Export Of Waste Research Articles

Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism

Environmental policy has become an important aspect of reviewing international relations environmental issues. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time, the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies, and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of ecoimperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: Waste Export; Eco-Imperialism; Environmental Policy

Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism

Environmental policy has become an important aspect in reviewing environmental issues in international relations. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of eco-imperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: waste export; eco-imperialism; environmental policy

Analysis of the Possibility of Energetic Utilization of Biomass Obtained from Grass Mowing of a Large-Area Golf Course—A Case Study of Tuscany

The mowing of sports fields generates a significant amount of waste biomass which requires appropriate management. On the largest scale, this problem affects golf courses with a grass surface area of up to 100 ha. Currently, the main directions for grass clippings management include composting, grass cycling, and waste. A certain alternative may be the energetic utilization of grass clippings, which not only solves the problem of organic waste management, but also brings measurable economic profits in the form of generated electricity and heat. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of the application of a micro biogas plant, fed with grass clippings from a golf course project in Tuscany, with a grass surface of 111.21 ha. It has been shown that the annual biomass potential is 526.65 tDM∙year−1 (±45.64 tDM∙year−1), which makes it possible to build a micro biogas plant with an electric power of ca. 46 kW. The potential amount of electricity produced during the year is able to cover 16.95–37.35% (depending on the season) of electricity demand in the hotel resort, which includes two golf courses and practice facilities. The produced heat in the amount of 1388.41 GJ, in turn, is able to cover the annual heat demand in the range of 7.95–17.24% (depending on the season). In addition, the electricity and heat produced exceeds the energy expenditures for mowing, making the energy balance positive. Unfortunately, the analysis showed that the construction of a micro scale biogas plant is economically unprofitable and is characterized (in the period of 10 years) by negative IRR and ROI (−17.74% and −34.98%, respectively). However, it should be emphasized that with the additional income resulting from the avoidance of fees for the export and management of organic waste and the reduction of fertilization costs (fertilization of part of the golf course with digestate), the application of a micro biogas plant may turn out to be economically feasible (NPV > 0).

Communication is key: extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host-microbe interactions in animals and plants.

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.

Understanding Hazardous Waste Exports for Disposal in Europe: A Contribution to Sustainable Development

The concept of sustainable development was introduced in Europe by the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and was extended to waste management in the Waste Framework Directive. In order to achieve sustainable development, hazardous waste (HW) must be managed safely and in accordance with regulations. This also applies to worldwide HW transport, especially when HW is shipped for disposal. The United Nations, through the Basel Convention, aims to prevent the export of HW from developed countries to developing countries for disposal. In Europe, HW shipments are regulated by Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and by the Council of 14 June 2006 on shipments of waste. Additionally, all HW shipments must be in accordance with two principles contained in the Waste Framework Directive: proximity and self-sufficiency. Using data from 2014 and network analysis methodology, this paper fills the gaps in the scientific literature by looking at how shipments of HW travel for disposal in Europe, how the regulations affect these shipments and how GDP per capita influences the shipment of waste. The results show that countries with a high GDP per capita play an important role in the network (having the highest in-degree) and that the absence of landfill taxes for HW does not influence HW shipments for disposal. Therefore, countries in the EU act in accordance with the proximity and self-sufficiency principles.

Why Britain needs a new approach for plastic waste [analysis - waste

With more avenues closing for UK plastic waste exports, tracking may not only get tougher but also more important. Monitoring British plastic pollution in poorer countries abroad remains essential to account for responsibility. New technical approaches help make the case for halving Britain's consumption of single-use plastic by 2025.

Why Turkey should not import plastic waste pollution from developed countries?

Turkey became a major importer of global plastic waste after China banned plastic imports on January 1, 2018. Turkey imported only 261,864 tonnes of plastic waste annually before the ban, but annual imports increased to 772,831 tonnes by 2020. Turkey recently implemented restrictions on importing plastic waste (quotas, %1 contamination limit, banned mixed plastic waste imports), yet illegal dumping and burning is widely reported. Turkey ranks second in Europe and seventh worldwide for plastics production, yet current domestic waste management and recycling programs cannot handle domestic plastic waste generation. Roughly 90% of municipal solid waste produced in Turkey ends up in landfills. Plastic waste mismanagement results in plastic leakage into the Mediterranean Sea with Turkey contributing the highest share (16.8%) of European marine plastic pollution. With this latest import restriction, Turkey now has an opportunity to strengthen and improve its own domestic waste management infrastructure to reduce indiscriminate plastic marine pollution.

