Warm Bath Research Articles

Effect of different thermal stimuli on improving microcirculation in the contralateral foot

BackgroundThe lower extremities of the body often suffer from impaired microcirculation, particularly in the elderly or people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Especially for people suffering from peripheral vascular diseases, skin lesions or wearing an external fixator in one side of limbs, direct contact treatments are not suitable for them to improve microcirculation. Heating the contralateral limb has been reported to improve blood flow in the impaired limb. However, its effect on plantar microvascular responses has not been previously investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how heating by warm bath and infrared radiation affects the circulations in the contralateral foot. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either placing the left foot in a warm bath or exposing it to infrared radiation for 10 min intervention every other day. The skin temperature (Temp) and skin blood flow (SBF) in the second metatarsal head of the contralateral foot were measured before and after the intervention.ResultsThe results showed that both Temp (Bath: from 29.05 ± 3.56 °C to 31.03 ± 4.14 °C; Infrared: from 29.98 ± 3.86 °C to 31.07 ± 3.92 °C) and SBF (Bath: from 62.26 ± 48.12 PU to 97.76 ± 63.90 PU; Infrared: from 63.37 ± 39.88 PU to 85.27 ± 47.62 PU) in the contralateral foot were significantly increased after heating in both tests (p < 0.05). However, the contralateral SBF increased for 5 min after heating in warm bath test, but only for 1 min in infrared radiation test.ConclusionsThe results of this study show that both heating methods are the effective at increasing contralateral Temp and SBF, but the warm bath has a stronger residual thermal effect.

Outcome of Seton in the Management of Complex Fistula in Ano in a Tertiary Care Center in Bangladesh

Background: The management of high and complex anal fistulas remain a therapeutic challenge as it is often associated with recurrence and anal incontinence. The oldest and theoretically the simplest technique is to use a seton. The aim of this study is to find out the outcome of seton in the treatment of complex fistula in ano.&#x0D; Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done in surgical units of ShSMCH and colorectal surgery units of BSMMU from September 2014 to August 2015. Fifty patients with high anal fistula having internal opening above dentate line and with multiple fistulas tract were included by purposive sampling. Patients with low anal fistula, fistula in ano associated with Crohn’s disease, active abdominal tuberculosis, carcinoma of rectum, previous radiation therapy, with recurrent fistula in ano and in whom the internal opening could not be located were excluded. After initial evaluation, the fistula tract and opening were located. The skin and anoderm overlying the fistulous tract were incised. This double-strand seton was then tied over itself on the sphincter without excessive tension. The long end of each suture was tapped to the patient’s medial thigh. Postoperatively warm sitz bath after each bowel movement was advised. The patients were informed in detail about the presence of seton prosthesis and they were warned about the possible serous discharge that would continue until the seton dropped, and the wound healed. Data were recorded on the predesigned questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16.&#x0D; Results: Among 50 cases mean age was 41 years, M: F was 4.5:1. Discharge from perianal sinus, pain, swelling and itching were common clinical presentation. All of the patients were discharged on the third postoperative day. None required readmission or needed narcotic analgesics after discharge. The average time for the seton to cut through the sphincter was 1 to 3 months. 28% had complete healing at 1 month and 66% at 3 months postoperatively. Flatus Incontinence was noted 16% cases followed by recurrence (6%), liquid stool incontinence (4%) and postoperative anal stricture was (2%) of cases.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study found that the seton is a safe and low morbidity option for the treatment of high and complex fistula-in-ano, having higher healing rates, with good quality of life. It can therefore be recommended as the standard treatment for complex fistula-in-ano.&#x0D; J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2020, Vol.12(1); 15-19

STUDI KOMPARATIF MODEL ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PROFESIONAL (MAKP) TIM DAN FUNGSIONAL DENGAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DABO KECAMATAN SINGKEP KABUPATEN LINGGA TAHUN 2019

