Waste In Urban Areas Research Articles

Impact of Purchasing Power Parity and Consumption Expenditure Rise on Urban Solid Waste Generation in China

The paper focuses on the socio-economic factors of municipal solid waste generation (MSWG) in China. China achieves a rapid economic development since the economic reforms adopted in 1978. The study shows that only 33percent of population lived in urban areas in 1985 that increased to 54 percent in 2014. Consumption expenditure rate increases to 3.96 percent and solid waste generation rose about 2.96 percent annually from 1990 to 2014. A huge amount of solid waste in urban areas causes serious environmental woes and human health hazards that are hindrance to sustainable urban development. The study aims at finding out the associational effects of purchasing power parity (PPP) and consumption expenditure rise (CER) on the solid waste production. The paper shows the negative association of purchasing power parity (PPP) and consumption expenditure rise with solid waste production and their relationship is significant at 5% level. In addition, rapid urbanization is positively correlated to consumption expenditure rise and it is significant at 5%level as well. I prepare the dataset using the extracted annual and national records of National Bureau of Statistics of China and World Data Indicator (WDI) from 2000 to 2015. I analyzed the data applying Correlation Matrix and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The findings will facilitate to formulate efficient solid waste management to sustainable urbanity.

Diet of the wild boar (Sus scrofa): implications for management in forest-agricultural and urban environments in South Korea.

The wild boar is one of the most widely distributed in the world. In South Korea, the wild boar population has rapidly increased and their habitat use has expanded from forests to urban environments. This expansion has led to increased conflicts with humans, such as the severe damaging of crops and the attacking of people in urban areas. We assessed the stomach contents of wild boar killed by hunters in two different environments in Geochang and Seoul, South Korea, from 2012 to 2017. We compared the feeding habits between sites and between seasons and explored the relationship between the number of earthworms and the main diet. The diet of wild boars inhabiting the two environments were found to differ and vary seasonally. Wild boar in Geochang preferred crops, when available, to natural food resources. Although wild boar in Seoul also preferred crops, they had a higher composition of natural food in their diets because of a low availability of crops. The preference of crops and discarded food waste in urban areas is expected to have accelerated the appearance of wild boar in urban areas. The consumption of earthworms did not differ between the two study sites, but it did differ seasonally due to availability. The number of earthworms was significantly negatively correlated with crop availability in both sites. Effective management plans that involve targeted hunting by baiting with food in Seoul and direct hunting in the fall in Geochang should be implemented to resolve the human–wild boar conflicts in these areas.

Ant assemblages on littered food waste and food removal rates in urban–suburban parks of Tokyo

Ants are one of the major animals utilizing waste in urban areas, and presumably have an important role in nutrient redistribution and cycling. However, information on ant assemblages on artificial food and their food removal rates in different habitat types is lacking, and the relationship between ant assemblage and removal rate is poorly understood. We assessed assemblages of ants on experimentally placed foods (potato chips, cookies and ham) and their food removal rates on three land cover types (woodlands, lawns and pavements) at 90 sites in 10 urban and suburban parks of Tokyo. Then, we examined the relationship between ant assemblage and food removal rate. In total, 11 trophic generalist ants were associated with food removal. Species composition differed significantly between land cover types, and the mean number of species was higher in woodlands than on lawns and pavements, while not significantly different between urban and suburban parks. The ants removed, on average, 6.3 g of 18-g food in fresh weight (or 5.3 g of 13.9-g food in dry weight) per site in 24 h. There were both negative and positive associations between ant species presence and food removal rate, but no significant associations between species number and food removal rate. Food removal rate was highest on lawns, and that in woodlands was not significantly different from that on lawns and pavements. Therefore, our study suggests that ants on lawns and pavements, despite lower number of species and altered species composition, have a comparable or higher ability to redistribute nutrients from artificial foods as compared with woodland ants. This indicates that such highly artificial land cover types should also be included in studies on urban ecosystem services.

