Cassava Waste Research Articles

Biological Implications of Cassava Waste Peels on the Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Maize Seedlings.

Biological Implications of Cassava Waste Peels on the Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Maize Seedlings.

Superabsorbent Hydrogel from Cassava Waste Pulp – Acrylamide – Acrylic Acid to Increase Water Holding Capacity in Sandy Soils

In this investigation, a superabsorbent hydrogel was produced from cassava waste pulp (CWP) and acrylic acid (AA) – acrylamide (AAm) in a ratio of 2:1.5:1 (CWP:AA:AAm) by grafting and crosslinking methods. The grafting procedure is initiated with ammonium persulfate (APS) at a concentration of 1%. In this study, cross-linked structures were produced using several concentrations of methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%). The impact of MBA concentration on the properties of the superabsorbent hydrogel was observed. The parameters investigated in this study included the equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS), grafting degree, gel fraction, and swelling kinetics (comprising the swelling exponent, swelling constant, and diffusion coefficient). Following this, the hydrogels were sprinkled into sandy soil with the purpose of examining the effects of hydrogel incorporation on the soil’s water holding capacity. The sample with a concentration of 0.5% MBA yielded the highest EDS at 9178% (g/g), as determined by the results. The gel fraction value obtained for the sample was 81.04% (g/g) and the crosslink density of this sample was measured to be 2.78 × 1023 m-3, while the maximal water holding capacity was found to be 54.16%.

Evaluation of Nutrient and Digestibility of Agricultural Waste Total Mixed Ration Silage as Ruminant Feed

Difficulties in feeding ruminants, which generally use field grass, can be modified by utilizing forage waste from corn, rice and cassava using the total mixed ration (TMR) silage model to obtain feed that is rich in nutrients and long lasting. The study aimed of the study was to determine the nutritional value and digestibility of TMR silage using forage and concentrate waste from corn, rice and cassava. The research design used a completely randomized design with 3 treatments of agricultural waste and 6 replications. The treatment is CWS (corn waste silage); RWS (rice waste silage) and CVWS (cassava waste silage). The parameters tested were crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF, WSC, RFV, NH3, rumen PH, VFA, In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The results showed that CVWS (cassava waste silage) increased crude protein, RFV and reduced NDF, while CWS (corn waste silage) reduced crude fiber and ADF, increased NH3 production, VFA and in vitro digestibility

Applying circular economy principles to intensification of livestock production in Sub-Saharan Africa

In the context of sustainable agricultural development, much has been made of the need to apply agroecology or regenerative principles to improve rural livelihoods and to align the sector with critical planetary health boundaries. This movement is a reaction to the perceived private and social costs arising from both production and consumption associated with industrialised agriculture, mostly in upper-income countries, with several default assumptions being apparent about applicability elsewhere. The notion of circularity, or the circular economy, is frequently conflated with agro ecological rhetoric, often overlooking a longer tradition of circular resource use efficiency in traditional mixed crop–livestock farming in low-income settings. This paper examines the concept and origins of circularity and reviews some examples of historic circular economy research within the international agricultural research system as applied to smallholder agriculture. These include (i) studies focusing on the impact of crop residue retention, (ii) work on residue incorporation and/or mulching and their effects on crop yields and soil fertility, (iii) research on the effects of manure use on crop yields and soil fertility and (iv) work on the feeding of crop residues to livestock. We consider some promising innovations or practices adhering to circular economy principles. Candidate innovations focus on the improvement of livestock feeding practices including the breeding of dual-purpose crops to enhance livestock nutrition, conversion of cereal straw residues to high-quality feed, use of cassava waste as livestock feed and use of insects as livestock feed. We conclude by considering how circular bio-economy principles might be maintained in the future evolution of food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Role of starch in one pot fabrication of mesoporous gamma-alumina with excellent fluoride sorption capacity

