Waste Lubricating Oil Research Articles

Recycling of Used Engine Oil for Cooking Fuel Using Solar Thermal Pyrolysis

[enter Abstract Body]Engine oil is lubricating oil that has been used to reduce friction between moving parts, and as a result of such use, physical contamination and chemical impurities of it have occurred. Waste lubricant oil is one of the most serious pollutants that are generated in most areas of our world. Likewise, in Jimma town, used lubricating oils that are disposed from private garages and other government institutions are a source of suffering for the surrounding societies. This is mainly because of waste lubricating oils are one of the major contributing factors for environmental pollution. Many scientific studies have also indicated that because of ineffective disposal mechanisms, waste lubricating oils have been causing serious environmental challenge and harmful health issue. Cognizant to this fact, this thesis attempts to make an analysis of the processes of converting waste oil into more valuable products such as fuel. Among others, the main way that the researcher had practised for recycling of used lubricating oils is treating by pyrolysis process, which consists of recovering the original base oil to be reused in the formulation of new products or generate different product from its original base like fuels. To achieve the required result, multivariate experimental practices were adopted for this study. The system adopted in the experiment was covering conversion of the waste engine oil in to fuel product by pyrolysis with pre or post-chemical treatment. Besides, the energy source used for conducting the process was solar thermal energy using parabolic dish collector. Following experimental analysis in different procedures, the fuels which had different calorific value (characterization was performed by Geological Survey of Ethiopia, Geochemical Laboratory Directorates) were generated. The result of this experimental study indicated that from the sampled eight experiments, the best fuel which can be used for cooking stove that has 44,678.88 KJ/Kg calorific value, 840 Kg/m3 density, 3.65 mm2/s kinematic viscosity and 52oC flash point was found. It has been concluded that, production of fuel from waste engine oil using solar thermal pyrolysis is a profitable business by replacing kerosene which is currently imported from abroad and solving environmental defects which have been caused due o improper handling of WEO.

Hydrogen production by the steam reforming of waste lubricating oil

ABSTRACTThe production of Hydrogen from the used lubricating oil through steam reforming is an effective and novel method of recovering the energetic content of waste lubricating oil (WLO). This work was geared towards utilising ASPEN Plus V8.8 to develop a predictive simulation for the production of Hydrogen from WLO via steam reforming. All aspects of factor sensitivity and interactions as regards the steam reforming of WLO was exhaustively studied. The simulation model was developed and run successfully without any errors. The sensitivity of the simulation to pressure, temperature and steam-to-oil ratio (STOR) from the simulation was first studied to help determine the optimal values of each factor. The optimal values for the process parameters are reforming temperature of 600°C, reforming pressure of 1 atm and STOR of 10 kg/kg. The synthesis gas obtained at optimal conditions has a Hydrogen gas content of 75%, Carbon dioxide content of 21%, carbon monoxide content of 3.7% and only trace quantities of methane. The factor interaction study of all chemical species in the product stream was summarily carried out and any combinatory effects of these factors were elucidated.

Green Refining of Waste Lubricating Oil: A China Perspective

Presently, many regeneration processes of waste lubricating oil, such as catalytic hydrogenation, are available. However, some of these processes are highly costly and not suitable for Chinese economic conditions, and some may produce contaminated impurities such as acid slag, which cannot meet environmental protection requirements. This study aims to develop a green process for the regeneration of waste lubricating oil into a base oil, which should meet the requirements of green chemistry, have the characteristics of simple operation, low cost, less pollution and high recovery rate, and turn wastes into renewable resources. The new process developed via this research has three stages. First, mechanical and large particle impurities in the waste lubricating oil were removed by pretreatment. Second, most of the colloid and asphaltene were removed by thermal extraction and sedimentation. Finally, the activated bleaching earth was used to further purify the waste lubricating oil. The performance evaluation of the finally obtained lubricating base oil conformed to the standard of the HVI-100 lubricating oil. The total recovery rate of the process was about 63.5%. Citation: Â Wu, J., Li, B., Wang, W., Yang, S., Liu, P., Yang, C., and Ding, Y. (2019). Green Refining of Waste Lubricating Oil: A China Perspective. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 165-180. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.0084

Effects of operational parameters on bio-oil production from biomass.

