Waste Animal Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF WASTE BONES AS A CATALYST IN BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

It has recently come to light that inappropriate waste management (particularly of animal bones) is a major contributor to environmental degradation on a global scale. Instead, it would be extremely beneficial to the economy if the bioeconomy civilization could find novel applications for these discards. Biodiesel’s output can be put to good use as a heterogeneous catalyst in the effective recycling of animal bone. Ca-based catalysts produced from discarded bones, have been extensively studied in the transesterification reaction due to their high catalytic activity and abundant feedstock. Calcium oxide, a common mineral, can be used to create heterogeneous catalysts (in the form of discarded bones). However, process improvements are required to make calcium oxide-based catalysts suitable for industrial use. This research summarizes the sources of waste animal bones, provides context for the recent advances in the development of various Ca-based catalysts derived from waste animal bones, characterized a calcium oxide-based catalyst derived from waste animal bones, and details its application in biodiesel production. In this work, waste bones were modified by calcination at 9500C for 3h. The catalyst was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for its morphological structure, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), for its functional group, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), for its elemental composition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), for thermal stability and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Overall, raw sample was found to have no effect on the waste bone, while high temperature calcination greatly affected the pore size, surface area, composition, and thermal decomposition profile of the waste bone sample. According to the study’s findings, used animal bones can be used to create catalysts that are appropriate for trans-esterifying a variety of oil sources into high-quality biodiesel. This increases the total energy and atom-efficiency of both conventional and new chemical processes while also making the system more cost-effective and ecologically benign. This discovery will encourage scientists to look into possible wastes of bones and pave the way for a more cost-effective and ecologically friendly way to make biodiesel and should also continue to be evaluated for the likelihood of their use in the commercial sector.

Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy by Guy Geltner

Reviewed by: Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy by Guy Geltner Sally Mayall Brasher Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy. By Guy Geltner. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2019. Pp. x, 320. $65.00. ISBN: 9780812251357) In Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy, Guy Geltner challenges the received wisdom regarding public health in the pre-modern world that suggests early urban governments were, at worst, self-interested and indifferent to the health of their citizens or, at best, simply unable to understand the correlation between health and public policy, at least until the Industrial Revolution or possibly at the earliest as a reaction to the Black Death. Geltner encourages the reader to reexamine these assumptions and their theoretical models as well as the selective evidence on which they are based. Using urban statutes and court and fiscal records from north and central Italy between 1250 and 1500, Geltner argues that civic authorities in these urban areas understood the need for promoting health and well-being among the citizenry as a means of maintaining political control. By considering both normative and descriptive sources, he is also suggesting that, in addition to being employed earlier than generally thought, communal health initiatives were also more effective than previously understood. Geltner frames his study using Michel Foucault’s theory of biopolitics as applied to the eighteenth century (regulating private behaviors for the public good). Geltner employs the term “health-scaping” to the actions of urban governments which he defines as “the physical, social, legal, administrative, and political process of providing urban environments with the means to promote residents’ health” (p. 20). He argues that if one looks broadly at the policies of the medieval urban governments, including monitoring activities and regulating behavior in areas such as waste disposal, animal conduct, and proto-industrial waste, it is possible to see a conscious effort at health-scaping and the creation of preventative public policy that was consistently and effectively enforced well before the Industrial Revolution. After a general introduction to the theoretical construct for his arguments and a consideration of the breadth of archival sources for public health regulation, the main body of the book outlines findings for three case-studies from Lucca, Bologna, and Pinerolo. The study primarily focuses on these cities’ roads officials, viarii, fango, and comparii, respectively, who were tasked with maintaining the infrastructure and policing communal activities along the public roads with regard to sanitation and safety. Geltner provides an exhaustive study of the statutes for the employment, regulation, and activity of these officials. Beyond prescriptive statutes, he also finds detailed records of assignments, building and labor expenses, violations, fines, and witness accounts, which testify to the commitment and effectiveness of the efforts of the officials. Geltner’s last chapter suggests the possibility of applying his methodology even further chronologically and geographically, citing, for example, ancient Roman policy efforts and those of other non-western civilizations in order to “fundamentally [End Page 193] alter the prevalent narrative of public-health history and thereby interrogate an entrenched paradigm of Euro-American modernity” (p. 144). While commendable, and opening many avenues for further exploration, some of the suggested analysis presents too great a methodological stretch for his argument. Also, Geltner’s focus on intentional efforts of the civic authorities in health-scaping overlooks the fact that this effort was also driven, in part, by popular communal demand. Individual citizens, tertiary religious orders, nascent private hospitals, and other civic constituents actively sought a civic response to communal need forcing the hand of civic authorities in many cases. These slight critiques do not detract from the overall importance of Geltner’s work, and Roads to Health is an important addition to the recent body of scholarship that is reassessing the evolution of health care and social assistance in urban areas of medieval Europe. In this highly readable study, Geltner successfully proves that health-scaping was indeed a civic value already fully entrenched in urban Italy in the high Middle Ages. Sally Mayall Brasher Shepherd University Copyright © 2023 The Catholic University of America Press ...