Green synthesis of mesoporous γ-AƖ2O3, a cutting-edge material for sustainable application in medicine, engineering, energy, and water treatment, is still challenging. Our study used a one-pot strategy for facile synthesis of γ-AƖ2O3 by sol-gel method using starch from cassava waste. AƖ(OH)3 were bound to the O-H groups of the starch molecule to form the AƖ(OH)3-starch complex in a nano-network confined in starch polymer cages. Its calcination at 500 ℃ produced a mesoporous, highly crystalline water stable γ-AƖ2O3 with a pore size of 2.07 nm and an extensive BET surface area (215 cm2/g). Using the response surface methodology (RSM), the as-synthesized γ-AƖ2O3 was optimized for efficient fluoride removal from water. A central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of initial fluoride concentration, pH, contact time, and sorbent dose on fluoride removal efficiency and optimization of the process. The relative importance of the sorption process variables to the fluoride removal process was assessed using ANOVA. The quadratic model showed that the predicted response was significantly correlated with the experimental response (R2 = 0.9667), with sorbent dose and pH being the process's most influential factors. Optimum conditions for 93.6% fluoride removal efficiency were sorbent dose of 0.5 g, initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 7, and contact time of 137.5 min. A weakly acidic medium favored fluoride removal from water, while the presence of PO43- and HCO3- retarded the process. The sorption data fitted well in the Langmuir isotherm (0.9783) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (0.9999), indicative of a chemisorption process. The maximum sorption capacity towards fluoride was 207.5 mg/g. A thermodynamic study indicated that the sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with increased randomness at the solid-solution interface. Sorption, desorption, sustainability, and leaching tests showed that the sorbent could be used for sustainable fluoride removal at 8.3 USD/1000 liters of safe drinking water.

Optimization of biohydrogen production by dark fermentation of African food-processing waste streams

In the challenge of mitigating greenhouse gases produced mainly by fossil fuels, the recovery of agricultural and food waste to produce biohydrogen by dark fermentation is considered a promising source for the future. However, industrial-scale production remains challenging and several parameters significantly influencing the application of the technology need to be finely tuned. In the present study, an evaluation of the production of biohydrogen from cassava and pineapple waste, widely available in many African countries, was carried out using different microbial consortia originating from industrial biogas plants in Italy. The production of biohydrogen was defined both by screening the most appropriate inoculum and by using a “centered composite design” to optimize the inoculum pretreatment time and the pH.From cassava waste, which is abundant of starch (43%), the highest hydrogen levels (62.32 mL H2/gVS) were obtained at pH 7.72 adopting a 4-h heat treated inoculum originating from an anaerobic digester fed with corn and barley silage. Higher hydrogen yields (75.50 mL H2/gVS) were achieved at pH 6 once pineapple, which has a high content of hemicellulose, was converted by another selected inoculum, isolated from an olive pomace treating plant, where hemicellulose is one of the most common polysaccharide. The correlation coefficients R2 and adjusted R2 are close to unity, proving the model to be appropriate to express the concentration of hydrogen produced.This combined approach performed successfully and represents a strong strategy to optimize the production of biohydrogen from agricultural residues even in African contexts.

Nutrient Value of Pineapple Peel Silage with the Addition of Various Carbohydrate Sources

This study aims to evaluate the nutritional quality of pineapple peel silage with the addition of various carbohydrate sources, namely corn flour, cassava waste, and rice bran. The research used a completely randomized design method with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments are (P0 = 100% pineapple peel; P1 = 70% pineapple peel + 30% corn flour; P2 = 70% pineapple peel + 30% cassava waste; P3 = 70% pineapple peel + 30% rice bran; P4 = 70% pineapple peel + 10% corn flour + 10% rice bran + 10% cassava waste) with the addition of molasses for each treatment as much as 5%. Parameters observed were the nutritional quality of pineapple peel silage including CP%, CF%, DM%, ash (%), and CF%, levels of NDF (%) and ADF (%). The results showed that the difference in carbohydrate source material had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the nutrient content of the pineapple peel silage produced. It can be concluded that the addition of corn flour at a 30% level to pineapple peel silage improves the overall nutritional quality as seen from the increase in crude protein and crude fat as well as a decrease in crude fiber, NDF, and ADF content

Solid-state fermentation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): a review.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising technology for producing value-added products from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). In this process, microorganisms are grown on cassava biomass without the presence of free-flowing liquid. Compared to other processing methods, SSF has several advantages, such as lower costs, reduced water usage, and higher product yields. By enhancing the content of bioactive compounds like antioxidants and phenolic compounds, SSF can also improve the nutritional value of cassava-based products. Various products, including enzymes, organic acids, and biofuels, have been produced using SSF of cassava. Additionally, SSF can help minimize waste generated during cassava processing by utilizing cassava waste as a substrate, which can reduce environmental pollution. The process has also been explored for the production of feed and food products such as tempeh and cassava flour. However, optimizing the process conditions, selecting suitable microbial strains, and developing cost-effective production processes are essential for the successful commercialization of SSF of cassava.

