Export Of Waste Research Articles

Which is the larger issue in Indonesia: waste exports or imports? Interests in politics, economics, or the environment?

The current situation in the worldwide society is paradoxical, as it is characterized by a scarcity in addressing the demand for food. Hence, the garbage predicament in Indonesia remains an environmental concern that necessitates resolution, in conjunction with the challenge of importing waste from industrialized nations to Indonesia. This practice came into existence. Habits of Indonesian individuals who continue to dispose of garbage negligently. This practice of mishandling waste will lead to the emergence of other issues. The issue of waste importation is further compounded by the unreliability of Indonesian waste sorting as a supply source. As one of the developing nations in Southeast Asia that receives waste imports, Indonesia experiences substantial consequences due to this phenomenon. Hence, this paper seeks to examine the issue of trash imports in Indonesia from a political-ecological standpoint, encompassing the social and economic dimensions and the environmental consequences. Furthermore, the article above, which examined the issue of trash imports in Indonesia, has also been conducted. Further investigation is required to explore political ecology, social and economic dimensions, and environmental ramifications. In addition, this article provides an overview of the relevant legislative requirements for the trash importation process in Indonesia. This paper employed the literature review approach to gather research material about waste imports and policies in Indonesia during the past five years. The research information was sourced from multiple studies utilizing the SLR 7P technique. The study findings indicate that trash imports in Indonesia can be understood as a manifestation of ecological politics, wherein the environmental issues are significantly shaped by political factors (namely ego-sectoral features) and economic components within them. The primary objective of the environmental interests outlined in the Basel Convention, which was subsequently translated into laws and regulations in Indonesia, has yet to safeguard environmental and human well-being from the adverse effects of imported trash. In addition, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate Indonesia's trash import policy to clarify its requirements. Furthermore, the issue of enforcing laws effectively in cases of infractions will also be addressed.

Do mandatory environmental policies really work? A case study of California's mandatory commercial recycling law

Increased volumes of solid waste disposal continue to take their toll on US landfills which potentially have very dire consequences, especially regarding increased greenhouse gas emissions from methane and carbon dioxide. The objective of this research is to find out if mandatory recycling policies, such as the one implemented by California in 2012, have a significant reductive effect on landfill waste disposal.Using county-level panel data from 2001 to 2018, a two-way fixed effect difference-in-difference estimator is implemented to tease out the effect of this policy on California landfills using the state of Washington as a counterfactual. Results show that this policy led to 0.082 ton-reduction in landfill waste per capita per year which amounts to 9% reduction in the total volume of landfilled waste. Several robustness checks were carried out to ensure the reliability and stability of our findings. Thus, if cost effective, mandatory commercial recycling policies can be added to other waste reduction policies such as voluntary recycling and stimulation of the waste export market to attain maximum waste reduction benefits.

Towards a Just Circular Economy Transition: the Case of European Plastic Waste Trade to Vietnam for Recycling

Exporting waste for recycling to destinations without sound recycling capacity raises questions of fairness and sustainability. Due to insufficient recycling infrastructure in Europe to manage the growing generation of plastic waste, there has been an increase in waste trade for recycling in a complex global value chain, with the stated goal of achieving sound resource recovery. However, such trade poses increasing governance and sustainability challenges. The EU has implemented policies and systems for plastic waste management, including separate collection to prevent potential harm and promote resource reuse. Nevertheless, waste handling is often outsourced without transparency to countries with cheaper operating and labour costs, which can cause harm to individuals, societies, and the environment. Fifty per cent of the collected European plastic waste for recycling is shipped for recycling outside the EU without accountability. This Vietnamese case study of the EU plastic waste exports for recycling aims to increase our understanding of waste governance and its circularity, sustainability and justice implications. We adopt a multidisciplinary perspective to understand the challenges of the EU’s plastic waste export practices for the broader socio-ecological system. We propose a multidisciplinary framework as an ecocentric ethical guide for just and circular future waste shipment practices with strong consideration for the social and ecological dimensions. We hope that this research and its outcomes can provide insights for forthcoming policies, such as the United Nations treaty on plastic waste pollution.