Promising approaches and kinetic prospects of the microbial degradation of pharmaceutical contaminants

Pharmaceutical pollutants, stemming from waste disposal, animal discharge, and drug manufacturing, pose health risks to humans and animals through their biological activity.

Experimental investigation on mechanical and thermal characteristics of waste sheep wool fiber-filled epoxy composites

With the escalating trends of environmental contamination, the necessity of exploring environment friendly composites has increased. Foreseeing a sustainable future, this study investigates mechanical and thermal characteristics of woven (W), and non– woven waste sheep wool fiber (N, C, F) reinforced epoxy composites. The composites are fabricated using the in-house Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) technique in a controlled environment. Using animal fiber-filled epoxy composites were created. The density, void content, hardness, and tensile strength of differentially ordered waste sheep wool fiber have been examined. Also, thermal characteristics such as effective thermal conductivity (Keff) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the said composites have been evaluated. The results of the experimental investigation reveal that non-woven needle punched (N) animal fiber polymer composites exhibit good interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix with lower void content and higher tensile strength. Also, waste animal fiber-woven (W) and felt (F) polymer composites exhibit better hardness and low thermal conductivity. Thus, it can be said that the fabricated waste sheep wool fiber-filled epoxy composites exhibit better mechanical and thermal characteristics for insulating building components.

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

There has been growing and recent interest in using non-edible feedstocks, such as waste animal fats, as an alternative to vegetable oils in biodiesel production to address the food versus fuel debate. Waste animal fats are cost effective and yield good quality biodiesel. Therefore, waste animal fats are appealing and excellent feedstocks to produce biodiesel. Commercially, the biodiesel is obtained by transesterification reaction of triglycerides present in oil/fat with alcohol in the presence of homogeneous base catalysts. However, free fatty acids found in low-quality oil feedstocks are particularly sensitive to homogeneous base catalysts, necessitating extra acid pretreatment and neutralization procedures that not only raise the overall expense of producing biodiesel but also create environmental contamination. Optimistically, the use of solid catalysts can offer an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practical route for the manufacture of biodiesel from inexpensive oil feedstocks, including waste animal fat. The present review article covers catalyzed transesterification/esterification using various catalysts with particular focus on the use of heterogeneous catalysts when using waste animal fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. In particular, the properties of biodiesel obtained from waste animal fats are also compared to the biodiesel properties of standard organizations, such as the European Committee for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Moreover, this paper also offers future research directions that can direct researchers to fill in knowledge gaps impeding the creation of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for long-term biodiesel generation. To the best of our knowledge, the valorization of waste animal fats from slaughterhouses is not feasible and has some techno-economic concerns. However, this technology is more desirable considering the environmental point of view to address the pollution problems caused by these wastes.

The Training for Triharjo Village’s Stockbreeders on Production of BSF Larve’s Oil as Potential Cosmetic Raw Material

Indonesia has seen a rise in Black Soldier Fly maggots. Maggot farming offers great economic diversification. BSF (maggot) larvae may eat many organic materials, making them special. This helps bioconvert organic waste, which can damage the environment and harm people's health if not treated properly. Protein-rich maggots are animal feed ingredients. Serious maggot cultivation can create new jobs. This maggot culture has a hidden gem that must be removed. Maggot oil studies still produce animal feed. Maggot oil is antibacterial and emollient, making it a cosmetic and medicinal ingredient, according to worldwide studies. Cosmetics use fats as viscosity enhancers or emulsifiers. As a proof of concept, BSF larvae fat will be used in hand cream compositions to show its potential in organic waste processing, animal feed, and health and beauty additives. Naturally, national and international scientific journals and social media have not broadly shared this information and talents. The Cosmetic Engineering study program's Community Service Team shares information, insights, and talents to connect research, education, and community applications. The ITERA Cosmetics Engineering team will train maggot breeders in Triharjo village to increase maggot production and diversify maggot products to boost sales.

