Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

Muhammad Imran,Fayaz Hussain,Mushtaq Ahmad,Haseeb Yaqoob,Asif Jamil,Mamoona Munir,Saad Alshahrani,Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar,Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas,Haris Mahmood Khan

doi:10.3390/catal11050630

Abstract

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

Highlights

IntroductionTransforming waste into valuable materials is the best practice for managing waste [18,19,20]
Bones majorly contain calcium and phosphorous components that can be transformed into calcium oxide, hydroxyapatite, and beta-tricalcium phosphate upon calcination which are catalytically active and can be employed as catalyst to generate biodiesel
Billions of kilograms of animal bone waste is generated that is either rendered or disposed to avoid environmental concerns. This bone waste can be potentially employed as a catalyst for energy production in a sustainable way. This mini review aimed to highlight the suitability of waste animal bones as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel generation

Summary

Introduction

Transforming waste into valuable materials is the best practice for managing waste [18,19,20] These calcium rich waste materials involved waste animal bones, mollusk and eggshells, industry wastes, and based on their origin which can be potentially used as catalysts for biodiesel production [21]. Waste animal bones which cause land pollution can be effectively transformed into valuable materials, such as catalysts These bones generally contain an alkaline metal oxides and other non-metals [12,23,24]. The purpose of this study is to point up the waste generation bone waste that could possibly be transformed into valued catalysts for biodiesel generation based on Catalysts 2021, 11, 630 the literature reported for waste bones involved catalysts to produce biodiesel This mini review summarizes the recent literature reported for biodiesel production using a waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. Reaction mechanism and heterogeneously catalyzed process technology is briefly discussed

Sources of Bone Waste

Catalyst Preparation

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Bones Derived Catalysts

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Surface Area of Bones Derived Catalysts

Diverse Animal Sourced Bone-Based Catalysts and Their Biodiesel Yields

Reaction Parameters Study

Elemental Composition of Waste Animal Bones

XRD Analysis of Bones Derived Catalysts

Reaction Mechanism

Bones Derived Catalyst Reusability

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Technology in Biodiesel Production

Findings