Current Waste Management in Banks from 11 Asian Countries vs Sberbank ESG Reporting

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the level of competitiveness of a bank in waste management will have an increasing impact on its ESG ratings in the future. The purpose of this paper is to improve waste management in a bank (mainly faulty office equipment and paper waste). However, not all banks use active management methods in waste management, so this article offers recommendations for the successful management of key indicators. The article uses data on waste from banks in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Kuwait, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the UAE, and Vietnam. The objectives of the study include: identification of the essence of the competitiveness of waste management in a bank; consideration of the types of competitiveness of waste management; assessment of the impact of blockchain technology on the competitiveness of waste management; assessment of minimizing waste management costs in a bank. A method for waste composition and waste export based on statistical analysis and a regression model. It used data about the current waste management activities of a bank. This study uses data from an annual time series covering the period from 2013 to 2021. The results of the study confirm that the problem of electronic waste of banks in Asia can be solved by increasing financing and a complete analysis of bank waste. There are points of novelty in the article: (1) the essence of the competitiveness of waste management in a bank is determined, which consists in the recycling of most waste and not in their disposal; (2) the ideas of the competitiveness of waste management are considered in Sberbank; (3) the impact of blockchain technology on the competitiveness of waste management in banks is assessed; (4) an assessment of the competitiveness of waste management in a commercial bank is given. In order to better understand the factors influencing the production of e-waste in the region, the study focuses on the significance of addressing the rising problem of e-waste in Asia and the need for better collection and analysis of waste data in a bank. The main conclusion is the need to recycle waste and increase recycling costs in the future, which is the most environmentally friendly option compared to incineration.

Treat, Dump, or Export? How Domestic and International Waste Management Policies Shape Waste Chain Outcomes

Illegal or unwanted waste disposal methods such as dumping and export are prevalent in practice. To minimize the environmental harm of these methods, policymakers have implemented laws and regulations designed to combat them. Even so, violations are rampant as a high degree of heterogeneity between firms and proprietary information render monitoring imperfect. Decentralized waste disposal chains, a common form of interbusiness organization in this sector, compound this problem as firms also have limited information available on their waste chain partner, creating complex interactions between firm behavior and policy interventions. Against this background, we analyze the effects of domestic and international waste regulations targeting dumping and export, respectively, on firm incentives and compliance. We develop a two-tier waste chain with a producer that generates waste and an operator that treats it. The producer’s waste quality and the treatment operator’s efficiency can be private information. Either party can avoid compliance cost by violating regulations where the producer can arrange for export and the operator can dump locally. Our analysis reveals that primarily focusing on penalizing dumping by treatment operators can worsen environmental harm. Solely focusing on penalizing low-quality waste exports, a common intervention in practice, can also backfire. Instead, penalizing producers for downstream dumping should be given consideration. In addition, the asymmetry in export burden between waste quality levels should be reduced. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Impacts of China's import ban on US state-level paper waste exports

The import ban by China on paper waste has reshaped waste export dynamics in the United States. Using U.S. Census data between 2002 and 2022, the study quantifies a 10.4 % average decline in U.S. paper waste exports post-ban, while spotlighting emerging export destinations like India, Southeast Asia, and the EU. Within this landscape, California stood out with a per capita export drop from 170 to 140 kg/person. Additionally, the export composition changed, favoring unbleached kraft or paperboard at 69.8 % of total exports. When simulating the environmental and social outcomes of shifting to domestic waste management, potential reductions in ozone depletion by up to 4000 %, global warming by 90 %, and social costs from $55 billion to $5 billion were observed. The findings underscore the need for strategic domestic waste management policies to optimize environmental, economic, and social outcomes.

Soil heavy metal pollution from waste electrical and electronic equipment of repair and junk shops in southern Thailand and their ecological risk

The waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) stream in Thailand shifted from exporting WEEE to recycling them in domestic enterprises after China's import restrictions on e-waste in 2018. This study aims to investigate the pollution status, pollution sources, and ecological risk of heavy metals from manual WEEE dismantling facilities (12 repair shops and 8 junk shops) in the Nakhon Si Thammarat province of southern Thailand by examining the concentrations of As, Cd, Ni, and Pb in the topsoil (0–15 cm) during the wet and dry seasons. The results revealed that the mean concentrations of all heavy metals were higher during the dry season than in the wet season. The concentrations of analyzed soil heavy metals decreased as the intensity of e-waste dismantling activities increased, with recycling sites > repair sites > control sites (no e-waste recycling activities). Only 10% of WEEE processing workshops (junk shops) had soil Pb and As concentrations that exceeded Thailand's residential soil quality standards. However, ecological indexing models based on the geo-accumulation index found that 75% of electric repair shops were contaminated with the analyzed heavy metals, particularly Pb. Moreover, the Nemerow integrated pollution index indicated that 16.7% of electric repair shops were on the pollution warning line. Our findings suggest that policymakers should promote ecological risk assessment as a method for mitigating the negative environmental impact of electronic repair businesses, which are widely dispersed in residential areas and tend to dominate the WEEE stream because of the circular economy concept of “right to repair”, and highlight the decline of junk shops and e-waste dismantling villages for waste export resulting from China's ban.

U.S. plastic waste exports: A state-by-state analysis pre- and post-China import ban

This study analyzes the regional implications of China's 2017 import ban on plastic waste by examining U.S. census data. A statistically significant decrease in total U.S. plastic waste exports was found, dropping from about 1.4 million tons to 0.6 million tons in the post-ban period. California remained the top exporter, throughout both pre- and post-ban periods, while South Carolina exhibited the highest per capita exports. Malaysia emerged as the largest importer of U.S. plastic waste, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. The ban also led to a change in the composition of the exported plastic waste. Ethylene polymers increased from 32.6% of total exports in the pre-ban period to 46.9% in the post-ban period. Other plastics (vinyl chloride polymers, styrene polymers, and for plastics not elsewhere specified or included) decreased from 67.4% of total exports in the pre-ban period to 53.1% in the post-ban period. Moreover, we found that exporting plastic waste has significant environmental and human health impacts. For example, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) decreased from 20 million tons CO2-eq in the scenario where 100% of plastics are exported, or 25 million tons exported from the U.S. since 2002, to −11.1 million tons CO2-eq in the scenario where 100% of plastics are treated domestically. Transportation exacerbates these impacts for exported waste scenarios, increasing to 5.4 million tons CO2-eq when plastics are exported by ship while decreasing to 0.9 million tons CO2-eq for domestic treatment. Although exporting plastic waste is initially cost-effective, our study highlights that investing in domestic waste management can yield significant long-term benefits, considering the environmental and public health impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize context-specific solutions to address the challenges of the evolving global plastic waste landscape.

Transnational recycling of Australian export waste: An exploratory study

Transnational recycling of waste is a common phenomenon and can have significant environmental and economic impacts on both exporting and importing countries. However, current studies mainly focused on the management of transnational waste recycling in waste-importing countries, and less attention has been paid to issues related to waste-exporting countries. Using Australian export waste data as an example, combining geospatial analysis methods, this study innovatively analyzes the transnational recycling of waste from the perspective of waste exporting countries. The results show that exported waste, assumed to be recycled in the Australian waste statistics, is not fully recycled by waste-importing countries. This study also combines regression analysis to identify factors associated with the destination of waste exports. The results indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between environmental factors and the location of the destination when exporting waste. Besides, due to the lack of data, waste-exporting countries do not understand the fate of their exported waste and therefore cannot make choices based on the associated environmental impacts. It is recommended that waste-exporting and -importing countries work together to track data so that environmental impacts of exported waste can be better understood.

Transboundary movements of plastic waste from EU countries as a constraint for sustainability

Motivation: In the face of contemporary environmental and economic challenges, a transition to more sustainable global plastics economy is crucial. Countries are implementing circular economy solutions, but one of the common problems is so called “waste tourism” — export of plastic waste to other countries, often less developed. It contributes to global environmental problems but frequently surfaces also as inefficient resource management/trade and an ethical question as well. Transboundary movements of plastic waste from EU countries should be based on the principles set out in the Basel Convention which entail minimizing and disposing all kind of waste in an environmentally sound manner, minimizing the amount of waste transported and treating and disposing it as close as possible to its place of origin. Unfortunately, European plastic waste is exported in large quantities, often to less developed countries and not processed in accordance with European standards.Aim: This paper aims to identify the volume and directions of UE countries export patterns of plastic waste, its impact on the Sustainable Development Goals and trends in global and EU rules on transboundary plastic waste movements. The considerations are based, to a great extent, on literature on the subject-matter and secondary data, i.e. export data under the trade code 3915 (Waste, pairings and scrap of plastics) derived from the UN Comtrade and Eurostat Database, SDGs data derived from Sustainable Development Report 2022 and UN database and main legal basis for the international trade in plastic waste (the Basel Convention with its recent amendments) and its trends.Results: EU countries are still the leaders in exporting plastic waste, making it difficult to achieve the 12th SDG. Changes to the Basel Convention have not significantly affected the volume and destinations of EU plastic waste exports. They organize the categories of plastic waste but still leave an ample room for undesirable activities. Although the EU’s proposals are more restrictive, the most desirable solution is a complete ban on the export of plastic waste by EU countries outside the EU.