In this study, the production of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of furniture sawdust, waste lubricating oil and their mixtures were investigated under certain operating conditions in the presence of lime and zeolites, by using a laboratory scale horizontal tubular reactor placed in a furnace. The main focus was to investigate the mutual effect of lime and commercial zeolite on the amount of the bio-oil production from furniture sawdust and waste lubricating oil. The selected operating parameters were pyrolysis temperatures and heating rate of 300°C and 650°C and flash heating or gradual heating rate (30°C/min). Additionally, three different additives were tested as catalysts; namely, lime (CaO), commercial zeolite (4A) and a natural zeolite (klinoptilolite). The amount of the produced bio-oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The distribution of solid, liquid and gaseous products was determined for each operational condition. It was seen that the amount of the bio-oil was influenced by the amounts of sawdust and zeolite in the mixture. Experimental results showed that higher temperatures were more effective for the higher bio-oil amount. Additionally, heating rate was quite significant at 300°C whereas it has a minor effect on the bio-oil amount at 650°C. The highest bio-oil yield was obtained for the mixture of sawdust and waste lubricating oil in the presence of both lime and commercial zeolite with flash heating rate at 650°C.

Enhancing lead adsorption in waste lubricant oil with activated clay as bleaching earth

Waste lubricant oil is categorized as hazardous waste that contains several contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and heavy metals. Among these contaminants, lead has been known as one of the contributive contaminants in used lubricant oil in varied concentrations. To remove this contaminant, adsorption process was carried out by using clay as natural adsorbent (bleaching earth). In order to enhance the adsorption efficiency, the clay was activated by acidification with 1 M, 1.5M, 2 M H2SO4 or calcination in the temperature 300°C, 450°C, 600°C. The activated clay indicated the increase of montmorillonite percentage in clay up to 68% and clay’s surface area up to 67 m2/g from its origin characteristics. The adsorption process showed notable improvement of clay adsorption capacity in removing lead in shorter contact time. The lead removal curve showed that the optimum adsorption condition can be obtained by the use of activated clay with 1.5 M H2SO4 and calcined in temperature 450°C. The optimum adsorption contact time with acid and calcination activated clay was 30 minutes and 180 minutes respectively.

The Use of Mixed Oil Coating for Upgrading Borneo Brown Coal

Indonesia (Borneo) is an essential producer of coal in the world. Unfortunately, the resulting coal type is mostly in the low-rank, which called brown coal. This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of mixed oil coating to upgrade Borneo brown coal in terms of caloric value and water re-absorption. The additive material used to enhance brown coal is blended oil, such as used cooking oil and waste lubricant in various ratios. Coal samples were crushed and screening to obtain the required size 10 - 20 mesh ranges for analyses and experimentations. Each 50 g samples blended with the used cooking oil (UCO) and waste lubricant oil (WLO) at various ratios. Evaluation of thermal heat values and water re-absorption characteristics of original and coated coal have done. Compared to the first fuel, thermal heat values of coated coal were significantly improved. The result showed that coated coal has a resistance to water re-absorption. Also, the effect of mixed oil coating is highly significant to have high isothermal oxidation due to suppression of active functional groups to oxygen in the air. The study results also showed that increasing caloric value and lowering water content can be achieved significantly by this additive mixed oil.

