Warfare Strategy Research Articles

Hybrid Challenges in the PRC's Novel Public Opinion Warfare*

This study examines the cultural preference formation of China's “wolf warrior” statecraft in relation to Maoist unorthodox warfighting experiences of “public opinion warfare” (yulunzhan). Relying on authoritative texts from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) agencies, with supporting interviews of Chinese scholars, six strands of public opinion warfare are conceptualized as fundamental for understanding the wolf warrior statecraft as a function of the PRC's broader strategic intention to influence the attitudes, behaviors, and decisions of target entities. The study presents novel perspectives for understanding China's global information operations using hybrid means and the gray zone security challenges facing the rules‐based international order. The aim is to encourage the study of Chinese public opinion warfare strategies as a more salient area of inquiry and add to knowledge production in the fields of Chinese foreign policy and global international relations (IR) studies.

Comprehending and Countering Hybrid Warfare Strategies by Utilizing the Principles of Sun Tzu

ABSTRACT Hybrid and urban warfare are progressively favoured due to mass migration, technological development and the peoples’ low standard of living. This article examines asymmetric as well as hybrid and urban warfare, it provides examples of their implementation from the recent past in Crimea (2014) and Greece (March 2020) and proposes strategies for countering them in the future in which such threats are expected to thrive, on the basis of the principles of the strategy of Sun Tzu.

Minerals for War: British Columbia’s Production of Mercury and Tungsten in World War Two

Abstract: Allied manufacturing of munitions during the Second World War caused labour shortages and decreased production in British Columbia’s mining sector. The provincial Department of Mines supported efforts by the federal Department of Munitions and Supply to ensure war industries had sufficient supplies of strategically important metals. Close cooperation between Canada and the United States encouraged American investment in new metal sources in Canada. A pressing need for tungsten and mercury led to opening British Columbia mines with their production supplanting overseas sources for important minerals in support of Allied economic warfare strategies. The war focused attention on two unique sites in British Columbia which illustrate the unusual demands and fears of wartime.

MODERN MODELS OF HYBRID WAR

As a result of large-scale processes and trends that have taken place in recent decades in the context of globalization and the information revolution, forms, methods, means and, accordingly, interpretations of national interests and national security are being more or less noticeably metamorphosed. Against this background, in recent years, the concept of "hybrid wars" has rapidly entered the military-political lexicon. It is not only firmly established in the scientific and journalistic literature, as well as in the media, but is also widely used in official documents determining the behavior of states in the international arena. New concepts and methods of conducting hybrid war are developing very rapidly today, which requires a revision of the classic military methods of forecasting and planning both offensive and defensive strategies. Like any other war, gybrid war is an area of unreliability and uncertainty. The inaccuracy of intelligence and the constant intervention of chance lead to the fact that the parties to the conflict actually face a completely different situation than expected, and this can not but affect the planning or at least the perceptions of the situation that formed the basis of strategic plans. The transformation of hybrid warfare into a new type of interstate confrontation raises the issue of the use of modern tools of support and decision-making as a priority. The use of the hybrid war model for this purpose is increasingly going beyond the purely scientific sphere, making it an effective factor in ensuring the national security of countries. The development of effective hybrid warfare strategies and counter-strategies requires the introduction of new technologies based on the modeling and application of AI. The symbiosis of modern scientific knowledge and approaches allows us to study, predict and plan modern hybrid military conflicts as nonlinear objects operating in conditions of high uncertainty. Model, created for this purpose, should be easily integrated into the political and military decision-making process and, given the complexity of this activity, be integrated. This approach will provide an adequate understanding of the complex, ever-changing phenomena of hybrid warfare and hybrid threads and take them into account in the system of national and global security.

Hybrid Warfare Strategy of India: Impacts on Pakistan

Hybrid warfare is a multi-faceted military strategy, an amalgam of conventional, irregular, and cyber warfare where technology adds exuberant intensification in the methods of hybridity to achieve political goals. The objective of this study is to conceptualize hybrid warfare, analyze India's hybrid warfare against Pakistan and suggest a counter-response to neutralize the hybrid forces working against Pakistan's stability and sovereignty. This study endeavors to develop a vantage point to understand the concept of hybrid warfare and its projection on Pakistan at internal and external fronts. This research analyzes data through qualitative methods and finds the related concepts and methods through content analysis and interpretative methodology.