Greenhouse gas emission from small clinics solid waste management scenarios in an urban area of an underdeveloping country: A life cycle perspective

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the effects on the environment of small clinics solid waste management by applying a life cycle analysis approach. Samples were collected from 371 private clinics situated in densely populated areas of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The solid waste from surveyed clinics was categorically quantified on daily basis for 30 consecutive days. The functional unit for waste was defined as 1 tonne. System limitations were defined as landfilling, incineration, composting, material recovery, and transportation of solid waste. The treatment and disposal methods were assessed according to their greenhouse gas emission rate. For the evaluation, three different scenarios were designed. The second scenario resulted in the highest emission value of 1491.78 kg CO2 eq/tonne of solid waste due to mixed waste incineration, whereas the first scenario could not offer any saving because of uncovered landfilling and 67.5% higher transport fuel consumption than the proposed network. The proposed third scenario was found to be a better solution for urban clinics solid waste management, as it resulted in savings of 951.38 kg CO2 eq/tonne of solid waste. This integrated design is practicable by resource-constrained economy. This system consists of composting, material recovery, and incineration of hazardous waste. The proposed system also includes a feasible transportation method for urban area collection networks. The findings of the present study can play a vital role in documenting evidence and for policymakers to plan the solid waste management of clinics, as previously no studies have been conducted on this particular case.Implications: This study aims to highlight the impact of small clinics solid waste management scenarios on the environment in a developing country’s urban area. Life cycle analysis is used for comparison of greenhouse gase emission from different scenarios, including the purposed integrated method. Small clinics play a very important role in health care, and their waste management is a very serious issue; however, there are no previous studies on this particular case to the best knowledge of the authors. This study can be considered as forerunner effort to quantify the environmental footprint of small clinics solid waste in urban areas of a developing country.

Reverse logistics of municipal solid waste – towards zero waste cities

Abstract Municipal waste is very different in terms of physical and chemical composition. The economic use of municipal waste is the most effective method of eliminating its negative impact on environment. The main trends in the field of municipal waste quantities in Poland are analysed. It can be see that municipal waste is still the problem in Poland, especially in urban areas. The need for the reduction of waste in urban area results in an zero waste city concept. This concept can be supported by reverse logistics. Guidelines for the implementation of the tasks in the field of the reverse logistics are located especially in the province plans of the waste management. That is why the aim of the article is to identify the trends in the size of the flows of municipal waste. The trends in cities, which are the main object of reverse logistics of municipal waste and the concept of zero waste cities, are measured separately. The zero waste concept necessitates the activities of reverse logistics because it is not possible to reduce municipal waste without the proper organization of waste flows and infrastructure which is the function of reverse logistics. Ecologically and economically effective organization of waste flows often stretches beyond the city and encompasses a larger region around it. In Poland the guidelines concerning the organization of the flows of waste materials are part of regional plans and strategies for waste management. For this reason the classification of the Polish provinces using the following diagnostic features: municipal waste collected according to the treatment operations, municipal waste collected by fractions, mixed municipal waste collected, landfilling of municipal waste by urban areas, degassing of landfill sites has been added to the research.. Accepted for analysis variables reflect the effects of implementation of solutions of reverse logistics. The breakdown is conducted with the use of multidimensional statistical analysis. Data from the years 2012 and 2016 were analyzed.

Responsibility of Local Government Against Sea Pollution, Plastic Waste In Sea Waters, Sorong City

This study aims to determine the impacts arising from the handling of waste (waste plastic) which is not effective in urban areas. Waste in urban areas that are not handled properly will be wasted into rivers and ends at sea. Increasing the amount of plastic waste in the marine waters of Sorong City can cause disruption to the convenience of sea users, especially for fishermen and tourists who aim to Raja Ampat regency. The wider impact due to increased waste of plastics in the marine waters of Sorong City is able to threaten the marine ecology. Pollution of marine waters of Sorong City is the responsibility of local government that is local government of Sorong City. Efforts to overcome the pollution can be done by streamlining waste management in urban areas by socializing the use of government-provided waste containers provided by local government with color variations to distinguish types of organic waste and non-organic waste and wet garbage. Adjustment needs to be made between the number of residents with the availability of waste disposal facilities and including the janitor so that the waste can be handled up to the landfill (Final Disposal Place).

Municipal solid waste generation and disposal in Robe town, Ethiopia

ABSTRACTThe amount of solid waste generated in developing countries is rising over time due to economic growth, change inconsumer behavior, and lifestyles of people. But it is hard to manage and handle the increase of solid waste with existing waste management infrastructure. Thus, the management system of solid waste is very poor and has become a serious problem. The main purpose of this study is to quantify the volume of solid waste generated and investigate factors affecting generation and disposal of wastes in the study area. The result of this study indicated that total waste generated from households was about 97.092 kg/day. Furthermore, the study reveals that the solid waste generation rate of the town is 0.261 kg/person/day. About 57.5% of solid waste is properly disposed of to a landfill site, whereas the remaining 42.5% is illegally dumped at the roadsides and open fields.Implications: Nowadays, in developing countries there is a high concentration of people in urban areas, causing the generation of an enormous concentration of municipal waste in urban areas. Therefore this study’s findings will be important for various policymakers and town planners. This may also serve as a benchmark for the municipal authorities of the town for whom the problem is still invisible and negligible and can push environmental protection authorities to reexamine the implementation of their policies and strategies with regard to the broader issues of human and environmental health conditions of town dwellers.

