (RBCA) creates a positive feedback loop for carbon emissions when appropriately incorporating industrial waste materials like fly ash and silica fume. In comparison to ordinary concrete, the utilization of recycled materials can significantly reduce construction costs, up to 63.7 %, thereby presenting notable economic advantages.

Increasing the amorphous content in river sediments intended for supplementary cementitious materials using flame synthesis

Dredged river sediments are currently a waste material which is mainly landfilled or reintegrated into rivers. They can also be used as a renewable resource for the construction sector. Pre-treatments at high temperatures allow their use for more advanced applications such as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or as a precursor for alkali activated materials (AAMs). The work presented here shows that flame synthesis can be used to almost completely vitrify such sediments and increase their leachability for Al and Si beyond the levels achieved by conventional calcination at 750–950 °C for 1h.The reactivity of the prepared samples was analyzed via the Si and Al solubility in 10 M NaOH and was generally increased by the applied treatments but maximized by flame synthesis. Their microstructure was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and their phase composition was monitored using X-ray diffraction. The results show an almost complete amorphization of the sediments by flame synthesis, however their reactivity does not increase at the same rate.

Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Derived from Costus Afer Leaves (C. afer) for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye from an Aqueous Solution

In this work, Costus afer leaves (C. after) was utilized as an agricultural waste material for the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) used for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from its aqueous solution. The raw material was prepared, chemically activated using KHCO3 with an impregnation ratio of 1:3, and later carbonized at a temperature of 700℃ in an inert N2 atmosphere for 1hour to produce activated carbon. The proximate analysis of the biomass revealed the percentage of ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon present in the waste biomass. The raw and activated carbon produced were characterized using various tests such as: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared-(FTIR) Spectrometry, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The results revealed that the SBET of the biomass increased from 400m2/g to 600m2/g after activation. Adsorption studies were carried out in batch mode to determine the influencing factors of adsorption with varying adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH values. The adsorption experiment revealed high adsorption efficiency at an optimum parameter of dosage (0.2g), contact time (10 min), and pH (8) with a 70.58% removal of methylene blue dye. An increase in dosage, contact time, and pH above the optimum parameter leads to a decrease in percentage removal. The adsorption capacity was achieved using adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich. Adsorption of methylene blue validated the Langmuir model with an R2 of 0.999 and a Qm of 11.83 mg/g. These results show that activated carbon prepared from Costus afer leaves constitutes an effective low-cost material for the adsorption of Methylene dye from wastewater.

Valorizing Fruit and Vegetable Waste: The Untapped Potential for Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Systematic Review

Valorizing food waste (FW) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can enhance the efficiency of limited resources, make healthy diets more affordable, and foster the creation of innovative enterprises. The vast quantities of FW from the agri-food chain significantly threaten food security. To address this issue and maximize potential environmental and socio-economic benefits, valorizing waste, a value-adding process for waste materials, has emerged as a sustainable and efficient strategy. Valorizing FW reduces greenhouse gas emissions, mitigates climate change, enhances resource efficiency, and improves planetary health. As a pivotal player in the transition toward the circular economy, this study investigates the potential of converting FW into value-added products, offering entrepreneurial opportunities for SSA’s unemployed youth. A systematic literature review is conducted to identify and filter relevant articles over five years by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 33 articles were included for in-depth analysis to address the study’s aim. The findings highlight a range of value-added products derived from FW, including renewable energy sources, nutraceuticals, and heavy metal adsorbents. These products present promising entrepreneurial prospects within SSA. Nonetheless, overcoming barriers to FW valorization adoption is crucial for fully realizing its potential as a profitable business avenue.

Fabrication of Highly Transparent Substrates from Waste Materials for Electronic Device Applications

Fabrication of Highly Transparent Substrates from Waste Materials for Electronic Device Applications

Exploring fungal-mediated solutions and its molecular mechanistic insights for textile dye decolorization

Decolorization of textile dyes and study of their intermediate compounds is necessary to comprehend the mechanism of dye degradation. In the present study, different fungal mediated solutions were explored to provide an alternative to treat the reactive dyes. Growing biomass of Pleurotus sajor caju showed 83% decolorization (249.99 mg L−1 removal) of Reactive Blue 13 (RB 13) and 63% decolorization (188.83 mg L−1) of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) at 300 mg L−1 initial concentration on 8 d. Higher laccase activity was positively correlated with increase in decolorization. However, increasing dye concentration has inhibitory effect on fungal biomass due to increase in toxicity. In laccase mediated decolorization, laccase produced from P. sajor caju using carbon rich waste material as substrate showed 89% decolorization (276.36 mg L−1 removal) of RB 13 and 33% decolorization (105.37 mg L−1 removal) of RB 5 at 300 mg L−1 initial dye concentration in 100 min at 30 °C and pH 3.0’. Comparing the two methods, laccase-mediated decolorization shows better decolorization in less time and does not produce sludge. Further, the present work also attempted to study the dye degradation pathway for Reactive blue 13 via laccase mediated process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were utilized to identify the degraded products. The GC-MS analysis showed the formation of naphthalene, naphthalene 2-ol, benzene,1–2, dicarboxylic acid, 4, amino, 6,chloro, 1-3-5, triazin-2-ol as the final degraded products after enzymatic degradation of RB 13. These findings provide in-depth study of laccase-mediated textile dye degradation mechanism.