The actor of power in the conditions of modern warfare: David's strategy vs Goliath's strategy

This article is dedicated to solution of the crucial problems of the philosophy of war – the paradox of David and Goliath. The weaker, technically inferior side of military confrontation often defeats the stronger one, which is equipped with the latest technology by the world political actors. The author describes the heterogeneous and asymmetric nature of modern wars, which involve state and non-state actors, and combine regular and irregular combat practices. It is indicated that the mobile and flexible strategy of partisan war, which is more effective than the actions of regular army, is now being adopted by them. Therefore, if an irregular soldier, a partisan, in the conditions of classical inter-state war possessed the status of “unlawful combatant”, in modern wars, the soldiers of regular army must prove their superiority over the partisans. The scientific novelty of this research lies in determination of the two paradigms of warfare relevant to the current situation in the society, which correspond to the strategies of David and Goliath. The first is characteristic to high-tech societies, which have entered the post-heroic era losing imperative of sacrifice. The conclusion is made that the military activity of modern Goliaths is being transformed in accordance with transhumanistic and poshumanistic scenarios. The natural outcome of high-tech warfare of the future should become a post-human war waged by artificial intelligence. The response to high-tech challenges of the leading world political actors is the guerrilla warfare strategy of modern David, which is founded on the idea of sacrifice and willingness to take lethal risks, and debunks the key role of the factor of technological superiority in achieving victory.

De Novo-Designed landmine warfare strategy luminophore for super-resolution imaging reveal ONOO– evolution in living cells

Due to the non-specific staining of existing fluorescent markers, which mask many positive signal acquisition, the nanoscale imaging of a small bioactive molecule such as peroxynitrite (ONOO–), however, is currently unavailable. Herein, we propose a “landmine warfare strategy”, probe L-1 evenly “buries” in the cellular matrix as a “landmine” (no fluorescence), when ONOO– “stepped on” the probe L-l, causing the “landmine explosion” to release fluorophore, thus capturing ONOO– particles, under structured illumination microscopy (SIM). We found that probe L-1 shows high sensitivity and selectivity for ONOO–in vivo, with a detection limit as low as 85.7 nM in vitro. Using this “landmine warfare strategy”, the ONOO– formation, up to a resolution of 100 nm, bounding to the mitochondrial cristae was revealed for the first time. Under lipopolysaccharide induction, the state of ONOO– labeled by L-1 changes from a single particle to an aggregated state. Thus, this system represents an attractive strategy for the imaging the structure and tracking of functional bioactive small molecules by resolving the issue of non-specific staining in living cells under SIM.

Pelatihan Topologi Jaringan Menggunakan Cisco Packet Tracer untuk Meningkatkan Kompetensi Mahasiswa Politeknik Angkatan Darat Malang

The positive value of the internet is that the information generated can facilitate everyday human work. One of the negative impacts caused by the internet is cyber crime. As the Indonesian Army who is conducting studies at the Politeknik Angkatan Darat, it is not only required to be professional and proficient in physical warfare strategies. But it also has to be sophisticated and not technologically illiterate in dealing with all threats in cyberspace, including cyber crime. One of the basic sciences for dealing with cyber crime is computer networks by implementing the concept of network topology. Network topology simulation training using packet tracer software in the context of community service activities has the aim of providing technological concepts about the use of packet tracers along with network topology simulations. This training begins with an introduction to network topology which discusses implementation in military life and its strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, the implementation of this knowledge into a packet tracer and simulating the network topology. From the participants consisting of telkommil, it is hoped that all of them can take part in the training in order to understand how to design a good computer network using packet tracer software.

The Indian Hybrid Warfare Strategy: Implications for Pakistan

War spins the wheels of history. It changes societies, alters lives, and brings about new dimensions to inflict more brutality on human beings. This is what happened in the aftermath of World War II, when the advent of the nuclear weapons set about a chapter of sophisticated and lethal warfare. Conventional war between the great powers has since been antiquated. It only puts to display the apparent capabilities of the adversary so that deterrence remains intact. War has now become multilevel and multi-dimensional. In such a case hybrid warfare strategy comes to play - which falls under the third dimension of warfare and includes application of both conventional and nonconventional means. It becomes lethal because it brings together the use of technology and cognition to bring about destruction and disruption. Crimean annexation by Russia is used as a case study in this paper which discusses the threat perception levels of the West which was a consequence of the event. On the other hand, the Strategic Interaction theory examines the asymmetric dimension of warfare which a weaker party undertakes in order to subdue or challenge its adversity. To put all this in context, India and Pakistan both being nuclear states do not directly confront each other by conventional means; rather they opt for the non-conventional means. The doctrinal change and rapid military modernization drive by India creates security dilemma for Pakistan. This paper studies that how India has employed hybrid warfare strategy against Pakistan, what are the vulnerabilities of Pakistan that India is exploiting and can exploit, how Pakistan can confront this type of warfare.