Pour point and predictive models for the viscosity-temperature non-linear behaviour of ternary fuel blends for a compression ignition engine

Due to the ever-increasing consumption of fossil fuels, their impact on the environment, and the volatility of the market, it is advisable to use biofuels that can be produced locally from renewable sources, which supports the local economy, agriculture, and related processing industries. This article deals with how to improve the flow properties and pour point of biofuels for diesel engines. For the experiment, biodiesels in the form of rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and methyl ester made from waste animal fats and tallow (WAFME) were used. The pour point, viscosity, and density of WAFME were improved by mixing with RME and/or by adding bio-alcohols (alcohols produced from biomass, e.g., lignocellulosic). All used biofuels were classified as 2nd generation biofuels. The flow properties of the mixtures were monitored and subsequently modelled at temperatures from -10 to 60 °C. The addition of bio-alcohol had a statistically significant effect on the decrease in the viscosity and pour point of ternary blends (p < 0.05). Mathematical models of the dependence of kinematic viscosity on the temperature of mixtures (power law, exponential, Arrhenius, and Vogel) were created.

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT THROUGH UTILIZATION OF LIVESTOCK WASTE AS ORGANIC FERTILIZERAND ITS APPLICATION IN HORTICULTURAL PLANTS IN BOBAWA VILLAGE, MALIFUT DISTRICT, NORTH HALMAHERA REGENCY

Empowerment is a form of efforts made by groups or communities who initiate the process of social activities in order to improve their own situation and condition, or in other words, the empowerment can also help farmers who have been experiencing difficulties, it also help the farmers by improve their welfare. In this regard, the Community Partnership Program (CPP) can be one of the community service programs that integrates academic activities with the dharma of service, so that it cancreate both soft skills and hard skills needed by communities. The aim of this service activity was to improvefarmers’ awareness in farmer groups to join as partners, so that they want, know, and adopt science, skills, and technology in producing organic fertilizer from livestock waste (animal waste) that is environmentally friendly. This CPP activity has been conducted through socialization and training, as well as practical work starting from the preparation of materials to the process into organic fertilizer products of livestock waste that canbe used on horticultural crops (vegetables); this can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers,resulting in a higher quality of the harvested vegetables.

Sustainable biodiesel supply chain model based on waste animal fat with subsidy and advertisement

The need for sustainable energy generation has grown in response to ascending levels of green house gases emissions and soaring energy demand. Biofuel is viewed as a viable alternative to non-renewable energy sources for energy generation. Animal fat, waste cooking oil, and vegetable oil are all examples of biomass that can be utilized to make biodiesel. In the midst of these sources’ animal fat is an acceptable choice due to its cheap cost and convenience of availability. The multi-objective mathematical optimization model is created to plan a sustainable supply chain for biodiesel made from waste animal fat. The proposed model minimizes the biodiesel supply chain cost, furthermore, minimizing the environmental impact while maximizing social impact. The demand for biodiesel is depending on advertisement costs and subsidies provided by the government. The advertisements promote biodiesel as an alternative to fossil fuels, and the government gives a subsidy for the collection of waste animal fat. The improved “augmented ϵ-constraint approach” is used to solve the proposed model. The multiple supply points for beef, mutton, and chicken fat, multi-collection and rendering plants, multiple biorefineries, and biodiesel depositories are designed. A numerical example is analyzed, and the consequences of a numerical experiment uncover that the transportation cost is 51.34% and installation cost of biodiesel production facilities accounts for 21.26% of the total cost, and the environmental installation impact of biodiesel production facilities accounts for 99.94% of total environmental impact. In the transportation sector, the heterogeneous fleet of trucks is employed to supply materials in the entire supply chain by which environmental transportation impacts account for 0.0005% of total environmental impacts. The social impact is examined by the social impact assessment method focused on life cycle assessment which is 1.363% for this model. The designed model can be appropriate to policymakers and investors engaged in the biodiesel industry.