Age is one of the determinants of the length of sleep that the body needs. This problem often occurs in the elderly, so it has an impact on the quality of sleep. The Lingga Regency PPKB Health Office reports that 20-60% of elderly people experience poor sleep quality. This study aims to determine and observe whether there is an effect of warm water bathing on the quality of old age sleep in Posyandu in Singkep District, Lingga Regency. This study used a quasi experiment method with a pre-test and post-test without control design. The sample used was total sampling with the number of respondents as many as 30 people. Analysis of research data using the Wilcoxon Test which had previously been tested in the Normality of Shapiro Wilk. The intervention used is foot soak (warm water). The results showed a significant change, in which the p-value was 0,000 &lt;0,05 with an average increase in sleep quality before foot soaking 10.00 and after intervention 1.60. So that it can be concluded that there is the effect of foot soak (warm water) on the quality of old sleep. It is hoped that the elderly will apply this relaxation technique to maintain their sleep quality.

Sleepless

Sleepless Andrew Porter (bio) Sometimes I wake at night to the sound of my son wandering around the house. He doesn’t sleep anymore, and we’ve tried everything. We’ve tried reading to him, giving him a long warm bath before bedtime, letting him listen to music, watch tv. He’s six years old this spring and full of all sorts of complex emotions. My wife and I live in a small Mission-style home on the south side of San Antonio, and I often hear my son wandering out to the courtyard in the middle of the night, standing at the stone fountain and staring at it pensively, or other times, sitting down on one of the benches in the middle of the garden, looking at the bougainvillea along the wall, the Mexican bush sage and hibiscus. Once last week I caught him standing at the parapet on the second-floor balcony, overlooking the courtyard, and I thought for a moment he might jump. I don’t know why I thought such a thing. I don’t see him as a particularly despondent child, just mysterious. He’s not what I imagined when I imagined having a son. He’s nothing at all like my daughter. He’s exactly like you, my wife once told me, and I wondered what she could possibly mean. He’s restless, she said, sensitive, lost. You see me as lost? More than you realize. Later that night, after my wife had fallen asleep, I followed my son out to the moonlit courtyard and sat next to him, as he sat there quietly, staring out at the yucca plants, the old wrought iron table and chairs where we often had dinner. I knew in a couple years we’d be gone from this place. It was a wonderful house for parties, and it was perfect for an unmarried couple, or maybe even a married couple with one child, but it wasn’t a place to raise a family. It was too old, and there were too many problems with it. It was beautiful, yes, but not in a practical way. That evening, though, I wasn’t thinking about this. I was thinking about what my wife had said. [End Page 116] He’s just like you, she said, restless, sensitive, lost. I took my son’s hand and I squeezed it, hoping he wouldn’t hate me too much when he was older, hoping he wouldn’t resent me for all of the things I hadn’t given him, hoping that within those long silences, there were positive things, hopeful things, hoping he was just saving these thoughts up for a time when he might need them, hoping these long nights would pass, these sleepless nights when he sat there so quietly, stoic in the moonlight, waiting for something, or someone, to release him. [End Page 117] Andrew Porter Andrew Porter is the author of three books, including the forthcoming short story collection The Disappeared (Alfred A. Knopf); the short story collection The Theory of Light and Matter (Vintage/Penguin Random House), which won the Flannery O’Connor Award for Short Fiction; and the novel In Between Days (Alfred A. Knopf), which was a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection. Currently, Porter directs the creative writing program and teaches fiction writing at Trinity University in San Antonio. Copyright © 2021 University of Nebraska Press

Targeting Accuracy Considerations for Simultaneous Tumor Treating Fields Antimitotic Therapy During Robotic Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy.