HYBRID WAR AS A MODERN FORM OF VIOLENCE

Problem setting. One of the modern forms of violence that requires careful analysis is hybrid war. The events of recent decades have shown that hybrid war is not only a scientific concept, but also a reality today. The phenomenon of hybrid war requires a comprehensive study from both theoretical and practical points of view.
 Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of hybrid wars is reflected in the scientific works of both foreign and domestic scientists. Among foreign scientists, research in this direction was carried out by R. Glenn, D. Lasik, M. McLuhan, F. Hoffman, who focused on determining the characteristics of hybrid wars in comparison with classical wars, analyzed the strategies and tactical algorithms for conducting such wars, and focused on poly-straightness and multimodality of this type of violence. On the other hand, domestic scientists, in particular V. Kravchenko, focus on the fact that hybrid war is not an absolutely new phenomenon in world history and gives a number of examples of manifestations of "hybridity" in wars of the past. In turn, M. Senchenko, analyzing hybrid war as an integral phenomenon, defines its information component as the main one which the strategy of this type of war is built around.
 Paper objective. The purpose of this work is to define the essential characteristics of hybrid war as a new form of violence.
 Paper main body. The understanding of the essence and content of hybrid warfare in the scientific literature is presented by a number of points of view that complement the understanding of this complex and little-studied phenomenon. As you know, the concept of "hybrid war" was introduced into scientific circulation by the American scientist M. McLuhan. Domestic scientists generally understand hybrid war as military actions that are carried out by combining militaristic, quasi-militaristic, diplomatic, informational, economic and other means in order to achieve strategic political goals. The specificity of this combination lies in the fact that each of the military and non-military methods of conducting a hybrid conflict is used for military purposes and is used as a weapon. The researchers note that hybrid warfare is not a fundamentally new type of violence, and its elements have been used by opponents in wars throughout the entire existence of mankind. "Hybridity" in this sense is understood as the complex application of various means and strategies of warfare – from information-psychological to purely military ones.
 Conclusions of the research. Thus, hybrid war as a modern form of violence is aimed primarily not at the seizure of territories, but at mastering the public consciousness of the target country and at dominating its information and cultural field. The victory on the "information and cultural front" provides further economic and political dividends for the initiator of the hybrid war.

Fire and Power on the River Basin: Irregular Warfare and Socio-Environmental Consequences of the Guerrilla in Araguaia, Brazil

Abstract The aim of this article is to retrace a guerrilla episode that occurred in the Amazon region of Araguaia during the military dictatorship in Brazil (1972-1975), opposing a group of militants from the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) and the National Brazilian Army. Taking advantage of the geographical characteristics of the region, a small group of guerrilla fighters was able to confront a large military contingent for almost three years. As this article demonstrates, appealing to the powerful symbolic potential of the Amazon jungle, the guerrilla created a solid environmental narrative of force and shrewdness supported by the local population. However, as military forces began to better explore the region and to resort to irregular warfare strategies, they managed to curb the guerrilla, exterminating almost every member involved in the fight. Finally, this article looks at the marked socio-environmental scars that the conflict left in the region, and how these influenced social, political and ecological equilibriums during the following decades.

As duas dimensões da guerra financeira

The 20th and 21st centuries saw many cases of coercion by financial means both in war and peace. Throughout history, these financial sanctions have been weaponized by States to coerce countries that hurt their international interests. The deployment of these financial sanctions in a process structured for political purposes will be referred to in this text as financial warfare. There are several strategies that states can use in financial warfare. These different strategies can be used alone or together. The possibility of using such strategies is related to the capacities of each country. Therefore, it is relevant to classify and order the strategies of financial warfare. Thus, this article proposes an organization of these different coercion strategies of the use of money and the financial system in a typology that separates the practice of financial warfare in two different dimensions, bilateral and systemic. Such typology will be presented through several historic examples of the use of financial warfare.