PEMBUATAN KUE KERING SAGU KEJU DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG KULIT SINGKONG

In the development of pastry products that are growing at this time, we can see from the number of people who discuss the world of local cakes and international cakes. Pastries are cakes that have a crunchy and very soft texture which are quite popular among the people. Cassava peel flour is flour made from cassava peel which is washed a fter it is dried and then mashed. Making pastries made from cassava peel flour can be a food effort in Indonesia to be able to reuse existing cassava waste. This type of research is experimental research. The research design used was a completely randomized design with one sample of 100% control product of farmed sago flour. (K100) and three treatments, namely 30% cassava peel flour (P30), 60% cassava peel flour (P60), and 90% cassava peel flour (P90). Data processing used one -way ANOVA test with SPSS 25 program to determine the significance of the differences from the test ed products. The results of the ANOVA test in terms of taste resulted in a significant number of 0.140 > 0.05. This figure shows that there is no significant difference in terms of taste i n cassava peel cakes 100% sago tani flour with cassava peel flour substitute pastries. Then in terms of aroma it produces a significant number of 0.000 < 0.05, and in terms of texture it produces a significant number of 0.000 < 0.05. This figure shows that there is a significant difference in terms of aroma and texture on 100% sago tani flour pastries with substituted cassava peel flour cookies.

Valorization of waste cassava peel into biochar: An alternative to electrically-powered process

Cassava production and consumption in its raw or processed form have experienced a rise in recent times globally, with Nigeria being the major producer of cassava in the world. However, the increased consumption of this crop has resulted in an increase in its peels, which if not properly disposed of or recycled, would burden the environment. Previous studies have only been able to engage electrically-powered reactors for the thermochemical conversion of these peels, which is a challenge as these reactors cannot be used in regions with an insufficient supply of electricity. In this study, the authors utilized a top-lit updraft reactor with retort heating for the conversion of waste cassava peels into biochar. The reactor, which is relatively cheap, simple to use, and environmentally friendly and modified for biochar production, is biomass-powered. The carbonization process, which lasted for 160 minutes, obtained a peak reactor temperature of 338 ℃, and gave rise to a biochar yield of 55.13%. FTIR analysis revealed that the cassava peel biochar consists of similar functional groups in relation to its precursor, but consists of more oxygenated functional groups. The BET surface area and BJH pore diameter of the biochar were obtained to be 319.784 m2/g and 2.447 nm, respectively. EDX analysis showed the biochar is majorly made up of carbon (56.93%) and silver (22.97%). SEM micrographs revealed that the biochar has a rough and porous surface. The DTA/TGA results showed that the carbonization process improved the thermal efficiency of the cassava peel material.

Aromatics production from catalytic pyrolysis of waste cassava residue using La and P modified ZSM-5: Experimental and kinetic study

In the present study, selective transformation of waste cassava residues into aromatics via catalytic pyrolysis over as-prepared La and P modified ZSM-5 was systematically investigated, especially in the aspects of product regulation and kinetic analysis. Comprehensive physicochemical characterizations were undertaken for unveiling the essential structural properties of La and P modified ZSM-5. The introduction of La and P species significantly enriched the Lewis and Brønsted acid sites in ZSM-5, thus facilitating the directional pyrolysis of waste cassava residues into aromatics. Higher apparent activation energy for aromatics formation from waste cassava residues pyrolysis in the presence of La and P modified ZSM-5 might be due to the fact that the catalytic pyrolysis belonged to diffusion-controlled gas-solid reaction. In comparison with that of the parent ZSM-5, LaP2/ZSM exhibited better performance towards aromatics formation in waste cassava residues pyrolysis, wherein the relative content of aromatics reached 83.3% at a temperature of 650 °C. Gratifyingly, the relative content of aromatics was increased to 90.5% for the catalytic pyrolysis of acid pretreated cassava residue, in the case of LaP1/ZSM catalyst.