Nanocatalysts for biodiesel production

Biofuels are a class of clean fuels and promising for energy demand. Biodiesel is relatively costly, which limits the commercialization of the product. The waste edible oil and animal fats are raw materials for biodiesel production. This paper focuses on the catalytic production of biofuels and reviews the application of different catalysts to produce biodiesel from waste oils by using esterification and transesterification reactions. The reaction in the presence of nanocatalysts is carried out under mild operating conditions. Nowadays, magnetic nanocatalysts are preferred to bulk catalysts due to the absence of mass transfer resistance and fast deactivation as well as high recovery rate during the separation. Functionalized magnetic nanocatalysts are more attractive for biodiesel production. Further studies should do to develop highly active and selective nanocatalysts for industrial scale.

Effect of Fuel Preheating on Engine Characteristics of Waste Animal Fat-Oil Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Engine.

The present study aims at understanding the effects of fuel preheating on engine characteristics of waste animal fat-oil (WAF-O) biodiesel in a single-cylinder CI engine, with the preheating technique proposed as an effective means for enhancing the fuel properties. To understand the effects of the preheated fuel, the WAF-O biodiesel was preheated at 60, 80, 100 and 120 °C and tested along with neat diesel and unheated WAF-O biodiesel. For this purpose, biodiesel was produced from different animal wastes by means of KOH-assisted ethanol-based transesterification, reporting its maximum yield as 96.37 ± 1.8%, with significant distribution of unsaturated oleic acid, saturated palmitic acid and stearic acid. Upon evaluating its fuel characteristics as per ASTM D6751 standards, a rise in preheating temperature by 1 °C reduced the density and kinematic viscosity of WAF-O biodiesel by 0.383 kg/m3 and 0.025 mm2/s, respectively, and was explained by the weakening of intermolecular forces between its fatty acid ester molecules. Preheated samples reported superior combustion characteristics by exhibiting increased in-cylinder pressure (2.24%, on average) and heat release rates in addition to their shortened ignition delay (1–4 °CA). Furthermore, preheating of WAF-O biodiesel reduced its specific fuel consumption and increased its brake thermal efficiency by 7.86% (on average) and 9.23% (on average), respectively. However, higher preheating temperatures (>120 °C) resulted in increased fuel consumption owing to its varied flow characteristics. In addition to the changes in combustion characteristics, preheating WAF-O bio-diesel also resulted in reduced carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and hydrocarbon emission by 13.88%, 7.21% and 26.94%, respectively, and increased carbon dioxide emission by 7.58%. Summing up, the enhancements in overall engine characteristics of preheated samples were accounted for by their improvised fuel injection characteristics due to their reduced density and viscosity, which ensured for their effective combustion.

Efficient isolation of keratin from protein-rich waste biomass: a practical approach to minimize environmental impact and valorize waste biomass

Among various protein-containing biomass wastes, waste animal wool, poultry feather, and human hair are considered one of the most important renewable sources of keratin. Animal wool and human hair are utilized for the production of several products. However, the substantial quantity of short fibers that are inappropriate for spinning and being unusable is thrown away as waste resulting in significant environmental issues in terms of their accumulation in water bodies resulting in obstruction of waterways and other related problems. Similarly, poultry wastes, especially waste chicken feathers (WCF) are dumped or burnt or used as low-value fertilizer in certain applications. The purpose of this research is to develop an efficient method that can extract the recoverable keratin from various wastes and effectively utilize the spent solvent in the extraction process. Herein suitability of an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium hydroxide known as tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAOH, 25% w/w in water) to solubilize these protein wastes and extract keratin from them was investigated. The solvent could solubilize ca. 39–44% w/w of waste animal wool (WAW), 19–25% of waste human hair (WHH), and 55–60% of WCF. Crude keratin with ca. 19–20%, 35–37%, and 69–74% were isolated from WAW, WHH, and WCF, respectively. The chemical and structural stability of keratin thus isolated was established. The recovered TMAOH, insoluble WAW, and WCF were found to be nontoxic to soil microbes. The recovered TMAOH thus generated after isolation of keratin was used for green gram (Vigna radiata) seed treatment, and a substantial increase in the height (4–12%) and weight (9–58%) of the plants was observed. Treating biomass waste as a source of high-value compounds may minimize environmental impact by reducing the waste load.

