Waste Animal Research Articles

Optimization of Feed Components to Improve Hermetia illucens Growth and Development of Oil Extractor to Produce Biodiesel.

Simple SummaryThis investigation was performed to establish an optimal feed for Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae (HIL) and to develop an oil extractor for biodiesel production. An optimal feed for HIL for biodiesel production was established using organic wastes such as dried-food waste, chicken manure, and waste cooking oil. In addition, an automatic oil extractor was developed that cost-effectively produced industrial biodiesel, livestock feed, and fertilizer from HIL. Consequently, this investigation can contribute to the establishment of industrial systems for biodiesel production using HIL.HIL are useful in agriculture because they can be used as feed for livestock or fertilizer and can bioconvert organic wastes, such as food waste and human and animal manure to usable fertilizer. In addition, HIL are being studied as a source of biodiesel because of their high-fat content. However, their use for biodiesel production has not been fully adopted. Here, the results showed that survival, weight gains, and total dried weight were significantly enhanced when HIL were fed dried-food waste (DFW)/chicken manure (CM). Furthermore, increased weight gain was observed in HIL fed DFW containing 5 mL waste cooking oil (WCO) per 100 g and 1.2% (v/w) fermented effective microorganism (F-EM). Based on these results, we prepared experimental feeds containing DFW, CM, WCO, and F-EM to establish an optimal feed for biodiesel production. We found that FT-1-2, a feed prepared with 60 g DFW, 40 g CM, 2 mL WCO, and 0.8% F-EM (v/w), significantly enhanced fat content, weight gain, and total dried weight of HIL. Our results indicate FT-1-2 is a suitable feed to breed HIL for biodiesel production. We then developed an automatic oil extractor for biodiesel production. The yield of the oil extractor was higher than that of solvent extraction. The study shows FT-1-2 is an optimal HIL feed for biodiesel production and that the developed oil extractor is useful for the extraction of crude oil from HIL and for the harvesting of defatted HIL frass for livestock feed and fertilizer. Taken together, we established an optimized low-cost feed for HIL breeding and developed an automatic oil extractor for the production of biodiesel from HIL.

Egg shell catalyst and chicken waste biodiesel blends for improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics

Over the past few years, the research on the replacement of fossil fuel from inedible oil has been gaining more and more interest owing to the positive approach done on the waste animal fat for the reusable purpose. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics were measured for both diesel and chicken fat biodiesel blends (CFB). A small single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, combustion ignition engine was used to conduct all tests. The biodiesel was produced by using transesterification process with the chicken eggshell dominated catalyst. The derived catalyst from the waste chicken eggshell was CaO used as a catalyst for the esterification process. The biodiesel blends used for conducting tests were B10 (10% of Chicken fat biooil + 90% diesel), B30 (30% of Chicken fat biooil + 70% diesel), B50 (50% of Chicken fat biooil + 50% diesel) and D100 or B0 (100% diesel). The Brake power (BP), Brake torque, Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emission of CO, CO2, NOx and HC for all fuel blends were calculated and compared with pure diesel B0. All tests were conducted at different engine speed as 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2200 rpm, 2400 rpm and 2600 rpm. From the performance qualities results, the biodiesel blends increased the brake power, BTE, EGT and HRR while reduced the CO, HC and smoke emissions. However, there was a little increment in NOX emission. The CFB is helpful in both overcoming the shortage of fossil fuel and better waste management.

Mitigation of CO2 emissions by transforming to biofuels: Optimization of biofuels production processes

Biodiesel is typically produced from a wide variety of edible vegetable oils. The cost of biofuels is projected to rise in the future as an alternative and ecologically suitable replacement to traditional fuel. Reliable and inexpensive raw materials, including meat processing by-products or waste animal fats, have rapidly attracted interest in biodiesel production. The operational and reaction parameters play an important role in the conversion of processes and biodiesel yield. Kinetic models explain the reaction rate and process optimization to improve the biodiesel conversion process. The process intensification approaches applied by different researchers are illustrated in the current study. This paper proposes a groundbreaking solution to stepping up biodiesel development by utilizing a coalescer reactor and a preliminary review to justify the solution's potential for further analysis. Optimization techniques and kinetics studies used to enhance biodiesel production from renewable sources are explored in the current review paper.