Determinants of Costa Rica's International Trade of Wastes and Its Relationship with the Circular Economy

As the circular economy has evolved into a new development model, international trade of wastes, scraps, and residues has grown with significant relevance in this new century. Costa Rica represented less than 0.1 percent of the total amount of world waste exports by the end of 2020, however; it can make a transition to a circular economy through this international trade trend. This article explores the determinants that propel Costa Rica to participate in this type of international trade. Through the application of a Poisson pseudo maximum-likelihood gravity model with a 2018 cross-sectional database of 47 countries, it is determined that Gross Domestic Product of importing countries, their population sizes, their services sectors’ size in terms of GDP, as well as their environmental performance, are all significant determinants. Trade of wastes should not be a form of exporting problems to other nations, but a means to take the local circular economy to a global scale.

Critical, Strategic and Deficit Raw Materials in the Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and in Batteries and Accumulators

This article presents the waste electrical and electronic equipment and batteries and accumulators as a potential source of critical,strategic and deficit raw materials.The dominant types of waste obtained after the disassembly of used electrical and electronic equipment are plastics: polypropylene(PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polystyrene (PS) and teflon and metals. These metals include: magnesium, cobalt,antimony and tantalum (critical raw materials), aluminum, nickel, iron and zinc (strategic raw materials) as well as copper andsilver (deficit resources), as well as lead, tin, gold and cadmium. Batteries and accumulators are a source, among others metalssuch as: nickel and zinc (strategic raw materials), manganese and lithium (deficit resources), aluminum (strategic raw material),and cadmium, lead.The article presents the results of analysis of the material composition of the waste electrical and electronic equipment conducted atthe Institute of Mechanised Construction and Rock Mining. It also presents the level of imports and exports of waste and scrap-metalthat are the subject of this article. In addition, the article presents a source of information about waste and recycled materials.

The Evolutionary Trend and Impact of Global Plastic Waste Trade Network

Marine plastic waste, global warming, and ozone holes have become global environmental problems that need to be resolved urgently. With the promulgation of plastic bans in many countries, the global plastic waste trade will undergo tremendous change. In order to explore the future evolutionary trend of the global plastic waste trade network, this paper focuses on the analysis of the import and export of plastic waste from major trading countries around the world. Based on the bilateral trade volume of plastic waste from 1990 to 2019, a global plastic waste trade network is constructed, and the structure and characteristics of the network are studied. The results show that the global plastic waste trade network has shifted its center of gravity, and the import center has gradually shifted from China to Southeast Asia. The global plastic waste trade network presents a sparse state. Moreover, the dependence of related countries on plastic waste trade decreases, whilst the closeness of trade links also decreases. Sudden factors such as plastic waste import bans have a disruptive impact on plastic waste management.

Treat, Dump, or Export? How Domestic and International Waste Management Policies Shape Waste Chain Outcomes

Illegal or unwanted waste disposal methods such as dumping and export are prevalent in practice. To minimize the negative impact of these methods, policymakers have implemented laws and regulations designed to combat them. Even so, violations are rampant as a high degree of heterogeneity between firms and proprietary information render monitoring imperfect. Decentralized waste disposal chains, a common form of inter-business organization in this sector, compound this problem as firms also have limited information available on the other waste chain partner, which creates complex interactions between firm behavior and policy interventions. Against this background, we analyze the effects of domestic and international waste regulations targeting dumping and export, respectively, on firm incentives and compliance. We develop a two-tier waste chain with a manufacturer that generates waste and an operator that treats it. The manufacturer's waste quality and the treatment operator's efficiency are private information. Both can avoid compliance cost by violating regulations where the manufacturer can arrange for the export of the waste and the operator can dump it. We characterize equilibrium waste outcomes and examine the impact of the regulatory climate. Our analysis reveals that primarily focusing on penalizing dumping by treatment operators can worsen waste chain outcomes. Solely focusing on penalizing low-quality waste exports, a common intervention in practice, can also backfire. Instead, penalizing manufacturers for downstream dumping should be given consideration. In addition, the asymmetry in export burden between waste quality levels should be reduced, which improves both waste outcomes and treatment operator profits.