Purpose: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a novel antimitotic treatment that was first proven effective for glioblastoma multiforme, now with trials for several extracranial indications underway. Several studies focused on concurrent TTFields therapy with radiation in the same time period, but were not given simultaneously. This study evaluates the targeting accuracy of simultaneous radiation therapy while TTFields arrays are in place and powered on, ensuring that radiation does not interfere with TTFields and TTFields does not interfere with radiation. This is one of several options to enable TTFields to begin several weeks sooner, and opens potential for synergistic effects of combined therapy. Methods: TTFields arrays were attached to a warm saline water bath and salt was added until the TTFields generator reached the maximal 2000 mA peak-to-peak current. A ball cube phantom containing 2 orthogonal films surrounded by fiducials was placed in the water phantom, CT scanned, and a radiation treatment plan with 58 isocentric beams was created using a 3 cm circular collimator. Fiducial tracking was used to deliver radiation, the films were scanned, and end-to-end targeting error was measured with vendor-supplied software. In addition, radiation effects on electric fields generated by the TTFields system were assessed by examining logfiles generated from the field generator. Results: With TTFields arrays in place and powered on, the robotic radiosurgery system achieved a final targeting result of 0.47 mm, which was well within the submillimeter specification. No discernible effects on TTFields current output beyond 0.3% were observed in the logfiles when the radiation beam pulsed on and off. Conclusion: A robotic radiosurgery system was used to verify that radiation targeting was not adversely affected when the TTFields arrays were in place and the TTFields delivery device was powered on. In addition, this study verified that radiation delivered simultaneously with TTFields did not interfere with the generation of the electric fields.

Towards a reliable effective field theory of inflation

We present the first quantum field theory model of inflation that is renormalizable in the matter sector, with a super-Hubble inflaton mass and sub-Planckian field excursions, which is thus technically natural and consistent with a high-energy completion within a theory of quantum gravity. This is done in the framework of warm inflation, where we show, for the first time, that strong dissipation can fully sustain a slow-roll trajectory with slow-roll parameters larger than unity in a way that is both theoretically and observationally consistent. The inflaton field corresponds to the relative phase between two complex scalar fields that collectively break a U(1) gauge symmetry, and dissipates its energy into scalar degrees of freedom in the warm cosmic heat bath. A discrete interchange symmetry protects the inflaton mass from large thermal corrections. We further show that the dissipation coefficient decreases with temperature in certain parametric regimes, which prevents a large growth of thermal inflaton fluctuations. We find, in particular, a very good agreement with the Planck legacy data for a simple quadratic inflaton potential, predicting a low tensor-to-scalar ratio r≲10−5.

M. M. Mironov. - Warm and hot baths during menstruation. - (Weekly, 1895, No. 22).

Wanting to test Makaveev's observations on the indifferent and beneficial action of warm baths during the month, the author exposed the action of salty baths in 27 -28 menstruating women on the Slavic mineral waters and describes briefly seven such baths. Conclusions from the last ones are as follows: common salt baths at 27 -28 R. With the addition of several buckets of lye, they do not produce any bad effects, on the contrary, they even quench pain, and the amount of blood lost either does not change, or decreases. Another series of observations by the author dulal with general or zone warm baths at 31 -33 R., without the addition of salt; From five observations the author concludes: in women with a normal sexual apparatus, baths at 32 -33 R., lasting 20 minutes, do not produce any harmful effects on the course of regulation and even reduce the amount of blood lost. In the third row (21 cases), the observation of the effect of baths on menstruating, with inflammatory changes in the pelvic organs, the same result was obtained: baths do not increase blood loss, sometimes they reduce the amount of blood lost, and what is most important, they are effective.

Panorâmica dos partos assistidos pelos(as) enfermeiros(as) obstétricos(as) de um Hospital Regional do sertão de Pernambuco

Objetivo: Identificar as práticas realizadas pelo(a) enfermeiro(a) obstétrico(a) na sala de parto visualizando a adoção das boas práticas obstétricas. Métodos: Estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva e exploratória, dados coletados por meio formulário estruturado para entrevista com a puérpera e para análise dos prontuários, com a amostra de 146 puérperas e respectivos prontuários. Resultados: No quesito boas práticas obstétricas, a maioria recebeu água no trabalho de parto, foi estimulada a deambular e teve acompanhante, porém ainda de forma restrita. O banho morno e a massagem foram os métodos mais ofertados; a posição ginecológica ainda é a mais adotada pela mulher para parir, e ainda percebe-se ocorrer violências obstétricas, como manobra de kristeller, agressões verbais e episiotomia. Quanto a análise dos prontuários, a maioria não tinha partograma, nem tão pouco a descrição completa da assistência ofertada. Conclusão: A assistência dos enfermeiros obstétricos se aproxima das boas práticas, mas ainda precisa melhorar. Faz-se necessário extinguir as violências obstétricas, melhorar a adesão ao partograma e os registros em prontuário. Espera-se estimular discussões sobre esta temática e que o hospital estudado adote medidas de fortalecer a educação permanente com os profissionais que atuam na obstetrícia.