Lingering with Multispecies Kin: Re-Turning to Encounters between Children, Invertebrates and Amphibians

Abstract Based on an ethnographic study in a Finnish primary school, we explored lingering as both a pedagogical approach and a methodological concept for multispecies education research and practice. Through this conceptual thinking, we “re-turned” to the multiplicities that unfolded from noticing rhythms, enterings and different lifeworlds to show how children’s lingering encounters developed into speculative inquiries about how invertebrates and amphibians generate polyphonous affects and temporalities. In our study, children’s “attuning-with” clay, waste materials, photographs, and stop-motion animation opened up the unfamiliar worlds and temporalities of invertebrates and amphibians, involving active silences, slow rhythms, and awkward becomings. Overall, the study highlights that children’s attuning-with the uncertainties of today’s socioecological world create new avenues for thinking about multispecies relationalities.

New dog old tricks – process safety for the energy transition

The energy transition is gathering pace and it’s apparent there is not one solution to replace our traditional means of sourcing energy from fossil fuels. The energy transition embraces renewable power generation, whether in the form of solar, wind, hydro or using waste materials and plant feedstocks such as biomass to produce fuels of the future. There is a colourful range of hydrogen solutions in grey, blue or green available, with blue requiring a carbon capture and storage solution. The solutions being considered for the energy landscape are on a scale not seen before. All of these new energy solutions have one thing in common, they present known hazards, but the application and simple scale of their use is significantly greater than when they are produced or consumed today. When we discuss renewable energy, it is perceived that generally it is safer than sourcing and processing conventional energy forms. Conventional fuels have a long history of process safety and have been well regulated for more than 20 years as major hazard facilities. The expectations of communities and regulators are that renewable energy will be delivered reliably and safely and to the same standard as conventional energy forms. We call this process safety equivalency. We will examine a few areas as examples of some of the early problems being addressed and solved today.

Innovative technology for converting automobile tire waste bead wires into recycled steel fibers for sustainable concrete composites: insights for the Al-Kharj Governorate construction industry

PurposeThe initiative for sustainability in the construction industry has led to the innovative utilization of automobile tire waste, transforming it into value-added products, toward decarbonization in the construction industry, aligning with the development and sustainability goals of Al-Kharj Governorate. However, the disposal of these materials generates significant environmental concerns. As a payoff for these efforts, this study aims to contribute to a fruitful shift toward eco-friendly recycling techniques, particularly by studying the transformation of tire waste bead wires into recycled steel tire fibers (RSTFs) for sustainable concrete composites.Design/methodology/approachThis research delves into how this technological transformation not only addresses environmental concerns but also propels sustainable tire innovation forward, presenting a promising solution for waste management and material efficiency in building materials. Recent studies have highlighted the superior tensile strength of RSTFs from discarded tires, making them suitable for various structural engineering applications. Recently, there has been a notable shift in research focus to the use of RSTFs as an alternative to traditional fibers in concrete. In this study, however, efforts have paid off in outlining a comprehensive assessment to investigate the viability and efficacy of repurposing tire bead wires into RSTFs for use in concrete composites, as reported in the literature.FindingsThis study examined the Saudi waste management, the geometrical properties of RSTFs, and their impact on the strength properties of concrete microstructure. It also examined the economic, cost, and environmental impacts of RSTFs on concrete composites, underscoring the need for the construction industry to adopt more sustainable and adaptable practices. Furthermore, the main findings of this study are proposed insights and a blueprint for the construction industry in Al-Kharj Governorate, calling for collective action from both public and private sectors, and the community to transform challenges into job opportunities for growth and sustainability.Originality/valueThis study pointed to thoroughly demonstrate the technological advancement in converting tire waste to reinforcing fibers by evaluating the effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and practicality of these fibers in eco-friendly concrete composites. Besides, the desired properties and standards for RSTFs to enhance the structural integrity of concrete composites are recommended, as is the need to establish protocols and further study into the long-term efficacy of RSTF-reinforced concrete composites.