Computer Aided Simulation of the Pyrolysis of Waste Lubricating Oil Using Aspen Hysys

The pyrolysis of waste lubricating oil is an exciting technique of converting waste materials into useful products by thermal decomposition at elevated temperature under inert conditions. Aspen HYSYS 2006 was used to develop a computational steady-state model to simulate the pyrolysis of waste lubricating oil and analyze its performance. The Peng-Robinson fluid package was used for the simulation. The pyrolysis reaction was modeled by a combination of the yield-shift reactor and the Gibbs reactor. At a pyrolysis temperature of 3500C and atmospheric pressure, 77.92% liquid yield was obtained. The product composition and chemical properties of the pyrolysis oil were also predicted by the simulation and are in good agreement with experimental results. This has proved that pyrolysis of Waste lubricating oil can give a very good yield of liquid product and is a viable recycling technique.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.74.2.20537

Ameliorative effects of <i>Daniellia</i>- and <i>Vitellaria</i>-derived biochars on the chemistry of oil-contaminated soils and germination indices of cowpea

The study assessed the effectiveness of biochars derived from Daniellia oliveri and Vitellaria paradoxa in ameliorating waste lubricant oil contaminated soils and improving germination of cowpea seeds. Daniellia oliveri and Vitellaria paradoxa biochars were applied at 0.5 and 1.0 % levels to soils contaminated with 2 % v/w waste lubricant oil (WLO). The unpolluted soil and WLO-contaminated soil without biochar were also used as controls. All treatments in three replicates were arranged in a randomized block design in a screen house. Biochars and soils were analyzed for pH, organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH exclusively analyzed for soil). Ten cowpea seeds sown in soils were observed for sprouting from 1 to 10 days after sowing (DAS). Germination percentage and indices were determined from the number of sprouted seeds at 10 DAS. Vitellaria -derived biochar (BV) had higher N, K and Mg than Daniellia -derived biochar (BD). WLO contamination significantly reduced soil P but slightly affected pH, OC and exchangeable cations. Addition of BD and BV reduced TPH and improved soil quality. Oil contamination delayed and reduced cowpea germination by 9.3 % in un-amended WLO-contaminated soil. 1 % BV addition was effective in improving germination velocity and indices of cowpea seeds in oil-contaminated soils.

Regeneration of waste lubricant oil with distinct properties by extraction-flocculation using green solvents

This work aims to study the removal of contaminants from waste lubricating oil (WLO) with distinct properties by solvent extraction to recover the base oil. 1-Butanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were selected as green solvents. Three WLO samples (class A, B, and C) with substantially different properties were considered. Class A is the most common type of WLO; Class B corresponds to mineral oil with low level of contaminants (e.g. oxidation products and additives); Class C is mainly constituted by synthetic ester base oils. The analysis involved the response surface methodology and the desirability function to model two response variables (Yield and percent sludge removal - PSR) and to find the best operating conditions for the most influential factors (solvent/oil ratio and KOH dosage). The rates of contaminant removal were very dependent on the type of WLO. The maximum PSR achieved were 8.5 and 6.5% using 1-Butanol for class A and C oils, respectively, while 6.3 and 4.7% were observed for MEK. Thus, 1-Butanol is the most efficient extracting agent than MEK for both classes A and C. The extraction process was not effective for class B (PSR ≈ 0%), and this oil can bypass the deasphalting stage, saving materials and energy. The addition of KOH as flocculation agent in class C was less effective than to other classes due to the saponifiable matter content in the oil. However, the solvent extraction is a suitable treatment route for the regeneration of synthetic ester-based oils (class C). Reasonably accurate models regarding the response variables were obtained for both solvents and class A and C oils. Considering desirability functions, a solvent/oil ratio of 5 w/w and KOH dosage of 1.5 or 2 g/L were found as optimal conditions.