The Effectiveness of Warm Water Soak Therapy on Feet and Classical Music Therapy on Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Clients at Puskesmas Ijen Bondowoso

Hypertension is one of the diseases that attack on the cardiovascular system. Management to overcome hypertension can use pharmacological therapy and nonpharmacological therapy. Non-pharmacological therapies for hypertension include soaking warm water on the feet and classical music therapy. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of warm water soak therapy in the feet and classical music therapy on hypertension client blood pressure. The research design used in this research is using Pre Post experimental design. Sampling techniques use simple ramdom sampling. The number of respondents in this study were 20 respondents for warm water bath therapy and 20 respondents for classical music therapy. The results of this study indicate that in systolic blood pressure there is a difference in the effectiveness of warm water soak therapy in the feet and classical music therapy with p value (0.036) α (0.05). Based on the mean value, it is known that warm water soak therapy on the foot has a mean systole value (150 mmhg) and mean diastole value (89.67 mmhg), while the mean value of sistole in classical music therapy (154.5 mmhg) and the mean diastole value of classical music therapy ( 92 mmhg) so that from the mean results the soak therapy in warm water on the feet is more effective in reducing blood pressure.

Prof. S. Chiriev. —Clinical notes from the nervous department of the Kiev military hospital. II. To the treatment of morbus Basedowii

Having briefly touched on the main symptoms of Graves' disease and rejecting the current theory about the role of the thyroid gland in neutralizing the decay products of proteinaceous substances in the body, the author recommends the following treatment, which gave completely satisfactory results in his cases. In the evenings, or every other day, lubrication of the gland with one tincture and a compress; in a day faradization of the gland. Inside potassium iodide with sodium iodide and with an admixture of bromides. To regulate heart activity with tinct. convallariae majalis. From Migrnin headache at 0, 75-1, 0 at night; in the evenings, warm baths at 35 C.

Comparative Extraction Performance of Solvent Systems in the Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Prosopis Africana Seed Gum

Pectin was separately extracted in warm water bath from sun-dried and crushed Prosopis africana seed gum, using 0.05 M solutions of HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, C6H8O7 and a 3:2 blend of (H2SO4: C6H8O7). The physicochemical properties of pectin extracted from the Prosopis africana seed gum shows the following: colour varied from beige-brown to wheat brown, equivalent weight (1,818.18 mg/mol to 25,000 mg/mol), methoxyl content (0.124 % to 1.705 %), moisture content (12 % to 38 %) and ash content (2 %) for all the solvent system used. Also, the comparative solvent performance shows that the H2SO4:C6H8O7 solvent blend was the most effective for pectin extraction followed by the solvent HCl and H2SO4, while C6H8O7 was the least effective. The comparative pectin yield of Prosopis africana seed gum using selected acid solvent ranged from 6.94 % to 15.28 %. Among the solvents under study, the H2SO4:C6H8O7 solvent blend gave the highest pectin yield (15.28 %) with beige-brown, low methoxyl pectin of high purity and could be used as a functional food ingredient domestically and industrially

Prof. Gubarev. - About the treatment of eclampsia. - (S. f. Gynaec. No. 5, 1895)

6 cases of eclampsia observed in clinics by prof. Gubarev, all ended in recovery. He puts this in dependence on the following drugs used: narcotic drugs, mainly morphies in medium, but frequent doses (0.015 subcutaneously up to 6 times 24 hours, depending on the amount of urine), klystyra from chloral and only during operations (inclus, bladder catheterization) light chloroform anesthesia. The use of larga manu of all external agents that stimulate the activity of the skin - constantly warm, moist wraps, only very rarely warm baths, multiple wipes with vinegar, alcohol and salt mixture, access to hot air; where it is possible - thorough emptying of the intestine (Natr. et magnes. sulfur. aa).