A highly stable waste animal bone-based catalyst for selective nitriles production from biomass via catalytic fast pyrolysis in NH3

The selectivity and stability of catalysts have always been a challenge in the field of catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP). Herein, a series of waste animal bones collected from local market were employed as catalyst to convert biomass, with only acetonitrile and propionitrile in bio-oil, via catalytic fast pyrolysis and ammonization (CFP-A) process. Combined with characterization and control experiments of calcium-based components in bone, it was found that hydroxyapatite (HAP) was the catalytic active phase, while NaCl and KCl inorganic salts in bone inhibited the production of nitriles. Under the optimized conditions, the selectivity of acetonitrile and propionitrile from cellulose were 74.9 % and 25.1 % in bio-oil, respectively. Importantly, for the raw biomass, it still maintained high nitriles selectivity. The carbon yield of nitriles did not decrease after 10 cycles with HAP. Such a stable catalyst is first reported in the field of CFP, which is important for CFP to be economically sustainable.

An effective green and renewable heterogeneous catalyst derived from the fusion of bi‐component biowaste materials for the optimized transesterification of linseed oil methyl ester

AbstractBiological waste materials are rich sources of important minerals such as calcium and potassium, which are required in the preparation of effective biocatalysts for biodiesel production. Their adoption into green catalyst production is becoming important due to the ease of process synthesis and the availability of waste animal shells and agricultural materials. In this study, the potential of a bi‐component, heterogeneous catalyst of fused chicken eggshells and pawpaw peels was tested in the transesterification reaction of linseed oil. The waste materials, separately, were dried and calcined at 900 °C or at 700 °C for 3 h to obtain their calcined ashes (calcined eggshells (CES) and calcined pawpaw peels (CPP)). The CES and CPP were then bonded by the wet impregnation method (by dissolving each ash at weight concentration of 7:3 CES/CPP in 100 mL warm distilled water and further calcining them at 600 °C for 2 h). The catalyst that was developed was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy ‐ Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Box–Behnken design was applied to generate 15 experimental runs, which were used to investigate the effect of the operational parameters such as methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time. The characterization results show that the ash is very rich in Ca and K ions. The best reaction condition for the transesterification process was found to be a methanol / oil molar ratio of 14.9:1, catalyst loading of 3.78 wt%, process reaction time of 80 min at constant reaction temperature of 65 °C with a biodiesel maximum yield of 91.20 wt%. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were measured and found to meet the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) and European National (EN) standards and South African National Standards (SANS) biodiesel quality standards. The fused catalyst can be reused for up to five cycles with little reduction in yields. The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing biomass feedstock in developing effective and sustainable biodiesel fuels. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

GC Analysis of Primary Fatty Acid Amides in Animal Fat

Waste animal fats represent a very attractive feedstock for biodiesel production. Primary fatty acid amides (PFAA) are a class or bioactive signaling lipids found in mammalian organisms, as well as several plant families. Waste animal fat coming from rendering plants can obtain up to 2.0% PFAA. After the conversion process they pose a risk in the final biodiesel as they can lead to deposits in storage tanks or plug fuel filters. In this paper, a method for efficient separation and quantification of PFAAs in waste animal fat is presented. The method consists of separation of PFAAs via solid phase extraction (SPE) using cartridges with 60 Å silica as stationary phase. The most effective eluents are determined to be hexane: ethyl acetate followed by chloroform: 2‐propanol. The isolated PFAAs are identified and quantified via gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) using nonadecanoic acid amide as an internal standard. The recovery of PFAAs in lard as matrix is determined to be around 100%. Six real samples are analyzed for the content of PFAAs leading to concentrations between 0.04% and 1%. Additionally, the limits of detection and quantification are determined to be 0.002% and 0.005%, respectively.Practical applications: The developed method is an efficient tool for characterization and determination of primary fatty acid amides in animal fat used as starting material for biodiesel production. The developed simple and efficient separation of PFAA via SPE and GC‐FID analysis without derivatization can also be applied to other biological fat samples, such as fat tissue, and plasma samples or microbial oils.

Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

An experimental based artificial neural network modeling in prediction of optimum combustion, performance, and emission from diesel engine operated with three biodiesels

Purpose This study aims to improve the performance and to regulate the harmful emission from the diesel engine. For this purpose, palm oil biodiesel (POBD), waste cooking biodiesel (WCBD) and animal fat biodiesel (AFBD) are used for examination. Design/methodology/approach The transesterification process was followed to convert the three raw oils into biodiesels and the experiments are conducted at various loads with fixed 25 rps. Diesel as a reference fuel and three neat biodiesels are tested for emissions and performance. By training the experimental results in an artificial neural network (ANN), the best biodiesel was predicted. Findings The biodiesels are tested for significant fuel properties with the American Society for testing and materials standards and observed that kinematic viscosity, density and cetane number are recorded higher than diesel fuel. The fatty acid composition (FAC) from chromatography reveals the presence of unsaturated FAC is more in POBD (70.89%) followed by WCBD (57.67%) and AFBD (43.13%). The combustion pressures measured at every degree of crank angle reveal that WCBD and AFBD exhibited on far with diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel WCBD and AFBD achieved maximum brake thermal efficiency of 31.99% and 30.93% at 75% load. However, there is a penalty in fuel consumption and NOx emissions from biodiesels. On the other hand, low carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon emissions and exhaust smoke are reported for biodiesels. Finally, WCBD was chosen as the best choice based on ANN modeling prediction results. Originality/value There is no evident literature on these three neat biodiesel applications with the mapping of ANN modeling.