Effect of Toxicity Concentration of Waste Lubricating Oil (Hazardous Noxious Substances) on Aquatic Life

This lab scale study aims to investigate the effect of different concentration of waste lubricating oil on the African catfish juveniles, Clarias gariepinus. Five different concentrations of waste lubricating oil were used for 96 hours period which are 0 ml/L, 5 ml/L, 10 ml/l, 15 ml/l, and 20 ml/L. After 96 hours of experiment, tank 4 which being added with 20 mL waste lubricating oil shows the highest percentage of fish mortality (100%) followed by tank 3 (95%), and tank 2 (76%) while the lowest percentage of mortality is recorded in tank 1 (19%). The result from the toxicity test showed that the higher the concentration of waste lubricating oil, the higher the mortality rate of fish. The lethal concentration LC50 that caused 50% mortality of test fish was estimated at 8.1 ml/L. From the observation, waste lubricating oil which contains heavy metals had cause damage to renal and nervous system of fishes thus causing them to lost equilibrium and irregular vertical swimming that will finally cause death. It can be concluded that the harmful environment that will trigger death of fish will be created by indiscriminate discharge of waste oil into water bodies. Therefore, it is recommended to treat the wastewaters, sewage and industrial wastes before it is being discharged into the aquatic ecosystems to sustain the aquatic species for the future. The proper effluent treatment technology should be adopted to check the present of oil spillage in the water. The enforcement of laws and legislations related to the protection of aquatic environment must be enhance and take into considerations.

Simulation on performance of a demulsification and dewatering device with coupling double fields: Swirl centrifugal field and high-voltage electric field

Abstract Demulsification and dewatering of emulsion oil are common in petroleum and chemical industries. For waste lubricating oil, as a common W/O emulsion, with high water content and complex construction, the multi-field coupling or integration technology can satisfactorily accomplish oil and water separation which cannot be realized by using a single technological method. A coupling device integrated swirl centrifugal and high-voltage electric fields are proposed. Water-droplet coalescence in emulsified oil under the high-voltage electric field can enlarge the droplet size, and the swirl centrifugal field can rapidly and efficiently achieve water-droplet separated from emulsified oil. In this study, the performance of the coupling device was investigated by using numerical simulation and experimental methods. The numerical results were in agreement with the values obtained by experimental methods. And the numerical results show that the dewatering and deoiling rates of overflow and outflow orifices increased by 4.5% and 6.2%, respectively, when voltage amplitude 10 kV increases to 11 kV. Moreover, when inlet velocity increased from 8 m s−1 to 12 m s−1, the separation efficiency gradually decreased. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the double-field coupling device has a greatly performance at 11 kV and 8 m s−1.

Management of waste lubricant oil (WLO): WLO-to-energy through gasification process

ABSTRACTPossibility of synthesis gas (syngas) production from waste lubricant oil (WLO) through gasification process has been investigated. The objective of this work is to develop a comprehensive model to simulate WLO gasification using Aspen Plus simulator. The model was based on Gibbs free energy minimization and validated against the published data. Increase in ER results in CO, H2, and CH4 reduction and CO2 enhancement due to partial oxidation of H2 and CO. Since the standard chemical exergy and lower caloric value of H2 is lower than that of CO and both of values are not considerable for CO2, with increasing SFR (steam-to-fuel ratio) from 0.25 to 1.25, EE (exergy efficiency) and GE (gasification efficiency) were decreased.

Bio-Enhancement of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil Using Newly Isolated Bacteria

ABSTRACTDespite the important role of petroleum hydrocarbons as energy resources, contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons and their products has caused significant harm to the environment, and hence increasing attention has been paid toward remediation of these contaminants. A study was carried out on bioremediation of soil contaminated with diesel fuel (DF) and waste lubricating oil (WLO) using the bacterial strain Bacillus salmalaya 139SI, isolated in Malaysia and identified by 16s RNA sequencing. The colony count was examined, and the seed germination toxicity test was carried out using seeds of Vigna sesquipedalis. For WLO-polluted soil, a maximum total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation of 89% was recorded on day 50 in the soil treated with 20% B. salmalaya, whereas 79% was recorded on day 60 in the soil treated with 20% B. salmalaya for DF-polluted soil. The positive correlation between increasing bacterial count and petroleum hydrocarbon degradation percentage suggested a prominent contribution of biosurfactant in degrading the WLO and DF present in the soil. The seed germination toxicity test performed using V. sesquipedalis seed recorded 80% germination on treatments with 20% B. salmalaya in soil polluted with both WLO and DF. The results obtained from this work indicated the potential applicability of B. salmalaya strain 139SI in bioremediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons.