Potential environmental impacts of a plastic waste export ban in Germany

Up to 800,000 t/a of plastic waste generated in Germany is exported, of which more than a quarter is packaging. However, a sustainable waste management system aims at treating waste under consideration of environmental benefits generation and the reduction of negative environmental impacts. Thus, this brief research deals with the question to what extent negative environmental impacts could be avoided by an export ban. Further, this brief research serves as a preliminary basis for further discussions and studies in the field of the plastic export ban. Two scenarios were developed based on expert interviews to estimate alternative management for the otherwise exported plastic waste generated in Germany. A consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to look into the possible Global Warming Potential changes of such scenarios compared to the current situation scenario. The LCA showed that an export ban in Germany offers the possibility of avoiding up to 80 CO2-equivalent per ton of exported packaging plastic. However, this would be only possible if most of the plastic packaging that is no longer exported is recycled and not burned for energy production in the case of Germany.

Country-specific assessment of mismanaged plastic packaging waste as a main contributor to marine litter in Europe

Land-based litter and leakages from inadequate waste management are among the primary sources of marine litter. Plastic packaging and small non-packaging plastic items (PPSI) represent the most extensive application of virgin plastics produced and the largest fraction of post-consumer plastic waste. Moreover, PPSI are amongst the top recognizable litter items recorded on European beaches. This study aimed to estimate mismanaged PPSI waste generated in 33 countries in Europe, as well as in coastal territories bordering European seas. A material flow analysis was performed for each country for 2012 and 2018. The results indicate that most countries generated higher amounts of PPSI waste in 2018, both in absolute amounts and per capita. We estimate that 26.1 million tons of PPSI waste were generated in 2018 in the whole region, corresponding to 42.9 kg per capita (compared to 38.7 kg in 2012). This was also the case for mismanaged PPSI waste, with 3.01 million tons estimated for 2018, compared to 2.90 million tons in 2012, even if most countries managed to reduce their shares of mismanaged PPSI waste. Furthermore, differences in litter pressure around the regional seas are clear, with 90% of the estimated mismanaged PPSI in European coastal territories being generated in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions. Limitations related to data gaps and reporting lead to significant uncertainties in our estimations, even if the study made use of officially reported data from European countries. Our study suggests that reductions in the share of mismanaged PPSI waste seem to be mainly driven by efforts at the end-of-life stages of plastics (i.e., waste collection, recycling, disposal) but that these were not sufficient to offset higher amounts of PPSI waste generated in 2018, compared to 2012. Furthermore, exports of plastic waste, including from EU countries, may result in intensified shares of mismanaged PPSI. Responses on both waste management and waste prevention are needed to transition to a circular economy and to reduce the amount of plastic waste that ends up in the marine environment.

Особенности и эколого-экономическая целесообразность внешней торговли отходами в Российской Федерации