Decomposition of Used Tyre Rubber by Pyrolysis: Enhancement of the Physical Properties of the Liquid Fraction Using a Hydrogen Stream

The disposal of discarded tyres represents an environmental challenge for solid waste management entities. The need to reduce solid waste in urban areas along with the depletion of natural resources have made it necessary to reincorporate used materials into productive processes, giving value to what is considered waste, and minimizing the requirement of natural resources. In this study, pyrolysis was selected to thermally decompose used ground waste vulcanized rubber from automobile tyres. This rubber was exposed to the pyrolytic process in an indirectly heated batch reactor at three different temperatures. Three fractions (i.e., gas, liquid and solid) were obtained during the process. The effect of a hydrogen stream on the properties of the liquid fraction was analysed and characterized following the American Society for Testing and Materials procedures (ASTM) for the pyrolysis of liquid fuels. A multifactorial statistical analysis was used to evaluate the experimental data and thermographs of the process were recorded. Differences in thermographs suggest a different degradation pathway for the rubber exposed to 600 °C compared to the rubber exposed to lower temperatures. Temperatures in the range of 450 to 500 °C favored the production of carbon black regardless of the use of a hydrogen stream. In contrast, high temperatures favored the production of liquid and gas fractions. The highest production of liquid fraction was obtained at 550 °C, where 37% of the rubber was turned into liquid. Results also showed that a constant flow of hydrogen improves the appearance of the pyrolysis liquid. Furthermore, the hydrogen atmosphere reduces the sulphur content, water and sediments; and increases the values for the heat of combustion and the liquid fraction.

KECEPATAN PERTUMBUHAN KAPANG (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai A1300-F006) DAN AKTIVITAS SELULASE DALAM PENANGANANAN SAMPAH SELULOSA

Production of waste in urban areas reached 0.5 kg/person /day and 80% consisted of organic waste, one of many types of waste mostly generated is household waste. Generally, this household organic waste containing structural compoundsuch us long chains of cellulose.Therefore, the use of microorganism that can produce cellulase is very important to reduce the weight of garbage. Trichoderma harzianumis known as the most potential mold compared to other molds in converting cellulose. Sawdust and bran contain cellulose and hemicellulose that can be used as the main component in the mediafor its growth. The objectives of this study was: To find an effective ratio between sawdust and bran as growth mediafor Trichoderma harzianum, To know the cellulase activity of Trichoderma harzianum. This study has been conducted from April 2015 to Juli 2015 in the Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas. The results of this study concluded that an effective ratio between sawdust and bran as a growth media for Trichoderma harzianumwhich degraded organic waste was 50:50. The highest activity of cellulase in degrading organic waste is 100%.

Designing a sustainable municipal solid waste management system in Pathum Thani, Thailand

In most developing countries, the disposal and treatment of solid waste in urban areas has proved to be a problem for the social acceptance of local residents and long-term sustainable development. This study proposes a multi-objective optimisation methodology to investigate sustainable network designs for solid waste management system. A case of Pathum Thani province, Thailand, is used to illustrate the application of the methodology. The social impact, defined as the number of people affected by the unpleasant sanitary conditions of nearby solid waste management facilities, is estimated by using GIS tools. The sustainability performances are normalised to a satisfaction scale, allowing decision makers to select network design solutions based on their sustainability target preferences. The results suggest that the facility location can significantly alter the sustainability performances, and it is shown that the locations of waste management facilities can be arranged to simultaneously improve all of the aspects of sustainability.

Designing a sustainable municipal solid waste management system in Pathum Thani, Thailand

In most developing countries, the disposal and treatment of solid waste in urban areas has proved to be a problem for the social acceptance of local residents and long-term sustainable development. This study proposes a multi-objective optimisation methodology to investigate sustainable network designs for solid waste management system. A case of Pathum Thani province, Thailand, is used to illustrate the application of the methodology. The social impact, defined as the number of people affected by the unpleasant sanitary conditions of nearby solid waste management facilities, is estimated by using GIS tools. The sustainability performances are normalised to a satisfaction scale, allowing decision makers to select network design solutions based on their sustainability target preferences. The results suggest that the facility location can significantly alter the sustainability performances, and it is shown that the locations of waste management facilities can be arranged to simultaneously improve all of the aspects of sustainability.