New Methodology of Solvent Selection for the Regeneration of Waste Lubricant Oil Using Greenness Criteria

Waste lubricant oil (WLO) is an absolute hazardous entry in the European List of Waste that requires proper treatment. Solvent extraction is one of the most effective deasphalting processes for the regeneration of WLO, with a strong contribution to the circular economy. This study aims to propose a new methodology for the selection of solvents for WLO regeneration, which balances technical, economical, and greenness criteria. The method involves two phases for screening a list of 154 solvents. In the first phase, five criteria were used: water and acidic properties; selectivity toward the base oil and flocculation capacity; number of carbon atoms between three and five; melting point lower than 10 °C and a boiling point between 60 and 130 °C; and yield greater than 85%. In the second phase, three metrics of sustainability were employed: greenness, efficiency, and cost. Globally, a score was attributed to each solvent based on the assessment of the individual metric. From a list of 154 solvents, 1-butanol,...

Treatment of Waste Lubricating Oil by Chemical and Adsorption Process Using Butanol and Kaolin

Treatment of waste lubricating oil by chemical and adsorption process using butanol and kaolin has been done. Quality of lubricating oil after treatment was analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of the treatment of butanol, KOH, and kaolin to metals contain in waste lubricating oil treatment have been evaluated. Treatment of waste lubricating oil has been done using various kaolin weight, butanol, and KOH solution. The result of this research show metal content of Ca, Mg, Pb, Fe and Cr in waste lubricating oil before treatment are 1020.49, 367.02, 16.40, 36.76 and 1,80 ppm, respectively. The metal content of Ca, Mg, Pb, Fe and Cr in the waste lubricating oil after treatment are 0.17, 9.85, 34.07, 78.22 and 1.20 ppm, respectively. The optimum condition for treatment of waste lubricating oil using butanol, KOH, and kaolin is 30 mL, 3.0 g and 1.5 g, respectively. Chemical and adsorption method using butanol and kaolin can be used for decrease of metals contain in waste lubricating oil.

Dynamic weight-based multi-features fuzzy fusion for recovery-decision of waste lubrication oil

Upon contaminated to a certain extent, the lubrication oil should be changed for recovery. An effective decision of the waste oil recovery process is in generally affected by factors including the vary testing indices are, contamination level and other limited conditions,called muti-features. To crack this nut, a integrated method was proposed to obtain the dynamical weights to be fused in the DS frame. Firstly, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method was proposed to solve the multi-features weights distribution by the decision makers, and the Change-weight method was used to dynamically adjust their weights by the real status, rather than the fixed weights distribution; Further, the schemes supporting information corresponding to every feature is evaluated by each decision maker, and their weights are dynamically calculated too by the joint application of technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The two types of dynamic weights are regarded as the basic probability assignment (BPA) to fuse the assessment information integrated by the DS theory of evidence. An example of the waste oil recovery-decision is presented to illustrate the application of the method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the example.