35. Т. Cramer: Parametritis abscedens bei einem 12 jährigem Mädchen (Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 1892, № 33). Parametritis abscedens y 12 year old girl.

The disease begins with headaches lasting 2 days, then colicky pains in the abdomen come to the fore, with painful sensations on palpation in the Colon descendens area. Opіy only slightly and for a short time reduces pain and as a result of this rinsing of the intestines is impossible. Acceptance 01. Ricini induces vomiting. Warm poultices relieve colicky pain only when they are applied. As soon as it cools, the pain intensifies. This Status continues from September 7 to September 15, when a clearly flattened defecation appeared. Intestinal stenosis is diagnosed. Despite the use of narcotic drugs, colicky pains are so excruciating that the child rushes about in bed and screams good obscenities. The new study shows increased sensitivity in the left groin area, in the right groin area the pain is much less. Due to this edge of intestinal stenosis, an inflammatory process of the peritoneum of this space is assumed. Examination under anesthesia showed: an abscess in the left posterior fornix, which protrudes more posteriorly and presses the anterior wall of the recti into the intestinal lumen. Trial puncture into the posterior fornix. A large amount of green pus is erupting. The trocar tube is left in the abscess opening. Warm baths and warm flaxseed poultices are prescribed. Colicky pain after puncture is significantly reduced; appetite appeared. On September 20, pains again come as a result of stagnation of expiration. September 23 secondary punctuation. Significant relief of all symptoms. In the next days, the puncture site again overgrown and the pains resumed, but on September 27. during defecation, a mass of pus came out. Since then, the patient began to slowly recover. On October 15, pus came out of the last cut. The next day the temperature dropped to 36.5 . In 3 months after the onset of the disease, the patient began to attend school.

Retrospective observational study to evaluate the concept of the warm versus regular room temperature seitz bath in perineal wound healing

Background: Seitz bath in post-perineal surgery minimizes pain by reducing anal sphincter tone and also maintains hygiene. The aim and objective of this retrospective study is to compare the effect of warm versus regular room temperature seitz bath. The article clears the concept of seitz bath. The seitz bath gives psychological satisfaction of dressing to patient and helps in boosting the concept of hygiene in their mind.Method: Study design for this study was comparative study of warm and room temperature seitz bath on 60 patients by convenience sampling operated for perineal diseases from 01 November 2019 to 30 March 2020 with written informed consent of patient and fulfilling ethical requirements at Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Thane, Mumbai. Patients with immunocompromised status and comorbidities like diabetes, tuberculosis, HIV were excluded from study this was the criteria for the study.Results: Out of 60 postoperative cases having perineal wounds, 35 (58.33%) patients opted for warm water seitz bath, while the rest 25 (41.66%) preferred regular room temperature seitz bath. In spite of a greater number of patients opting for warm seitz bath, wound recovery in terms of healing and wound discharge was almost similar in both the study groups. All the patients involved in the study were comfortable to resume their daily activities with significant reduction in pain by the end of first week irrespective of the choice of seitz bath they opted for.Conclusion: The study concludes that symptomatic relief and wound recovery in the operated cases of perineal surgeries completely independent of the choice of seitz bath practiced.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy)

This multidisciplinary research focuses on diagnostic investigations to characterize the archaeological materials, as well as the alteration and degradation forms detected at the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria (Calabria, South Italy) site. The thermal complex, (dating I–II century B.C.), was built around three main rooms such as the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath), all connected to a central room through several entrances. The central hall still preserves a suggestive mosaic floor dating between the II and III century A.D., characterized by geometric motifs and black and white tesserae. Fragments of various archaeological stone materials, such as bricks, mortars, sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks have been studied with different and complementary techniques. Particularly, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were performed to characterize the materials employed to construct the site and evaluate their state of preservation. Finally, laboratory microbiological culture analysis was conducted to identify the main microorganisms composing the biological patinas detected on the sampled materials. Results allowed us to evaluate the most suitable restoration procedures to conduct at the archaeological site, considering the different stone materials present in the studied area and their state of conservation.