Сельсовет в Париже: «французский» эпизод в повести А.П. Платонова «Впрок»

The article focuses on one of the episodes of Andrey Platonov’s story “For Future Use.” The episode dealing with Efim Nechaev’s trip to Paris is a response to international issues as discussed in the Communist Party official speeches and newspaper publications and has recognizable literature parallels with the so-called “foreign texts” by other writers (V.V. Mayakovsky, A.M. Gorky). This scene was written in early 1930 and was only kept in the first edition of the story. The aggravation of Soviet-French relationships and an all-Union recyclable materials collection campaign are both reflected in the passage involving a kolkhoz (collective farm) activist who is ready to start collectivization and dispossession of kulaks in Paris and trying to solve the economic problems of the USSR by a new original type of export which he invented. Explanatory notes reveal the grotesqueness of Platonov’s plot combining the political idea of exporting the socialist revolution to the West and the economic task of waste export.

Состояние и сценарии развития экспорта отходов пищевой промышленности и кормов для животных в России и Ставропольском крае

Abstract. The purpose of the work is to identify the main commodity-geographical trends in the development of the export potential of food and processing industry waste and animal feed in Russia and the Stavropol territory, on the basis of which to formulate scenarios for the development of exports of this segment in the world market. The methodological basis is a set of statistical, economic-mathematical and descriptive methods. The article examines the state, dynamic and structural trends in the export of food waste and animal feed in Russia and the Stavropol territory. Results. The trends of changes in the commodity-geographical structure of the export of food industry waste and animal feed in Russia and the Stavropol territory are revealed. It is concluded that there is an urgent need to expand the production and export of food waste and animal feed in the regions of the Russian Federation, which should be based on scenarios for the development of the world market, in combination with the established opportunities and threats for agro-oriented enterprises, in particular, allowing to identify several potential niches for commodity and territorial development of the Stavropol territory. The novelty of the results. Identified “empirical trends” in the implementation of the export potential of the Stavropol territory, consisting in increasing the volume of exports of traditional products in priority geographical areas, and representing new trends in the development of macro- and regional agro-industrial complex. The paper substantiates the growth of deliveries in the future according to the identified export targets of the product group “Waste from the food industry and animal feed” in the Stavropol territory (mainly to the CIS countries, Italy and Spain), as well as the need to form communications and logistics, allowing to form “an export-oriented platform” In the Stavropol economy.

The standard justification for the municipal solid waste accumulation

MSW accumulation dynamics depending on the category of the facility, time of year, is examined using the example of the Dagestan Republic. The average standards for MSW accumulation of for the considered categories of objects per day, as well as the average and annual average are established. The lists of objects’ categories having the minimum and maximum range of changes in the ratio to the average seasonal depending on the season change are identified. The solid waste export frequency should be performed taking into account these characteristics.

Transnational Plastics: An Australian Case for Global Action

Mitigating plastic pollution requires international cooperation because significant volumes of plastic waste are transported across jurisdictions both as waste exports and drifting ocean plastics (OP). Here we estimate which nations are (1) sources for overseas OP reaching Australian waters and (2) destinations receiving OP from Australian sources. We then provide actionable recommendations for mitigating plastic pollution in Australian waters and beyond. We estimated that the vast majority of overseas OP reaching Australia is from Indonesia, and that most of the Australian-sourced OP reaching overseas territories is entering New Zealand. Key actions for mitigating the OP issue in Australia include better governance, upgraded enforcement and increased investments to reduce fossil fuel-based plastic production and to drastically improve both domestic and international waste management infrastructure and operations.

Toxic waste dumping in the Global South as a form of environmental racism: Evidence from the Gulf of Guinea

ABSTRACT Toxic waste is chemical compounds that, when ingested or inhaled, can cause physiological impairment and, in extreme cases, death. It is also known for its detrimental effect on the environment when disposed of in an unsafe manner. Yet, countries in the Gulf of Guinea continue to be targeted by Western waste-brokers notwithstanding the existence of laws prohibiting the transboundary disposal of such materials. There is also a rise in the export of electronic waste (e-waste) from developed countries to countries in the region, purportedly as reusable electronics, much of which ends up in landfills. The primitive recycling techniques of this e-waste undermines the health of the local populations and their environment due to inadequate care of the heavy metal and toxin content. Drawing on examples from Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Ghana, this paper argues that toxic waste dumping in the Gulf of Guinea amounts to environmental racism. The article makes recommendations relating to the challenges of toxic waste dumping in the Gulf of Guinea, including the need for countries to implement the provisions of the Basel and Bamako conventions in their entirety, recognise acts of environmental racism as violations of human rights, and for young people to rise to the occasion as ‘agents of change’.