Deep eutectic solvents for deacidification of waste biodiesel feedstocks: an experimental study

The key challenge in reaching the goals set by Renewable Energy Directive is developing a sustainable, profitable, and environmentally acceptable biodiesel production process. In order to achieve balance between the above criteria, any use of high-quality edible oils as feedstocks needs to be avoided and utilization of waste feedstocks, such as used coffee grounds and waste animal fats, should be encouraged. The main drawback of these waste feedstocks is their high impurity content which usually requires an additional purification step. It is the purpose of this research to investigate the deacidification of three different waste biodiesel feedstocks by means of liquid-liquid extraction with deep eutectic solvents, in order to identify possible connections between solvent properties and extraction efficiency. Eight deep eutectic solvents were chosen to cover a wide range of different properties and the three used feedstocks varied in free fatty acid content. The relationship between solvent properties and extraction efficiency was determined by Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Strong, statistically significant positive correlation was found for solvent pH values, while a strong negative correlation was observed for polarities and molar volumes. The most effective solvent was potassium carbonate/ethylene glycol (1:10, mol.). Depending on the initial total acid number, solvent to feedstock mass ratios 0.1:1 and 0.25:1 were enough to reduce the acidity of waste animal fat below 2 mg of potassium hydroxide/g fat and the solvent was successfully reused up to four times.

A Multi-Objective Approach toward Optimal Design of Sustainable Integrated Biodiesel/Diesel Supply Chain Based on First- and Second-Generation Feedstock with Solid Waste Use

This study proposes a multi-objective approach for the optimal design of a sustainable Integrated Biodiesel/Diesel Supply Chain (IBDSC) based on first- (sunflower and rapeseed) and second-generation (waste cooking oil and animal fat) feedstocks with solid waste use. It includes mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models of the economic, environmental and social impact of IBDSC, and respective criteria defined in terms of costs. The purpose is to obtain the optimal number, sizes and locations of bio-refineries and solid waste plants; the areas and amounts of feedstocks needed for biodiesel production; and the transportation mode. The approach is applied on a real case study in which the territory of Bulgaria with its 27 districts is considered. Optimization problems are formulated for a 5-year period using either environmental or economic criteria and the remainder are defined as constraints. The obtained results show that in the case of the economic criterion, 14% of the agricultural land should be used for sunflower and 2% for rapeseed cultivation, while for the environmental case, 12% should be used for rapeseed and 3% for sunflower. In this case, the price of biodiesel is 14% higher, and the generated pollutants are 6.6% lower. The optimal transport for both cases is rail.

LEVEL OF ENERGY SUPPLY OF ANIMAL FARMS FROM USING BIOGAS

Ukraine has untapped potential for the production of own energy from renewable sources - processing of livestock waste (animal manure and bird droppings) with the formation of biogas, which can then be used to produce electricity, heat or fuel - analogues of natural gas (methane) (in particular, for own needs of farms). Currently in Ukraine, the generation of large amounts of waste on industrial farms is an environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Recycling livestock waste to generate biogas will partially solve environmental problems, as well as benefit from decentralized renewable energy production or fuel production. The role of renewable energy sources in energy production is constantly growing and now the issue of increasing the share of renewable sources in the energy balance of each country is relevant. In the supply of primary energy, the share of renewable energy accounts for 13% worldwide. Of these, biomass accounts for 10%, or 258 million tons per year, ie in the world biomass provides the largest share of energy supply from renewable sources. Domestic agricultural enterprises are significant consumers of fuel and energy resources, so they face the objective need to use alternative energy sources, including biofuels and the introduction of innovative energy-saving technologies. Biogas production is an efficient and attractive investment technology, due to the presence of significant raw material potential, favorable climatic and other. However, the level of introduction of this type of energy in the agro-industrial complex is insufficient, which is due to a number of issues, including insufficient level of practical recommendations for choosing power generators, their number, modes of operation taking into account daily energy consumption schedule, load and optimal efficiency. installations while providing autonomous power supply of the enterprise. This paper determines the level of energy supply of livestock farms through the use of biogas plants as a source of energy used for livestock waste.