Quantitative determination of agglutination based on the automatic hematology analyzer and the clinical significance of the erythrocyte-specific antibody

ObjectiveThe objective of this work was to explore the similarities and differences between the automatic hematology analyzer method and the traditional slide method in the detection of red blood cell (RBC) agglutination, and demonstrate that the automatic hematology analyzer is more intuitive and reliable for the detection of RBC agglutination. A further objective was to establish a new method to facilitate new ideas for clinical research. MethodsType A serum was selected and diluted 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32, to react with the type B cells and the normal saline group was used as the control group. An RBC count was performed using an automatic hematology analyzer, after incubation in a warm bath for 30 min. The degree of agglutination on the glass slide was also recorded. A positive serum of antinuclear antibody (ANA) was collected and RBC agglutination between RBC-O and ANA positive serum was determined using the automatic hematology analyzer method. ResultThe relationship between the results from the automatic hematology analyzer and the agglutination strength using the glass slide method was determined. There was a significant difference between the serum of ANA positive patients and the normal control group (P < 0.05). ConclusionA new method for detecting RBC agglutination using an automatic hematology analyzer has been established and is a valid tool for clinical research.

BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF YOUTH IN A SITUATION OF STRESS

The psychological analysis of the problem of stress development in young people is carried out. It is established that stress during quarantine in young people is manifested on a psychological level, it causes deterioration of mood, depression. An online survey has been analyzed and found that most young people in quarantine experience discomfort, stress from constant stay at home; need live communication; miss walking in the fresh air very much but understand that this is necessary for their own health; sometimes they are bored and do not know what to do in their free time, because they did not have the experience of a long stay at home. There are also those who are almost never bored, because they have a lot of interesting things and favorite activities; while at home, they actively browse social media pages, watch various videos and movies; the constant presence of close relatives does not contribute to frequent conflicts, but in some cases they cannot agree with each other; they can generally work effectively, but are sometimes distracted by household chores or family; know methods of coping with stress but believe that it would be useful to learn about new ones. Methods of overcoming stress are highlighted: listen to music; reading books; cooking / food consumption; watching a movie; communication with close people (relatives, friends); creative classes; clear introspection and positive thinking; yoga / meditation; fresh air / walk; warm bath; sleeping; anti-stress / coloring toys; watching videos with cute animals on social networks; abstraction from the hustle and bustle, reaching unity with the room. Own methods of overcoming stress in quarantine are offered. Keywords: young , behavioral manifestations, communication, mental health, quarantine, stress. Accepted: 10.06.2020 Reviewed: 25.06.2020 Published: 29.06.2020 DOI: h ttp://doi.org/10.31108/3.2020.4.2. 11

Anti-convulsant effects of cultures bear bile powder in febrile seizure via regulation of neurotransmission and inhibition of neuroinflammation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceNatural bear bile powder (NBBP) has been used to treat seizures for thousands of years, but its application is greatly restricted due to ethical reasons. Cultured bear bile powder (CBBP), which is produced by biotransformation, may be an appropriate substitute for NBBP. However, the anti-convulsant effects of CBBP and its mechanisms remain unclear. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the anti-convulsant effects and possible mechanisms of CBBP in a febrile seizure (FS) rat model. Materials and methodsFS was induced by placing the rats in a warm water bath (45.5 °C). The incidence rate and latency of FS, and hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) were conducted for neurological damage. The levels of 4 bile acids and 8 main neurotransmitters in vivo were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The expression of bile acid related transports, neurotransmitter receptors, inflammatory factors, neurotrophic factors and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in hippocampal tissues were detected by real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. ResultsPre-treatments with CBBP and similarly, NBBP, significantly reduced the incidence rate and prolonged the latency of FS. Additionally, CBBP alleviated the histological injury induced by FS in the rat hippocampus tissue. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that CBBP markedly increased the levels of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in FS rats. Furthermore, the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was up-regulated in rats pre-treated with CBBP whereas GFAP was down-regulated. CBBP also significantly suppressed the expression of interleukin -1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptors, and improved the expression of GABA type A receptors (GABAAR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR). ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that CBBP had anti-convulsant effects in a FS rat model. CBBP may protect rats against FS, probably by up-regulating FXR, which was activated by increasing brain bile acids, up-regulating GABAergic transmission by inhibiting BDNF-TrkB signaling, and suppressing neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Effects of Short‐term Warm Water Bathing on Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity in Healthy Men