Socio-economic impact of the e-waste pollution in India

The scheduled expiration of electronic products (End of life of e-waste) that are not clearly defined in each country. In particular, developing countries are subject to scheduled expiration of electronic products differ from countries, which have advancements in technology. Therefore, to determine the legal measures to allow operators to charge for any action, which could have problems with the transfer of its electronic out of the country, which is avoidance of law because the legal measures related electronic waste is often packed with legislative measures, which allow operators to be responsible for collecting the electronic products that have expired. The operator shall be responsible for the costs themselves, which is a cost that the operator cannot be pushed to the consumer. Thus, the operator uses the difference in the end as a guide to evade the law. The terms and conditions of the Basel Convention, which the importer or exporter must comply with the terms of the Basel Convention, which states that will be conducted under the Convention. If this is the case, which is the export of hazardous waste, which is the output of an object or product end of life, and electronic products that are defined in the Basel Convention on hazardous waste, as well as the end of its life. So, if have to transport electronic goods across the country, which used to have the date of manufacture and expiry date, and then, if the product is not yet the end of its life, then there is a legal loophole of the Basel Convention, which was unable to identify any possible liability. The study and analysis about the problem with the socio economic impacts of E waste pollution.

Evolution of the global polyethylene waste trade system

ABSTRACT Introduction China’s import bans on solid wastes starting from 2017 have challenged the global trade system of plastic wastes, which remains poorly characterized. This study chooses polyethylene (PE) as a case and aims to map out the global trade networks of PE waste (GPETN) from 1976 to 2017. Outcomes We find that the size and complexity of the GPETN had been growing until 2016. After the mid-1990s, PE waste basically flowed from developed economies, mainly the EU and the US, to developing economies such as China. Since 2001 when admitted into the WTO, China’s PE waste import surged until 2014 when it absorbed over 60% of global export. Regulations on solid waste import following the Green Fence campaign in 2013 resulted in substantial reductions in China’s import as well as the global export of PE waste after 2014. Several other developing economies, such as Malaysia, Turkey, and Vietnam, had transitioned to net importers, but their imports were insufficient to replace China as new recycling bases for PE waste. Conclusion The results highlight the urgent need of a joint effort for developed and developing countries to build a stronger global circular economy system with sufficient capacity to treat PE waste locally.

Fending off waste from the west: The impact of China's Operation Green Fence on the international waste trade

AbstractChina launched the first Operation Green Fence (OGF) on 1 February 2013 to fend off inflows of illegal waste. The main objective of OGF was to enforce waste trade policies already adopted by China and thereby restrict illegal waste imports. We use a gravity model of international trade with annual bilateral waste trade data at the 6‐digit HS code level to assess the impact of OGF on the international waste trade. First, we study the direct impact of OGF and find that the intervention resulted in a 26% drop in low‐quality waste exports to China from developed countries. Second, we assess the impact of OGF on exports from developed countries to developing countries, excluding China. We do not find a statistically significant effect of OGF on low‐quality waste exports from developed countries to developing countries (excluding China). We also test the waste haven hypothesis and do not find evidence that waste exports were disproportionately diverted to countries with lax environmental regulation.

Urgent need to review domestic regulations in Japan for preventing illegal transboundary movement of hazardous wastes

• There is a need to study the growing trend in e-waste trading that appears to be shifting towards illegal recycling activities. An increasing number of cases of illegal waste trading have involved people from developing countries who reside in Japan. They export hazardous waste by attaching it to second-hand products sent from Japan to their home countries. • The Yokohama customs office has the only special force investigating hazardous waste exports; more than half the detected illegal cargo are components of dismantled vehicles containing illegal toxic or hazardous waste banned by the basel convention and is unlawful in Japan. • In Japan, recycling activities are under a different government sector jurisdiction from business exporting hazardous waste. Overseeing the export of hazardous waste attached to second-hand products can be problematic and is a weak point associated with the vertically divided administration system which needs to be reviewed and remediated.