Asymmetrical warfare Strategy and its Implications to the Black Sea Regional Security in 21st Century: Non-State Aggressive Actors and Terrorism

Today, military politics have became a dominant factor in the aegis of the contemporary international and regional security, and this provision is also relevant in the Black Sea Region. The nature of military politics presupposes the existence of asymmetric threats, which is revealed in the implementation of functional politics by the states and implies the following components: power, chance, astonishment, armed forces, their doctrines, and armaments. The asymmetric military identification is vital to recognize at the regional level, with the example of the Black Sea Region and it’s involvement of so-called ‘Non-State Aggressive Actors’ (DAESH, Al-Qaeda, etc.). After the Russian annexation of Crimea, the Black Sea Region would be designated as a conflict zone and therefore NATO has reinforced it’s eastern security policy accordingly. The International Community witnessed that there are two regional hegemons: Russia and Turkey, pursuing their own geopolitical and economic interests in the Black Sea region and the region around the Caspian Sea (including one that sees regional power interests). Recently, China, as a global power in its own right, with its ‘One Belt and One Road’ Initiative (OBOR), expresses it’s own interests toward the region,

Unconventional Warfare Strategies Conducted by Kuvayımilliye in the Western Front

Mondros Mütarekesi hükümleri gereğince Osmanlı Devleti’nin asker mevcudunun önemli bir kısmı terhis edilmiş ve silah-teçhizatı toplatılmış olduğundan, eldeki az sayıdaki konvansiyonel kuvvet ile İtilaf Devletleri’ne karşı koyma girişiminin başarılı olma ihtimali bulunmadığı gibi bu tür bir teşebbüs onlara Anadolu’yu işgal etmek için bekledikleri fırsatı vermek anlamına gelecekti. Bu noktadan hareketle Millî Mücadele Dönemi’nin özellikle başlangıç safhasında konvansiyonel harpten ziyade, gayrinizami harp benimsenmiş ve mukavemet harekâtını toplumun tüm katmanlarına yaymak için yoğun çaba sarf edilmiştir. Ancak Türk askerî tarih yazımı muharebe odaklı olduğundan bahse konu gayrinizami harp faaliyetleri tüm detaylarıyla gün yüzüne çıkarılamamış ve Millî Mücadele Dönemi muharebeler üzerinden anlatılmaya devam edilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, gayrinizami harp yönünden son derece zengin bir laboratuvar olan bahse konu dönemin gereği gibi anlaşılmasına ve ulusal/uluslararası literatürde hak ettiği yeri almasına mâni olmuştur. Literatürdeki eksikliğin giderilmesine katkı sağlanması amacıyla arşiv belgeleri esas alınarak hazırlanan bu makalede yöntem olarak; geçmişte yaşanmış olay/olguların ortaya konulması veya bir sorunsalın geçmişle olan ilişkisinin irdelenmesinde başvurulan bir usul olan “tarihî yöntem” benimsenmiş, veri toplama tekniği olarak “arşiv araştırması” ve “literatür (alanyazın) taraması” kullanılmıştır.

Mechanical Characteristics of Rock Mass under Loading for Retrofit of Underground Fallout Shelters for Protection of Civil Population

Nowadays there’s still the questions in context of global strategy about prevention and protection of civilian population and critical infrastructure even when in the present doctrine the global powers "forgets" about the old strategy of nuclear warfare. That means that we still should think about retrofit those of underground spaces that was decommissioned in last years and to start thinking about reuse of mining shafts in rock mass as a fallout shelters for protection of civil population. By rock mass we mean the volume of rock necessary to represent a model of the structure of the rocks enclosed in it and determined by a specific task related to the impact of external forces (boundary conditions) on this volume. Currently, there is no universally accepted point of view on the possibility of an approach to the processes of massifs deformation; rocks being under load in various geological conditions from a single common point, the question now arises of creating the most realistic mechanical model of the massif. In this paper were summarizing some mathematical apparatus for rocks mechanical characteristics within the massif loading processes for underground structures model.

Причины и формы участия Британской империи в Русско-японской войне 1904-1905 гг.