Eco-driving: uma ferramenta para aprimorar a sustentabilidade do transporte de resíduos urbanos

<p>Este artigo teve por objetivo apresentar os resultados obtidos por meio de um projeto. Nesse projeto participaram 22 motoristas e 11 veículos pesados que realizam a coleta e transferência de lixo em área urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de apresentar os principais conceitos e objetivos do tema estudado e em seguida foram apresentados os dados e as informações do projeto realizado. Identificou-se que existe um potencial no uso do Eco-driving, em termos financeiros e ambientais, aplicados a veículos de coleta de resíduos urbanos. No estudo de caso realizado, por meio dessa prática, obteve-se até 7,6% em melhoria da economia de combustível e redução de até 7,1% na emissão de CO2 (principal gás de efeito estufa) e de poluentes atmosféricos locais.</p>

ANALISA PEMANFAATAN KOMPOS SEBAGAI MEDIA BIOCOVER DI TEMPAT PEMROSESAN AKHIR SAMPAH: Studi Kasus Kota Depok, Jawa Barat

High percentage of organic waste in urban areas makes composting as good alternative in waste processing. However, composting has not been effectively used and the result is not optimal. Previous studies found compost can be used as biocover media to reduce methane emission landfill. The objective of the study is to identify the characteristic of produced at temporary waste unit Depok, West Java and the effect of compaction toward the amount of methane removal in the landfill. Before applied as biocover media, compost was characterized followed by maturation process. Study on methane removal efficiency was conducted as batches in four reactors for 35 days with compaction rate varying from 750, 800, 850 dan 900 kg/m3. Composting media used in the research had 80 cm thickness with artificial gas consisting of 50% CH4 dan 50% CO2. Initially, compost did not meet criteria as mature compost based on SNI 19-7030-2004, and as media biocover hence a pre-treatment was needed to improve the quality compost to meet the requirements. Compaction rate of 900 kg/m3has highest elimination capacity of methane i.e. 98,31%±3,6% and 13,98±4,32 g/m3/hour.

Urban Community Willingness to Pay for Improved Solid Waste Management in Malaysian Municipality: A Choice Modeling Approach

The management of solid waste in urban areas is a critical issue for some developing countries especially in Asia which requires immediate attention. This study attempts to make an analysis and assessment of public attitudes and behaviour towards the improvement of urban solid waste management offered by a municipality in Malaysia by looking at the people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for the improved services. Seremban Municipality, one of the most important municipalities in Malaysia, has been chosen for this study because of its rapid development and phenomenal economics growth. The study covers seven residential areas under the administration of the municipality. A survey questionnaire and observation techniques have been carried out to the 140 households. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is used for the quantitative data analysis. The study results indicated that the households are willing to pay for the improved services and a regression model was created to show the factors contributing to the willingness to pay.

Toxicity mitigation and solidification of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash using alkaline activated coal ash

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is a common and effective practice to reduce the volume of solid waste in urban areas. However, the byproduct of this process is a fly ash (IFA), which contains large quantities of toxic contaminants. The purpose of this research study was to analyze the chemical, physical and mechanical behaviors resulting from the gradual introduction of IFA to an alkaline activated coal fly ash (CFA) matrix, as a mean of stabilizing the incinerator ash for use in industrial construction applications, where human exposure potential is limited. IFA and CFA were analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) to obtain a full chemical analysis of the samples, its crystallographic characteristics and a detailed count of the eight heavy metals contemplated in US Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR). The particle size distribution of IFA and CFA was also recorded. EPA’s Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was followed to monitor the leachability of the contaminants before and after the activation. Also images obtained via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after the activation, are presented. Concrete made from IFA, CFA and IFA-CFA mixes was subjected to a full mechanical characterization; tests include compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and setting time. The leachable heavy metal contents (except for Se) were below the maximum allowable limits and in many cases even below the reporting limit. The leachable Chromium was reduced from 0.153 down to 0.0045mg/L, Arsenic from 0.256 down to 0.132mg/L, Selenium from 1.05 down to 0.29mg/L, Silver from 0.011 down to .001mg/L, Barium from 2.06 down to 0.314mg/L and Mercury from 0.007 down to 0.001mg/L. Although the leachable Cd exhibited an increase from 0.49 up to 0.805mg/L and Pd from 0.002 up to 0.029mg/L, these were well below the maximum limits of 1.00 and 5.00mg/L, respectively.