Performance analysis of self compacting concrete by incorporating fly ash, coal gangue powder, cement kiln dust and recycled concrete powder by absolute volume method

To achieve environmental sustainability and improve material characteristics, this study examines the performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) that incorporates different industrial by-products, including fly ash (FA), coal gangue powder (CGP), cement kiln dust (CKD), and recycled concrete powder (RCP). Through an experimental program, the research evaluates the fresh and hardened properties of SCC as well as its microstructural features. Slump flow, T50, and V-funnel tests were utilized to evaluate the fresh characteristics, while the compressive strength was the main emphasis of the hardened property at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing periods. To clarify the internal structure of the material and the pozzolanic processes taking place therein, further microstructural investigations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Due to pozzolanic reactions and the densification of the microstructure, the results show that adding these industrial by-products not only makes SCC more workable but also gradually increases its compressive strength. In particular, the study shows that combinations with FA, CKD, and RCP perform better than CGP in terms of flowability and strength development. The results highlight the technical advantages of improving concrete qualities through material innovation, in addition to the possible environmental benefits of recycling waste materials in construction.

Effect of air gap on sound absorption in layered composite structures produced of sustainable materials

Numerous materials have been produced to isolate the noise that negatively impacts people’s health and productivity at work. Some of these materials are not preferred for usage because they are expensive, inefficient, or harmful to the environment. In this study, composite materials were produced with waste chicken feathers (CF) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) binder in different mixture ratios. After CF was washed and cleaned, it was shredded into 2–3 mm lengths with a chopper. Then CF was mixed with PVAC binder and thermal bonding was applied. As a result of the process, composites with a thickness of 10 mm and dimensions of 15 cm × 15 cm were formed. These composite plates are supported by sandwich constructions made of various varieties of polyester-based felt (NW), knitted fabric (KF), leather (L), spacer fabric (SF), and air gap (AG5, AG10, AG15) in thicknesses of 5, 10, and 15 mm. Impedance tubes with four microphones were used to evaluate the sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss values of these manufactured structures, and the resulting data were analyzed. According to this; The NW + CFC1 two-layer structure is 0.33 (500 Hz), but when a 15 mm thick air gap layer is added, it is seen that it increases to 0.85 (500 Hz). Other sandwich structures produced also show similar results. The best results were achieved with layered composite structures. Adding an air gap layer between the composite layers to increase sound absorption has improved results, especially at low frequencies. The air gap layer can significantly reduce production costs because it can be used instead of a material layer. The production of textile-based sound insulation structures from the waste material CF is also of great importance in terms of sustainability.

Recycling the electric arc furnace waste after geopolymerization in bitumen: experimental analyses and LCA study

The conversion of solid waste materials into cleaner products for road paving. applications appears to be a promising and sustainable option. However, there is still a lack of attention given to quantifying the potential environmental benefits of recycling solid wastes in asphalt pavements, regarding the impact on asphalt performance. To address this gap, the present study investigates the effects of recycling electric arc waste based geopolymers on asphalt binder and mixture characteristics, as well as environmental outputs. For this purpose, geopolymers were incorporated into both neat and SBS-modified binders. A comprehensive rheological investigation was conducted using cutting-edge multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) analyses. Stability, Marshall quotient, and flow values, as well as dry and wetconditioned tensile strength were considered, to determine asphalt mixture properties. In the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), greenhouse gases resulting from fuel and energy consumption in each inventory phase were determined. The varying service lifetimes, maintenance and rehabilitation plans, and production and construction requirements of the different asphalt schemes were taken into account. Subsequently, the environmental impacts of the asphalt mixtures, including global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and smog formation potential, along with the total energy demand, were calculated across different stages of the LCA. The results show that the geopolymerization process results in important contributions in terms of both environmental savings and pavement performance.

Utilizing Waste Materials to Enhance Crop Production: A Review

Waste management is a crucial aspect of modern societies, encompassing various activities to ensure the safe and effective disposal of waste materials. It can be classified as hazardous waste, electronic trash (e-waste), industrial waste, and municipal solid waste (MSW). Sustainable waste management practices aim to reduce environmental impact while protecting public health. Urbanization leads to increased residential water consumption, however reusing wastewater for non-potable applications like agriculture can be cost-effective. The overall costs of delivering wastewater for agricultural reuse, including treatment, storage, and transportation, are less the total costs of safe environmental disposal alternatives. Drainage may also be a source of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), which reduces the cost of wastewater for agricultural reuse. The adoption of these principles could lead to a 48% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The management of hazardous waste, including toxic, flammable, corrosive, or reactive materials, is also a significant concern. In order to safeguard public health and stop the spread of infectious illnesses, animal manure management is crucial. The global generation of construction and demolition waste is expected to double by 2025, with the majority generated in Asia. Sustainable waste management practices are necessary to ensure public health and the environment.