The research objectives are as follows: to identify forms of the British Empire’s participation in the Russian-Japanese War, to reveal the factors that influenced the country’s political course, to evaluate the level of Britain’s involvement in combat operations in the Pacific Theatre in 1904-1905. The article considers the issue of Britain’s political, military and economic assistance to Japan. The provided factual material shows clearly the influence of Britain’s military-economic policy on the course of the battle in 1904-1905. Scientific originality of the study involves analysing previously unpublished sources revealing Britain’s influence on the course of the Russian-Japanese War. The research findings are as follows: the author identifies implicit factors that determined strategy and tactics of the sea warfare and highlights additional factors that contributed to defeat of the Russian fleet in 1905.

A case study of four South African War (1899-1902) Black concentration camps

On 11 October 1899, the South African War commenced between the British Empire and the South African Republic and Orange Free State Republic. This conflict saw the targeting of civilians by all sides throughout the conflict and a harbinger of 20th century “Total War”, when civilians and their resources were harnessed to support military objectives. Set against the prior use of concentration camps in Cuba and the Philippines, the war was followed by a genocidal campaign undertaken by Imperial Germany against the Herero people in German South West Africa in 1906.Although civilian internment in South Africa was not genocidal by design and purpose, it caused a high loss of life and lasting bitterness amongst Boer descendants. Black concentration camps, however, were far more lethal to their internees and designed along a completely different model. Their role was to coerce labour while supporting the British war effort in defeating the Republican forces. Through a work or starve policy, combined with withholding food, medical support and shelter, many perished from systemic neglect. Yet the memory of this experience of the black concentration camps has entered historical discourse only recently, in the last three decades.The area of study, examined by this article, is those black concentration camps established during 1901 to 1902, at Klip River Station, Witkop, Meyerton and Vereeniging, in the former South African Republic (ZAR). Contemporary tangible evidence of these camps remains fleeting. However, this article identifies where these camps existed and how they were integrated into the British military’s counter-guerrilla warfare strategy. This in turn enables further research into these camps that may conclusively establish their historic locations.

Maoist Hybridity? A Comparative Analysis of the Links between Insurgent Strategic Practice and Tactical Hybridity in Contemporary Non-State Armed Groups

While the recent literature on hybrid warfare has focused overwhelmingly on Russia, military tactical hybridity among non-state actors has received less attention, and minimal comparative examination. This is surprising as the range of non-state actors successfully using hybridized irregular-conventional tactics (increasingly symmetrically) against states has grown. Examining this phenomenon comparatively in three divergent cases (Islamic State, Boko Haram, the Houthi Movement), this article tests an often-overlooked argument stating that military hybridity among non-state actors is a result of these groups’ common adoption of a specific form of Maoist-style warfare strategy – emulative insurgency.

The soviet school system in Central Intelligence Agency estimates at the initial stage of the Cold War

The paper is devoted to the analysis by the Central Intelligence Agency of the USSR school system. The US was in dire need of information about its new adversary. The situation was aggravated by the closed nature of the Soviet state and the absence of a long continuous tradition of intelligence activities of American intelligence. The president and other government bodies wanted to have comprehensive knowledge of any processes and phenomena in the world. US intelligence should have been able to solve this problem. In this regard, the first stage of the Cold War for the CIA was largely due to an analysis of official and semi-official sources, as well as the development of various strategies. In order to find out about various areas of the life in the USSR, analysts extracted information from Soviet scientific literature, press, radio, legislation and interrogations of former German prisoners. The National Assessment Bureau, led by William Langer and Sherman Kent, compiled reports on Soviet military capabilities, industry, agriculture, the political system, etc. The Soviet school system was considered by American intelligence specialists in the framework of the military and economic potential of the enemy, as well as the strategy of psychological warfare. The paper analyzes the reports concerning the educational system in the USSR in the aspect of school education, its strengths and weaknesses. The results allow us to conclude that the information about the Soviet school system contributed to the formation of the foreign policy and domestic policy of the United States.

Iran’s National Security and Operational Capability

The Islamic Republic of Iran has faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges since its adevent four decades ago. It has managed not only to survive these challenges so far, but also to expand its regional influence. It has sought to ensure its national security by building its hard and soft power within an asymmetrical warfare strategy, designed so that its response to an external attack makes that assault very costly for its perpetrator. This article seeks to elucidate and analyse the Islamic Republic’s capability in this respect.