Using different organic wastes to improve the quality of desert soils and barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant growth

The concept of the public in food safety, as well as environmental aspects, has newly improved to crops cultivated with organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. A study was conducted on various organic wastes for the improvement of desert soils and the growth of Hordeum vulgare plants. Desert soil sample, Hordeum vulgare plants, different organic wastes (Waste food and Animals waste), were used in a completely randomized design with three replications. Five treatments were used included T1=control (without composts), T2=25%, T3=50%, T4=75% and T5 100% with composts. Soil chemical properties were influenced by the use of waste compost amendments. There was a decrease in the soil pH from 8.7 to 7.0 at 50% waste food and mixed compost treatments. The EC and TDS were increased under composite treatments however, the treatments at 75% waste food compost gave high values for the CEC 38.75 cmol/kg. The exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, K, N were increased in compost treatments. NO3 was increased from 1.29 mg/kg (in control) to 1.41 mg/kg in soil treated with 75% food waste compost. Among composts, the applications of food waste compost at 10% gave the highest plant height (18.1 cm), the number of plant leaves (6), and root biomass (6.77g dry weight). The use of various composts particularly food waste compost can be used in desert soils to improve crop growth and yield of Hordeum vulgare crop.

Continuous feeding strategy for polyhydroxyalkanoate production from solid waste animal fat at laboratory- and pilot-scale.

Bioconversion of waste animal fat (WAF) to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is an approach to lower the production costs of these plastic alternatives. However, the solid nature of WAF requires a tailor-made process development. In this study, a double-jacket feeding system was built to thermally liquefy the WAF to employ a continuous feeding strategy. During laboratory-scale cultivations with Ralstonia eutropha Re2058/pCB113, 70% more PHA (45 gPHA L-1 ) and a 75% higher space-time yield (0.63 gPHA L-1 h-1 ) were achieved compared to previously reported fermentations with solid WAF. During the development process, growth and PHA formation were monitored in real-time by in-line photon density wave spectroscopy. The process robustness was further evaluated during scale-down fermentations employing an oscillating aeration, which did not alter the PHA yield although cells encountered periods of oxygen limitation. Flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining showed that more than two-thirds of the cells were viable at the end of the cultivation and viability was even little higher in the scale-down cultivations. Application of this feeding system at 150-L pilot-scale cultivation yielded in 31.5 gPHA L-1 , which is a promising result for the further scale-up to industrial scale.

Sustainability motivations and challenges in the Australian agribusiness

The research aimed to explore the sustainability actions in the Australian horticulture and dairy industries and the influences on firms adopting sustainability. The research adopted a neo-institutional lens and examined the environmental, social, and economic issues faced by these two industries in their operations and their supply chains. The research adopted a qualitative approach with four case studies. Interviews were conducted with decision-makers in the focal firms as well as those in key supply chain partners. One key finding was that motivations differed in the take up of environmental and social sustainability actions, with business imperatives and mimetic influences found in the former, whilst reputation and normative influences were evident in the latter. Environmental actions focused on actions to reduce their carbon footprints such as environmentally friendly packaging, water efficiency, managing waste, and monitoring spray programs. In the dairy industry environmental actions are also related to animal welfare. Social actions predominantly focused on “giving back to the community”. And the adoption of automation was the main economic action. The horticulture sector demonstrated more concern about sustainability in its supply chain, especially in regard to environmental considerations due to economic interdependencies and industry and competitive pressures. Another key finding was regarding sustainability challenges. A key social sustainability challenge was found to be the treatment of temporary backpacker labour which has the potential to seriously damage Australia's clean and green image. In terms of environmental sustainability, severe water shortage and the associated costs were found to be the most challenging. International competitive pressures were highlighted as a key challenge and the need to be sustainable economically was at the forefront of many concerns. In terms of the supply chain, processing firms (upstream) were found to exert a positive and substantial pressure in terms of sustainability practices of their supply chain, whereas, in the dairy sector, the duopoly of retail giants had a significant albeit negative influence on the supply chain's uptake of sustainability practices. Managers' values and links to the local and regional communities played an important part in the adoption of sustainability initiatives and their influence on the supply chain. • Supply chain sustainability actions were predominantly environmental. Environmental actions related to carbon footprint, use of environmentally friendly packaging, water efficiency, managing waste, and monitoring spray programs and animal welfare. • Social actions predominantly focused on “giving back to the community”. The adoption of automation was the main action adopted to bring about economic sustainability. • The horticulture sector demonstrated more concern about sustainability in its supply chain. • The uptake of sustainability practices was influenced by supply chain partners. In horticulture, this influence was positive and coming from upstream, whereas, in dairy, the influence was negative and coming from downstream. • Managers' values and links to the local and regional communities played an important part in the adoption of sustainability initiatives and their influence on the supply chain.