The effect of treatment with activated carbon on the metal content in reuse of lubricating oil waste

The effect of treatment with activated carbon to the metal content in the reuse of lubricating oil waste has been done. Waste lubricating oil has treatment using 1-butanol and KOH as a solvent and coagulant. The research studies of the effect of activated carbon to the metals are Pb, Cr, Ca, Mg and Fe in lubrication oil waste after treatment. Waste lubricating oil treatment by the adsorption method using activated carbon with various weight are 0,5; 1,0; and 1,5 g. The metal concentrate was analysis after and before treatment using Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The analysis result shown the best weight of activated carbon for decreased of metals contains in lubricating oil waste is 1.5 g. Metal concentration of Pb, Cr, Ca, Mg and Fe in lubricating oil waste before treatment are 181.0002, 10.7198, 1019.0220, 325.8788 and 365.1329 mg/L (ppm), respectively. Metal concentration of Pb, Cr, Ca, Mg and Fe in lubricating oil waste after treatment are 47.5670, not detection, 2.6871, 44.3251 and 222.043 mg/L (ppm), respectively. Base on ASTM D5185 standard shown the Ca, Mg and Cr metals concentration according to the new lubricating oil quality standard. Pb and Fe metals concentration after process are still above the new lubricating oil quality standard. As a conclusion is activated carbon is a good material for treatment of waste lubricating oil, especially to reduce metal concentrations.

Selection of Waste Lubricant Oil Regenerative Technology Using Entropy-Weighted Risk-Based Fuzzy Axiomatic Design Approach

In the paper we study the possibility of constructing decision graphs with the help of several meta agents. Decision graphs are an extension of the well known decision trees and introduce the possibility of program nodes and cycles in a classification model. A two-leveled evolutionary algorithm for the induction of decision graphs is presented and the principle of classification based on the decision graphs is described. Several agents are used to construct the decision graphs; they are constructed and evolved with the help of automatic programming and evaluated with a universal complexity measure. The developed model is applied to a medical dataset for the classification of patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

Soil remediation from waste lubricating oil

Abstract Soil remediation was investigated from waste oil contamination. Contamination of different soil particle diameters was prepared with different dosage of waste oil contamination. Solvent extraction technique was employed for remediation using batch process. The contaminated soil was treated with many solvents and different solvents to oil ratios. The solvent was recovered and reused. The soil and waste oil were analyzed before and after remediation process to study the performance of soil remediation process. A mathematical model for remediation process was constructed. The performance of different solvents for soil remediation is as follow: LPG Condensate > Dichloromethane > Trichloromethane > MEK > Stabilized Condensate > Hexane > Heptane > 1-butanol > toluene > ethyl acetate > 2-propanol Physical properties of recovered waste oil showed lower carbon residue, ash content, and asphaltene content due to the adsorption of heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons inside the pores of the soil after extraction process. The treated soil may need further regeneration process to recover it from the entire heavy molecules. Two stages extraction process was performed to remove all the heavy constituents from the pores of the contaminated soil.

Measurement and correlation of thermophysical properties of waste lubricant oil

Measurements of viscosity, density and surface tension of waste lubricant oil (WLO) were conducted at different temperatures. The dataset was constituted by nine WLO samples from different producers. The main objective of the work is the investigation of the temperature dependence of viscosity, including the glass transition, Tg, and dynamic crossover, Tx, temperatures. In addition, different correlations were evaluated to predict viscosity and surface tension starting from a property easily obtained such as density. WLO show rapid decrease of viscosity with shear rate, followed by an extensive and well defined Newtonian plateau. The temperature dependence of viscosity at the Newtonian plateau of WLO deviated from the Arrhenius behavior, and was accurately described by four different models: Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF), MYEGA, power law and Ghatee. The minimum and maximum absolute average relative deviation (AARD) were 0.08% and 0.9%, respectively. Tg predicted by WLF equation varied between T=170.5K and T=198.7K, while MYEGA tends to predict lower Tg (about T=20K). The power law and Ghatee models estimate Tx nearly with the same accuracy. A ratio Tx/Tg of about 1.28±0.03 was obtained for WLO, which agrees with the literature. Waste oil is a moderately fragile glass forming fluid with a fragility parameter, m, ranging from 47.8 and 64.5. New correlations were developed for the prediction of viscosity and surface tension from density at different temperatures. AARD of 7% was observed for viscosity and 2% for surface tension.