Urban Spatial Decision Support System for Municipal Solid Waste Management of Nagpur Urban Area Using High-Resolution Satellite Data and Geographic Information System

Solid waste generation is undoubtedly related to anthropogenic activities and culture. The management of solid waste becomes more challenging in densely populated heterogeneous cultures in developing countries. Proper management of solid waste may be done only after proper characterization of the waste, which varies with anthropogenic activities and population densities, which in turn are related to land use patterns of urban areas. The spatial characterization of waste in urban areas is mandatory for designing management strategies, including waste segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal. In this paper, solid waste is characterized within the Nagpur urban area, and coefficients are generated through regression analysis for spatially estimating quantities of waste components for various land use classes. Satellite data are used to generate population indexes for various land use classes. Simple linear regression analysis is used to generate indexes for computing physical and chemical characteristics of solid waste for residential land use classes. Based on the indexes generated, a spatial representation of solid waste components using a geographical information system (GIS) is obtained. This spatial representation acts as a tool to understand the status of parameters within any urban area. A spatial decision support system has also been developed, which can assist a decision maker involved in management of solid waste in urban areas.

Garbage wars: the struggle for environmental justice in Chicago

Review: Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago By David Naguib Pellow Reviewed by Alan L. Chan Chinese Lutheran Church, San Francisco, USA David Naguib Pellow. Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. 234 pp. ISBN 0-262-16212- 1 (cloth). US$24.95 The question that motivated Pellow to write this book was: what are the origins of environmental inequality and environmental racism with regard to policies on the management of solid waste in urban areas? (p. 5) The author is an Associate Professor in the Department of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, San Diego. As the title suggests, Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago is an analysis of the politics of garbage in Chicago, in particular, and the United States, in general. There are altogether seven chapters plus an extensive 21-page reference section in this book. The topics of the seven chapters are: 1. Waste, Politics, and Environmental Injustice; 2. A Social History of Waste, Race, and Labor, Part I: Movements, Technology, and Politics, 1880s-1930s; 3. A Social History of Waste, Race, and Labor, Part II: Waste Management and Waste Conflicts, 1940s-2000; 4. The Movement for Environmental Justice in Chicago and the United States; 5. Working for the Movement: Recycling Labor at the Resource Center; 6. The Next Evolutionary Stage: Recycling Waste or Recycling History?; and 7. Toward Environmental Justice. As an activist-scholar, Pellow frames the garbage wars as a struggle against environmental racism, rather than simply battles over natural resource management and community resources (p. vii). Realizing the complexity and disturbing reality of environmental racism, he agues that not only are local and/or state governments and industry often guilty of perpetrating acts of injustice, but often environmentalists and certain people of color are also implicated in creating these problems. Pellow did historical studies of waste management, from horse and cart to compactor trucks and dumpsters; and from city dumps, incinerators, reduction plants, and sanitary landfills to materials recovery facilities and the recycling industry. Using case studies and the anthropological method of participant-observation, he supports his findings with facts as well as firsthand experience. Pellow investigates the most vilified waste hauler in

A block queueing system for slow moving traffic

A common cause of pollution and waste in urban areas is facilities which provide a continuous slow service for motor vehicles. As demand approaches supply, queues can develop and large numbers of engines can often be idling. Typical examples are car park entrances and drive through fast food outlets. This paper proposes a block queueing system to alleviate the problem without using excessive road space and with a minimum of extra infrastructure. The queue is divided into an active section at the front (with engines running) and a passive section at the rear (where drivers switch their engines off). Periodically, as the active queue becomes depleted, the passive queue is momentarily activated and a block of vehicles advances into the active queue. A visual cue can be provided to the drivers using a vehicle actuated traffic signal. It is readily apparent that drivers in the passive queue have to switch their engines on and off at regular intervals. Since this operation has an inherent cost in itself, this argues in favour of a large block size. However, large blocks mean more engines idling in the active queue. A compromise must be therefore reached for the likely range of queue lengths which the system under consideration exhibits. An expression is derived for the optimum block size in steady state conditions. It is shown that the potential benefits of the regime are considerable.

ORWARE – A simulation model for organic waste handling systems. Part 1: Model description

A simulation model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch), for the handling of organic waste in urban areas has been constructed. The model provides a comprehensive view of the environmental effects, pla ...