AN OPTIMIZED ANALYTICAL METHOD TO STUDY THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BISPHENOL A (BPA) AND 17ß-ESTRADIOL (E2) IN THE SURFACE WATER OF IBAI RIVER, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are currently a global issue and have been ubiquitously found in various environmental compartment particularly in surface water. An analytical method employing a solid phase extraction in combination with HPLC-DAD was optimized for analysis of EDCs in surface river water. The optimized method showed a high mean extraction recovery for BPA at 73.84% while satisfactory recovery was achieved for E2 at 35.78%. It was then applied to analyse the level of BPA and E2 in the surface water of Ibai River, Terengganu. BPA and E2 were detected in this river with the concentration for both compounds ranging from 0.54 μg/L to 50.10 μg/L and 1.14 μg/L to 8.64 μg/L, respectively. Domestic waste discharge and animal manure might contribute to the presence of BPA and E2 in this river system as both compounds exhibited higher concentrations at sampling locations near those sources.

First comprehensive analysis of Aedes aegypti bionomics during an arbovirus outbreak in west Africa: Dengue in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2016-2017.

Dengue's emergence in West Africa was typified by the Burkina Faso outbreaks in 2016 and 2017, the nation's largest to date. In both years, we undertook three-month surveys of Aedes populations in or near the capital city Ouagadougou, where the outbreaks were centered. In 1200LG (urban), Tabtenga (peri-urban) and Goundry (rural) localities, we collected indoor and outdoor resting mosquito adults, characterized larval habitats and containers producing pupae and reared immature stages to adulthood in the laboratory for identification. All mosquito adults were identified morphologically. Host species (from which bloodmeals were taken) were identified by PCR. Generalized mixed models were used to investigate relationships between adult or larval densities and multiple explanatory variables. From samples in 1,780 houses, adult Ae. aegypti were significantly more abundant in the two urban localities (Tabtenga and 1200 LG) in both years than in the rural site (Goundry), where Anopheles spp. were far more common. Results from adult collections indicated a highly exophilic and anthropophilic (>90% bloodmeals of human origin) vector population, but with a relatively high proportion of bloodfed females caught inside houses. Habitats producing most pupae were waste tires (37% of total pupae), animal troughs (44%) and large water barrels (30%). While Stegomyia indices were not reliable indicators of adult mosquito abundance, shared influences on adult and immature stage densities included rainfall and container water level, collection month and container type/purpose. Spatial analysis showed autocorrelation of densities, with a partial overlap in adult and immature stage hotspots. Results provide an evidence base for the selection of appropriate vector control methods to minimize the risk, frequency and magnitude of future outbreaks in Ouagadougou. An integrated strategy combining community-driven practices, waste disposal and insecticide-based interventions is proposed. The prospects for developing a regional approach to arbovirus control in West Africa or across Africa are discussed.