Black Soldier Fly Larvae as Animal Feed: Implications on The Halal Status of Meat Products

In the mid-twentieth century, research conducted found that the presence of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae caused the reduction of housefly breeding and manure accumulation in a chicken barn. As a result, the commercialization of BSF larvae for agricultural use and biowaste treatment ensues. Facilities were built to produce BSF larvae and masse were rearing, processing and harvesting take place. The larvae are fed with municipal and agro-industrial wastes and faeces. Feeding animals with BSF larvae became widely practised for the perceived benefit of serving as a vital source of protein for animals. BSF larvae prove to be a precious commodity to the agricultural industry for its utility in waste treatment and animal feed. However, it presents a problem to halal food production due to its diet that contains faeces; this raises concern over the lawful status of the animals fed with BSF larvae. Will the status be compromised? Should it be categorized as al-jallalah animal? In Southeast Asia, there is not any Islamic institution issuing a fatwa concerning this, except for Indonesian Ulema Council, even so, it is severely insufficient as it was only mentioned in passing. The lack of discussion and research on this issue in Islamic and academic scholarship despite its ubiquity in food production and consumption demonstrates the necessity to invest more resource in research and enhance coordination between the jurisprudence and technical fields.

Production and optimization of biodiesel from composite Pongamia oil, animal fat oil and waste cooking oil using RSM

The main concern of this work is to examine the biodiesel production from Composite oil of pongamia pinnata, animal fat and waste cooking oil by using alkaline catalyst namely sodium methoxide and comparison of yield is done between the two different sample oil yields obtained by using methanol and catalyst as a reaction mixture. The experiments were designed with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to get maximum yield and to examine the optimum process conditions. Two samples of oils were taken, sample 01 contains 50% of pongamia, 25% of each waste cooking and animal fat oil, sample 2 contains 60% pongamia, 20% of each waste cooking and animal fat oil. For 100 ml quantity of sample 01 oil, 7.5 M ratio, 1 wt% of catalyst, reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 40 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm would give the maximum yield of 98.29%. For 100 ml quantity of sample 02 oil, 6 M ratio, 1.2 wt% of catalyst, reaction time of 75 min, reaction temperature of 64 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm would give the maximum yield of 97.76%.All the fuel properties of Biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and fire point are meeting the requirements as per the ASTM and EN norms.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Policy and Institutional Structures/Mechanisms for Environmental Management in Enugu State, Nigeria

Nigeria is rapidly urbanizing and is forecasted to become the 3rd most urbanized nation by 2100. Expectedly, rapid urbanization presents challenges in many areas including the management of municipal services such as solid waste. This yawning failure is reflected in the poor quality of waste services across Nigerian cities. This study focuses on the analysis of the effectiveness of policy and institutional structures/mechanisms for environmental management in Enugu State. The specific objectives are to: identify and analyze the effectiveness of the policies through the performance of the institutions for environmental management and identify the shortcomings of the policies and constraints to the performance of the institutions. Data were generated by a field survey involving the administration of a structured questionnaire. Multistage and Random sampling techniques were used in the selection of three hundred and seventy-eight adult household heads and eleven staff both from the State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources and Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The result shows that Removal and disposal of waste, vehicles and dead animals, cleaning of streets and sewage clearing and maintenance of disposable equipment where the roles played by ESWAMA; whereas urban sanitation, pollution control and impact assessment were the roles played by the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. Problems identified among the staff against the performance of the institutions include; limitations of the legal framework, institutional bottleneck, corruption, inadequate of EIA, Inadequate funds, and Ignorance. The study recommends the review of the environmental policies and advises that the legal framework should be strengthened for the proper implementation of laws.

The Plastic Economy

The proliferation of plastic has generated wide-ranging consequences in terms of waste management, pollution, human and animal health, the economy and the environment. This report reviews the literature on the impacts of plastic, both positive and negative. We begin with a brief explanation of the processes by which plastic is produced and an overview of the structure of the plastic economy. We then discuss the impacts of plastic, organized by whether they occur upstream, midstream or downstream. Next, we compare virgin plastic production against a range of alternative materials and processes that have been developed with the aim of matching the physical characteristics of plastics while contributing less to the problem of waste generation. Lastly, acknowledging the transboundary challenge of plastic pollution, we examine plastic regulations and discuss evidence of their efficacy at reducing plastic use and pollution.