Integrated Valorization of Cassava Wastes for Production of Bioelectricity, Biogas and Biofertilizer

Integrated Valorization of Cassava Wastes for Production of Bioelectricity, Biogas and Biofertilizer

Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis and nitrogen on Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan production from Manihot utilissima and Maranta arunadinacea waste

This experiment utilised cassava (Manihot utillissima) and arrowroot (Maranta arunadinacea) wastes as the medium of propagation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce β-glucan. The amyloglucosidase hydrolysed the waste, followed by fermentation in the nitrogenous medium by S. cerevisiae. The β-glucan pellet was extracted using 2% NaOH alkaline solution at 90°C for 5 hours, followed by a series of centrifugation processes. The highest glucose concentration from hydrolysis resulted from adding 57.5 mg amyloglucosidase enzyme for arrowroot waste with 95.93% conversion and 50 mg enzyme for cassava waste with 64.70% conversion. The highest amount was obtained for producing S. cerevisiae by adding 4.75 g peptone to all samples. The optimum number of cells was obtained at 1.61 x 108 colonies at t = 48 hours for arrowroot waste and 8.55 x 107 colonies at t = 48 hours for cassava waste. For β-glucan production, the highest number was obtained by using 3.99 g of peptone for cassava waste with a yield of 1.20% and by using 4.75 g of peptone for arrowroot waste with a yield of 1.23%. For β-glucan pellet, the highest number was 1.77 g L-1 (0.18 % b/v) from cassava waste medium and 1.91 g L-1 (0.19% b/v) from arrowroot waste. Mutant cells in the Yeast Extract–Peptone–Glycerol (YPG) medium produced 6.56 g L-1 (0.66% b/v) β-glucan pellet, while wild-type cells in the similar medium produced 1.84 g L-1 (0.18% b/v).

Optimization and Modeling of Cyanide Removal from Cassava Waste Water Using Calcined and Activated Adsorbent Mixtures of Oyster Shell and Periwinkle Shell Ash

Cyanide, a toxic compound found in cassava wastewater which on frequent basis is discharged to the environment poses danger to the ecosystem; this research work aims to curb this menace. Temperature, pH, dosage, contact time, adsorbent mixture ratio and initial concentration were optimized using CCD on periwinkle-oyster shells composite mixtures for activated and also, calcined adsorbents on the cyanide adsorption from cassava wastewater. Three RSM models (linear, 2FI and quadratic) were applied to study, optimize and predict this adsorption process. ANOVA showed that quadratic model best predicted the processes for both the activated and calcined adsorbents having R2 values of 0.9678, CV% of 15.51% for the activated and R2 values of 0.9550, CV% of 18.54% for the calcined composite adsorbent. Surface and contour plots were generated to study the interaction between the adsorption parameters and cyanide adsorption. Results from this study also show that pH and initial cyanide concentration were the most determining factors of the adsorption process for both adsorbent samples with the highest adsorption capacity of 96.648% and 96.112% obtained for the activated and calcined composite adsorbent respectively. Numerical optimization was carried out and the confirmation test on the analyzed best-fit quadratic models yielded actual adsorption efficiency of 90.174% as against the predicted adsorption efficiency of 89.83% for the activated and actual adsorption efficiency of 82.274% as against the predicted adsorption efficiency of 83.475% for the calcined composite adsorbent hence, confirms that both activated and calcined adsorbents of oyster-periwinkle shells composite mixture is effective for cyanide adsorption from cassava wastewater and the RSM models were effective to optimize and predict the process.

Optimization of composting methods for efficient use of cassava waste, using microbial degradation.