Despite the low proportion of recycled waste against the total one generated in the Russian Federation, it is imported into the country specifically for recycling. At the same time some of the generated waste is exported. The purpose of this study is to assess the current waste export and import indicators in Russia and any dialectical and institutional constraints on increasing the rate of waste recycling, which determine the ecological and economic rationale of international waste trade operations. The main sources of data featured reports of the Federal Customs Service and the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, and the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System and UN Comtrade databases. Econometric methods, cluster analysis of Russian regions, analysis of any regulatory impact and content analysis of laws and regulations were applied and carried out within the study. It is demonstrated that the external waste-related economic operations in the Russian Federation have certain peculiarities against other countries. Their being in place is driven by both dialectical and institutional factors. However, the actors’ opportunistic economic interests rather than the environmental ones and the extent of the country take the lead. Some tools to reduce the transaction costs of transboundary waste movement and to increase the waste management efficiency are proposed. The study is novel in that it analyzes the foreign waste trade transactions of Russia that have not been comprehensively studied before. The theoretical relevance of the research consists in its finding new factors that drive the transboundary waste movement. Recommendations on improving the export and import regulation, reducing the rate of waste generation and increasing the recycling one in Russia, which would both enhance the economic efficiency of companies and provide equitable solution to environmental problems faced by the country, are of practical value.

A Quali-Quantitative Comparison between In Situ and Ex Situ Waste-to-Energy Processes in Terms of Local and Global Impacts

Despite the improvements made in recent decades on the emission control of waste combustion plants, the chronically low public acceptance still influences the strategical choices of local authorities, who may decide to export waste to other regions instead of treating waste locally in a waste-to-energy (WtE) plant. The present paper proposes a method to identify a more sustainable solution between local waste treatment and the export of waste. To do this, two waste-management scenarios were compared: (1) an in situ WtE scenario, considering a WtE plant in a region of about 500,000 inhabitants; and (2) an ex situ WtE scenario, considering the road transportation of waste to a WtE plant located in another region. This method yields an estimation of the maximum distance that trucks may cover to balance the emissions of the air pollutants released in the in situ WtE scenario. The methodology is based on the COPERT emission model and on emission factors of WtE processes. The results show that the maximum distance is limited by the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by road trucks. Finally, the paper discusses the results considering the energy efficiency of WtE processes and proposes alternative WtE strategies to increase the level of public acceptance.

‘Big Clean’, the ‘Death Ship’ and the Hazardous Waste Trade between West Germany and Turkey, 1987–1988

This article narrates the history of two high-profile West German-Turkish toxic waste scandals in 1988. It argues that they marked a watershed moment between two ‘waste regimes’. The first scandal showcased to the Turkish and West German publics how waste dealers and policy makers misleadingly packaged hazardous waste exports as a substitute for traditional forms of debt and as a vehicle for economic development. The opposition it fuelled hastened the demise of this waste regime by prompting the Turkish government to enact a ban on toxic waste imports. The second scandal revealed the new regime that emerged in its aftermath – one in which waste dealers and policy makers sought to evade new restrictions in the less visible margins of a changing regulatory and legal space.

Plastics Flow Analysis for Korea, 2017-2019

As one of the world''s top producers and top consumers of plastics, Korea has been experiencing problems with regard to the management of waste plastics since 2018, such as collection service disruptions, illegal abandonment and exports of waste, and marine pollution. To gain a complete understanding of Korea''s contemporary management of plastics, this study quantified national plastic flows across production, use, and end-of-life management between 2017 and 2019. In 2017, Korea produced 17.5 million metric tons of plastic resins, more than half of which was exported, and consumed 7 million metric tons of plastic products including 3.2 million metric tons of packaging. On a per-capita basis, Korea''s plastic consumption and waste generation were higher than that of other major economies, such as Japan, China, the United States, and Europe, which implies considerable potential for plastic consumption reduction. Despite the high level of waste generation, Korea has increased the level of material recycling while minimizing the landfill rate by implementing various policies, such as waste levies, voluntary agreements, and extended producer responsibility. For more sustainable plastic management, Korea must make additional efforts to reduce plastic consumption and promote high-quality recycling, for example through circular design, business models with less packaging, and advanced technologies.

Design of IoT-solution for monitoring and analysis of the solid waste storage system