Unravelling the Genetic and Function Diversity of Dominant Bacterial Communities Involved in Co-Composting Bioremediation of Complex Crude Oil Waste Sludge

The present study aimed at using metagenomic analysis for profiling the dominant endogenous bacterial diversity in a compost matrix throughout co-composting of crude oil waste sludge and animal manures using a static co-composting technique. A total of 280,666 good and filtered reads were obtained which was distributed into 17 phyla, 42 classes, 83 orders, 162 families and 359 genera. The dominant 4 phyla include Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria. At genus level both classified and unclassified, the top 12 genera’s OTUs were Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, Microbacterium Rhodococcus, Bradyrhizobiaceae_unclassified, Sphingomonadaceae_unclassified Afipia, Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Phenylobacterium and Achromobacter. These genera have been found to be PAH-degraders because of their unique and distinct capabilities as well as vital roles they play in ex-situ and in-situ bioremediation as shown by GC/MS analysis results indicating reduction in the selected PAHs ranging from 36.52 to 99.98% over a period of 10 months of incubation and by different microbial diversity of each individual sample. With the help of metagenomics analysis, essential detailed information on the dominant bacterial diversity directly from the co-composted samples have been revealed extensively via a high-throughput Illumina sequencing application. The results indicated that the composition of the dominant bacteria community must have influenced PAH degradation. Interestingly, estimated community diversity and richness of dominant OTUs showed that co-composting of crude oil refinery waste sludge generated and harbours higher bacterial diversity as well as very important rich species for in-situ or ex-situ bioremediation. Furthermore, most OTUs for the class; Proteobacteria_unclassified, Bacteria_unclassified, Bacteroidetes_unclassified, Firmicutes_unclassified, phyla Bacteria_unclassified and genus; Bradyrhizobiaceae_unclassified, Sphingomonadaceae_unclassified, Corynebacteriales_unclassified, Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Rhizobiales_unclassified, Unclassified_bacteria that were identified in most of the samples have not been classified from class to genus level and this suggests that they may stand out for novel bacterial species which needs more research as well as exploration on them with regards to their capabilities in bioremediation technology.

Advances on the application of biochar in radioactive wastewater treatment

The domestic and foreign scholars found that biochar prepared from waste crops, animal manure, and tissues has a good adsorption effect on radioactive pollutants. Biochar is an ideal material for the adsorbent. This article summarizes the preparation methods and modification methods of biochar, and the adsorption characteristics of biochar to heavy metals and radioactive elements. This article also points out the problems and development trends in the current research of biochar.

FTIR and GCMS analysis on useful methyl ester compound from industrial waste animal fleshing oil (WAFO)

Solid wastes generated in leather industry can be turned in to value-added products by recovering leather fleshing fats which is recommended as one of the waste disposal method. Fat from leather fleshing is an excellent source of energy since it is composed of glycerides, fatty acids and glycerol. Fleshing processes are performed by removing the flesh consist of considerable amounts of natural fat and protein. The present work is carried out by extracting oil from leather fleshing using a reactor at the operating condition of 120 °C at 1.5 bar. In order to remove phospholipids from the oil, orthophosphoric acid was used and agitated for 5 min at 600 rpm. During the degumming process, the temperature was maintained at 80 °C to avoid the solidification of fat oil. The filtered oil was converted in to biodiesel through esterification and transesterification processes as it has very high Free Fatty Acid (FFA). To reduce the FFA content of crude fat oil, the acid esterification process was performed. The acid esterification process was carried out using H2SO4 concentration of 5%, methanol to oil molar ratios of 6:1 at the temperature of 60 °C at the stirring speed of 300 rpm for 60 min. The biodiesel production started by transesterification reaction with methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration as 1.2% of oil weight, stirring speed of 350 rpm, temperature 60 °C for 120 min. The biodiesel produced from leather fleshing oil were characterized by using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Precipitation of cadmium in water by the addition of phosphate solutions prepared from digested samples of waste animal bones

Precipitation of cadmium in water by the addition of phosphate solutions prepared from digested samples of waste animal bones

Pemanfaatan Limbah Sayuran, Buah, dan Kotoran Hewan menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) di Kelompok Tani Rukun Makaryo, Mojogedang Karanganyar

This Community Service is to reduce waste pollution, especially vegetable, fruit and animal waste; and increasing POC production to meet fertilizer needs on agricultural land. The results of community service activities are evaluated on the success indicators of counseling and training, if the post test score has increased ≥ 25% from the pre-test score. Of the 15 participants who took the post test and pre test, none of them had an increase in understanding value below 25%, so that the training and counseling activities reached 100% success indicators with the number of training and service members reaching scores of 2 and 3 totaling 15 people, on average an average increase of 42.46%.