Catalytic Performance for Transesterification Reaction Using Waste Cooking Oils Over Nano-Calcium Oxide (n-CaO) Catalyst from Different Waste Bones

The trans-esterification processes of refined waste groundnut oil (WGO) and sunflower oil (WSO) was optimized using calcium oxide produced from three different animal bones after incineration and characterization. The bone samples were crushed and calcined at 600 oC into fine powders with particulate dimension size of 49 nm. The calcined bones such as, calcined fish bone (CFB), calcine cow bone (CCB), and calcined chicken bone (CCHB) were characterized using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunnar Emmet Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques.The powdered calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained from the waste animal bones to produced methyl ester (FAMEs). The effect of the catalyst dosage ratio on the physicochemical properties such as, yield, specific gravity, density, kinematic viscosity, and acid values of the produced biodiesel were studied and evaluated. The analysis of results using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software) showed maximum catalyst dosage and yield for groundnut-based biodiesel (GNB) with CCB at 3.0 wt.% with yield 95.0 % followed by sunflower based biodiesel (SFB) with CCB 4.0 wt. % with yield 95.0 %. The best optimal trans-esterification reaction conditions were a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1 hour reaction period, a 333 K reaction temperature, stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and 3-4 wt. % CaO catalyst loading. This study revealed that waste cooking oils and the obtained calcium oxide were good sources of raw materials that canenhance optimal production of biodiesel that meet the American standards for testing materials ASTM requirements.

Synthesis and characterization of a heterogeneous catalyst from a mixture of waste animal teeth and bone for castor seed oil biodiesel production

The present study focused on the synthesis of heterogeneous catalyst from a mixture of waste animal teeth and bone through thermal method. The produced catalyst was used for castor seed oil (CO) biodiesel production. A different mixing ratio of teeth and bone was used with a calcination temperature range from 650 °C to 1250 °C with 100 °C increment for 3h calcination duration. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for animal teeth and bone was performed to identify the common decomposition temperature range. The effect of calcination temperature on basicity of the catalyst and yield of biodiesel was studied for each teeth and bone mixing ratio. Maximum basicity of 6.12mmol HCl/g and biodiesel of 89.5wt% was obtained by mixing ratio of 25wt% teeth and 75wt% bone at calcination temperature of 1150 °C for 3h. The purity of the produced biodiesel in terms of mono fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) formation was found to be 92.6%. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and TGA was used to characterize the raw and produced catalyst. The maximum yield of FAME (89.5wt% with 92.6% purity) was obtained by 5wt% catalyst loading and 9:1 M ratio of methanol to castor seed oil at 60 °C reaction temperature for 3h. Compositional analysis of the produced CO FAME was performed by FT-IR, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The performance of the produced catalyst was also checked using its reusability for transesterification CO. Further, the physico-chemical properties including rheological properties of the produced CO FAME were characterized by ASTM methods to check its suitability as a liquid biofuel.

A comprehensive review of bio-oil, bio-binder and bio-asphalt materials: Their source, composition, preparation and performance

To promote the application of bio-materials and provide a direction for their further researches, this paper comprehensively summarizes the research progress of biomaterials in recent years. The review results show that bio-oil is a mixture obtained from different biomasses through pyrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, high liquefaction, etc., and those biomasses mainly include wood fiber type, waste oil type and animal manure type. Bio-binder refers to the product of bio-oil processed by distillation, extraction oxidation and polymer modification, and it can be served as a modifier, diluent or substitute material of asphalt; the main chemical components of bio-oil include ethers, esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, organic acids, alcohols and sugars. Bio-asphalt is obtained by adding bio-binder into the petroleum asphalt for modification or blending, and the shear temperature and shear rate of bio-asphalt derived from wood fiber type and waste oil type are usually higher than that of bio-asphalt derived from swine manure. Compared with petroleum asphalt, bio-asphalt binder usually shows lower high-temperature performance as well as higher low-temperature performance and aging resistance. Also, bio-asphalt mixture generally exhibits lower high-temperature stability, higher low-temperature crack resistance and water stability than petroleum asphalt mixture. Future studies should be conducted combining with the source, composition, preparation, properties and oil production rate of bio-oil. First, how to raise the bio-binder content in bio-asphalt as much as possible while ensuring the sufficient performance becomes the focus of future researches. Second, the micro reaction mechanism between bio-binder and petroleum asphalt should be illustrated in depth. Moreover, developing a complete and unifying technical standard and application specification of bio-asphalt technology is necessary for future researches. Furthermore, determining the optimum bio-binder potentially used as the substitute of petroleum asphalt is also an interesting topic.