With the recent revolution in the green economy, agricultural solid waste resource utilization has become an important project. A small-scale laboratory orthogonal experiment was set up to investigate the effects of C/N ratio, initial moisture content and fill ratio (vcassava residue:vgravel) on the maturity of cassava residue compost by adding Bacillus subtilis and Azotobacter chroococcum. The highest temperature in the thermophilic phase of the low C/N ratio treatment is significantly lower than the medium and high C/N ratios. The C/N ratio and moisture content have a significant impact on the results of cassava residue composting, while the filling ratio only has a significant impact on the pH value and phosphorus content. Based on comprehensive analysis, the recommended process parameters for pure cassava residue composting are a C/N ratio of 25, an initial moisture content of 60%, and a filling ratio of 5. Under these conditions, the high-temperature conditions can be reached and maintained quickly, the organic matter has been degraded by 36.1%, the pH value has dropped to 7.36, the E4/E6 ratio is 1.61, the conductivity value has dropped to 2.52 mS/cm, and the final germination index increased to 88%. The thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscope, and energy spectrum analysis also showed that the cassava residue was effectively biodegraded. Cassava residue composting with this process parameter has great reference significance for the actual production and application of agriculture.

Fish Viscera Silage: Production, Characterization, and Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy for Tambaqui Juveniles

Fish viscera can be an important source of protein and energy for aquafeed, and its use contributes to circular aquaculture. The aim of this study was to produce acid and fermented silage from fish viscera to determine their nutritional value and the apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients and energy for juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). An acid silage and three fermented silages with different sources of carbohydrates (molasses, wheat bran, and cassava waste) were produced with 0.25% sorbic acid as an antifungal in the formulation. Silages presented an average of 55% dry matter, 62.9% lipids, and 12% crude protein. Leucine and lysine predominated as essential amino acids in the acid silage and fermented silages. Fish viscera silages presented EPA and DHA content from 5.4 to 17.8 and 1.7 to 8.9 mg.g−1 of lipids, respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) (indirect method) was above 82% for gross energy for all the formulations. The ADCs for protein were similar for the fermented silages, with a maximum 92% level for the fermented wheat bran silage. The bioconversion of fish viscera into silage makes it an energy ingredient for aquafeed that is well digested by tambaqui juveniles.

Rumen Fermentation Profiles of Protein-Energy Synchronization Index-Based Ration: an In Vitro Study

The study examined the effect of protein-energy synchronization (PES) index-based rations on the rumen fermentation profile. The material used was the Jawa Randu goat's rumen fluid, collected soon after the goat was slaughtered. The treatment ration consisted of elephant grass, lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), coconut meal, tofu waste, bran, cassava waste, and mineral mix arranged based on the PES index of each feed ingredient. The research was conducted in vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment consisted of 4 PES indexes, namely 0.55 (R1); 0.6 (R2); 0.65 (R3); 0.7 (R4), and each had 5 replications. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and orthogonal polynomials (OP). The results of the ANOVA showed that the PES index did not affect the production of acetate (C2) and butyrate (C4) but had a highly significant effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), pH, a total of volatile fatty acids (VFA), propionate (C3), C2:C3 ratio, methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). The analysis of OP showed a quadratic effect on all variables with the equation Y= - 81.601X2 + 375.04X – 310.78 (DMD), Y= -433.69X2 + 522.69X – 128.75 (OMD), Y=-44X2 + 54.04X – 9.9 (pH), Y= -2160X2 + 2576.8X – 604.2 (VFA Total), Y= -481.8X2 + 585.01X – 143.45 (C3), Y = 50.93X2 – 60.177X + 21.067 (C2:C3), Y = 202.45X2 – 223.18X + 103.41 (CH4), Y= 436X2 – 552.28X + 181.08 (NH3), dan Y= -1012X2 + 1260X – 311.64 (MPS). Protein-energy synchronization (PES) index of 0.6 achieved the best rumen fermentability. The formulation of the PES index-based ration of 0.6 had the most effective compared to other indexes based on the high of propionate, the lowest methane, the lowest NH3, and the best microbial protein synthesis. The ration with an index of 0.6 is composed of 30% elephant grass, 30% Leucaena leucocephala, 10% coconut meal, 10% tofu waste, 10% rice brand, 9% cassava waste, and 1% mineral mix.