The object of research is the process of monitoring the filling of garbage tanks of sorted garbage with the help of an automated system based on IoT solution. The paper analyzes existing IoT solutions for monitoring and monitoring the level of fullness of solid waste capacities. The research is important in light of sorting, storage and processing of garbage. The IoT model is proposed for monitoring and analyzing the system of waste recording of solid waste. The IoT solution project involves the creation of a software and hardware for the automated system. The interaction of hardware and software and the implemented root part of the project provide the opportunity to perform the main task – to obtain an assessment of the level of filling capacity for solid waste. Hardware is implemented using a device for analyzing the filling of garbage containers. It is possible to transfer data on the state of the filling of the container. The position of the lid or the same container is taken into account when the container will be inverted or the container lid will be raised. The device itself will be located on the lid on the inside of the container. Also, the device is equipped with a container for burning to prevent potential accidents and emissions into an atmosphere of harmful waste. Software implementation contains the level of programming of tasks for sensors IoT solutions and creates a friendly web-oriented interface. Software implementation is performed on the basis of client-server architecture. To operate the end points of the interaction of local and intermediate servers, the architectural style of REST with the transmission of information in the form of JSON is used. In order to administer an intermediate server, the client part is written on HTML and JavaScript. The application of the IoT solution allows to control the level of filling of containers, optimize routes of garbage trucks, which, in turn, reduces the cost of export of waste for regional operators. The scheme of information exchange in the system of garbage saving is constructed.

Small circles: The role of physical distance in plastics recycling

Circular economy (CE) strategies are central in solving the waste management challenges of today, yet the global nature of the waste trade results in emissions and the export of negative environmental externalities to low-income countries. Here, we target a systemic challenge in the current indicators developed to measure more sustainable consumption and production progress. We argue that sustainable, circular solutions to recycling need to account for the negative externalities caused by the physical distance of the waste trade. We define the new concept “Small Circles” (SC) and suggest a new circularity indicator that can better ensure sustainability in implementing closed-loop strategies and thereby provide critical criteria to consider in pursuing CE. The SC approach advocates the need to manage the waste within a smaller geographical area of its origin to reduce the environmental burdens originating from the transboundary export of waste. Further, it ensures that the waste-producing regions take responsibility for their waste generation and management. If implemented appropriately, we argue that the SC approach could improve the transparency of the fate of waste and boost local opportunities through job creation and allow for the development of symbiotic relations among regional industries. The SC concept demands commitment from all stakeholders across the product value chain to extract value from the waste without jeopardizing sustainability goals. The application of the SC concept is explained by describing the sustainability challenges and opportunities related to plastic waste management in Europe. To concretize the SC approach and the circularity indicator further, the management of the plastic waste sourcing from the Norwegian fishing sector and plastic waste management in the US are used as case examples.

Mid-Liver Stage Arrest of Plasmodium falciparum Schizonts in Primary Porcine Hepatocytes.

During co-evolution Plasmodium parasites and vertebrates went through a process of selection resulting in defined and preferred parasite-host combinations. As such, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites can infect human hepatocytes while seemingly incompatible with host cellular machinery of other species. The compatibility between parasite invasion ligands and their respective human hepatocyte receptors plays a key role in Pf host selectivity. However, it is unclear whether the ability of Pf sporozoites to mature in cross-species infection also plays a role in host tropism. Here we used fresh hepatocytes isolated from porcine livers to study permissiveness to Pf sporozoite invasion and development. We monitored intra-hepatic development via immunofluorescence using anti-HSP70, MSP1, EXP1, and EXP2 antibodies. Our data shows that Pf sporozoites can invade non-human hepatocytes and undergo partial maturation with a significant decrease in schizont numbers between day three and day five. A possible explanation is that Pf sporozoites fail to form a parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) during invasion. Indeed, the observed aberrant EXP1 and EXP2 staining supports the presence of an atypical PVM. Functions of the PVM include the transport of nutrients, export of waste, and offering a protective barrier against intracellular host effectors. Therefore, an atypical PVM likely results in deficiencies that may detrimentally impact parasite development at multiple levels. In summary, despite successful invasion of porcine hepatocytes, Pf development arrests at mid-stage, possibly due to an inability to mobilize critical nutrients across the PVM. These findings underscore the potential of a porcine liver model for understanding the importance of host factors required for Pf mid-liver stage development.

Waste management legislation in Russia and China: a comparative aspect

The purpose of this article is to review Russian and Chinese waste legislation. Although there are political and institutional differences between the two countries, they converge with each other in terms of internationalization, regionalization trends, geographic relations, customs and habits. In addition, international cooperation has been established between China and Russia in the field of solid waste disposal; therefore it is very important to study the rules at the international level regarding the import and export of solid waste, as well as the disposal of waste hazardous to human health and the environment.