Bath‐related fatal (sudden cardiac arrest) and non‐fatal accident (dizziness and disturbance of consciousness) have been reported frequently in Japan. Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) may relate to these symptoms. However, underlying mechanism(s) is poorly understood. With this information as background, we determined the effects of short‐term warm water immersion on cardiac BRS in healthy men. Twelve apparent healthy men underwent the single sit‐stand test (e.g., 5‐min sitting on the floor of bathtub and then standing up and remained standing for 5 min quietly) twice (e.g., without and with 41 °C warm water at the heart level). Beat‐to‐beat blood pressure was continuously recorded through the protocol (via Finometer). BRS was evaluated by the sequence method from heart rate response to the standing‐induced abrupt drop of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Additionally, after the each test, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV: an index of arterial stiffness) was measured in the supine position. During the bathing, heart rate and cardiac output (estimated by Modelflow method) were significantly increased but MAP, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and tympanic temperature did not change significantly (vs. pre‐bathing). Regarding the single sit‐stand test, there were no significant changes in the baseline (sitting) MAP (from 73±16 to 77±16 mmHg, P=0.322) and the standing‐induced decreases in MAP (from −33±12 to −33±13 mmHg, P=0.970) between pre‐ and post‐bathing, but MAP‐HR slope was blunted after the bathing (from −0.47±0.26 to −0.35±0.25 bpm/mmHg, P=0.024, Figure 1). The baPWV was significantly decreased after the bathing (vs. pre‐bathing (from 12.2±1.2 to 11.8±1.2 m/sec, P=0.002). Change in MAP‐HR slope correlated with corresponding change in baPWV (r=0.610, P=0.036, Figure 2). Our results indicate that: (1) even a short‐term warm water bathing deteriorates cardiac BRS although it did not induce greater orthostatic hypotension, and (2) the change in cardiac BRS with the short‐term bathing is associated with the change in arterial stiffness. Further study to determine the impact of prolonged warm water bathing is needed.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by Japan Health &amp; Research Institute Research Grant.Cardiac barorefex sensitivity (BRS) gain and brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) before and after 5‐min warm‐water bathing. Data are mean and SD. Thin lines indicate individual data.Figure 1Relationship between 5‐min bathing induced changes in baPWV and cardiac BRS gain.Figure 2

Effectiveness of lavender sitzbath therapy on epissiorraphy of postpartum mother

High maternal birth with vaginal delivery causes high rate for perineal trauma and episiotomy. Epissiorraphy healing is prolonged in primiparous mother because lack of knowledge to care of their wound. It will interfere with the mother activity because of discomfort and pain on episiorrhaphy site. That is why non-pharmacologic management is recommended such as warm sitz bath therapy. Warm sitzbath therapy can increase blood flow to the perineal area through vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, and reduced blood viscosity. Increased blood flows bring oxygen, nutrients and white blood cells to the wound that cause so the episiorraphy can heal faster The design of this research was pre-test and post-test nonequivalent control group. The sample was 15 participant for the intervention group using lavender sitzbath therapy and 15 participant for control group using sitzbath therapy only. The instrument using REEDA scale. Bivariate statistical test using Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney. The experiment group using lavender sitzbath therapy in pre-test “slightly healed” on the effectiveness of the lavender sitzbath therapy in terms of the healing process of episiorraphy on primiparous mother with the weighted mean 8.87 and the post-test “fully healed” with the weighted means 1.37. The result of pre-test and post-test had p-value of 0.001. it was interpreted that the lavender sitzbath therapy had a significant relationship in the healing process of primiparous mother. Lavender sitzbath therapy was effective on episiorraphy among postpartum mother.