Investigation of Morphological, Chemical, and Thermal Properties of Biodegradable Food Packaging Films Synthesised by Direct Utilisation of Cassava (Monihot esculanta) Bagasse.

The utilisation of edible sources of starch such as corn, wheat, potato, and cassava has become the common approach to develop biodegradable food packaging. However, the future food security issue from the wide application of such edible starch sources has become a major concern. Consequently, exploring non-edible sources of starch for starch-based biodegradable food packaging and their property enhancement have become one of the common research interests. Although there has been a great potentials of synthesising biodegradable food packaging by direct utilisation of agro-industrial waste cassava bagasse, there have been very limited studies on this. In this context, the current study investigated the potential of developing biodegradable food packaging by directly using cassava bagasse as an alternative matrix. Two film-forming mixtures were prepared by incorporating glycerol (30% and 35%), powdered cassava bagasse and water. The films were hot-pressed at 60 °C, 100 °C, and 140 °C temperatures under 0.28 t pressure for 6 min. The best film-forming mixture and temperature combination was further tested with 0.42 t and 0.84 t pressures, followed by analysing their morphology, functional group availability and the thermal stability. Accordingly, application of 35% glycerol, with 100 °C, 0.42 t temperature and pressure, respectively, were found to be promising for film preparation. The absence of starch agglomerates in film surfaces with less defects suggested satisfactory dispersion and compatibility of starch granules and glycerol. The film prepared under 0.42 t exhibited slightly higher thermal stability. Synthesised prototypes of food packaging and the obtained characterisation results demonstrated the high feasibility of direct utilisation of cassava bagasse as an alternative, non-edible matrix to synthesise biodegradable food packaging.

Hydrolysis of cassava's (Manihot esculenta Crantz) waste polysaccharides using the natural zeolite Stilbite-Ca as catalyst

Agribusiness produces a large amount of organic waste, such as by-products of lignocellulosic and starch biomasses, which are often discarded incorrectly, leading to environmental problems. This paper aims to study the catalyzed hydrolysis of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) using natural zeolite as heterogeneous catalyst. The biomass and zeolite characterization were analyzed according to their physical-chemical properties. Cassava waste presented 70.66 % of starch, which indicates its potential to yield high added-value products such as fermentable sugar, dextrin, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive, and X-ray fluorescence analysis of the natural zeolite showed a mineralogical composition of Stilbite-Ca. According to these material's properties, the natural zeolite was applied to the catalysis of cassava waste. It presents 86.53 % of conversion in 6 h producing 17.77 % of total reducing sugars, which was superior to the hydrolysis reaction only with water.

The effectiveness of cassava waste and skim milk as a filler of phytogenic and probiotic blends to inhibit the pathogenic bacteria and aflatoxin

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of cassava waste and skim milk as a filler of phytogenic and probiotic blends to inhibit phtytogenic bacteria and aflatoxin. The phytogenics and probiotics blends were used in the yellow type with the composition of Galangal (Kaempferia rhizome), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrihiza roxb), Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Turmeric (Curcuma domestica val), Actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, tempeh yeast, and fermentation fungi (Aspergillus); furthermore, the green type consists of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), Betel (Piper betle), Moringa (Moringa Oliefera), Papaya (Carica papaya), actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, tempe yeast, and fermentation fungi (Aspergillus). Each pytobiotic and probiotic in yellow and green types were filled with cassava waste and skim milk, then dried in an oven at 50 °C for 24 hours. The ratio between the combination of phytogenics and probiotics with the filler is 1:1. The inhibition was divided into four types, consisting of positive control, negative control, cassava waste, and skim milk. The inhibitory pathogenic bacteria and fungi used the Well Method. The data were analyzed using a complete randomized design. If there were a significantly different result, then the analysis of the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) would be continued. The results showed that control positive in the yellow and green type has the higher inhibitory pathogenic on salmonella, escherichia coli, and aflatoxin. However, the filler casava waste has higher inhibitory salmonella, escherichia coli, and aflatoxin compared to skim milk. The conclusion of this research showed that cassava waste is effective as a filler for phytogenic and probiotics as an inhibitory pathogenic bacteria and aflatoxin.